CLOUD COMPUTING

A SEMINAR REPORT Submitted by

Mahesh pandey
ROLL NO:::24 (MCA 2ND SEM 2011-12)

INDEX 1. INTRODUCTION 2. HISTORY 3. WORKING OF CLOUD COMPUTING 4. CLOUD ARCHITECTURE 5. COMPONENTS 6. TYPES OF CLOUD COMPUTING 7. ROLES PLAYED IN CLOUD COMPUTING 8. APPLICATIONS 6. CLOUD SERVICES 7. CHARACTERSTICS 8. ADVANTAGES AND DRAWBACKS

9.conclusion 10 references

INTRODUCTION Cloud computing is Internet ("cloud") based on development and use of computer technology ("computing").It is a style of computing in which dynamically scalable and often virtualised resources are provided as a service over the internet.Users need not have knowledge of, expertise in, or control over the technology infrastructure "in the cloud" that supports them.

The concept incorporates infrastructure as a service (IaaS), platform as a service (PaaS) and software as a service (SaaS) as well as Web 2.0 and other recent (ca. 2007-2009) technology trends which have the common theme of reliance on the Internet for satisfying the computing needs of the users. Examples of SaaS vendors include Salesforce.com and Google Apps which provide common business applications online that are accessed from a web

browser, while the software and data are stored on the servers.A cloud is a pool of virtualized computer resources. A cloud can: 1.Host a variety of different workloads, including batch-style back-end jobs and interactive, userfacing applications.

2.Allow workloads to be deployed and scaled-out quickly through the rapid provisioning of virtual machines or physical machines. 3.Support redundant, self-recovering,highly scalable programming models that allow workloads to recover from many unavoidable hardware/software failures. 4.Monitor resource use in real time to enable rebalancing of allocations when needed.

HISTORY The underlying concept dates back to 1960 when John McCarthy opined that "computation may someday be organized as a public utility"; indeed it shares characteristics with service bureaus which date back to the 1960s.The term cloud had already come into commercial use in the early 1990s to refer to large ATM networks.By the turn of the 21st century,the term "cloud computing" had started to appear, although most of the focus at this time was on Software as a service (SaaS). In 1999, Salesforce.com was established by Marc Benioff, Parker Harris,and his fellows.They applied many technologies of consumer web sites like Google and Yahoo! to business applications. IBM extended these concepts in 2001,as detailed in the Autonomic Computing Manifesto-which described monitoring, self-healing, advanced automation techniques and such as selfin the

self-configuring,

self-optimizing

management of complex IT systems with heterogeneous storage, servers, applications, networks, security mechanisms, and other system elements that can be virtualized across an enterprise. Amazon.com played a key role in the development of cloud computing by modernizing their data centres after the dot-com bubble and, having found that the new cloud architecture resulted in significant internal efficiency

improvements,providing access to their systems by way of Amazon Web Services in 2002 on a utility computing basis. 2007 saw increased activity,with Google,IBM and a number of universities embarking on a large scale cloud computing research project, around the time the term started gaining popularity in the mainstream press.

WORKING OF CLOUD COMPUTING

Fig 1.2: Working of cloud computing

In cloud computing you only need to load one application.This application would allow workers to log into a Web-based service which hosts all the programs the user would need for his or her job. Remote machines owned by another company would run everything from e-mail to word processing to complex data analysis programs.It's called cloud computing, and it could change the entire computer industry.

In a cloud computing system, there's a significant workload shift.Local computers no longer have to do all the heavy lifting when it comes to running applications.The network of computers that make up the cloud handles them instead. Hardware and software demands on the user's side decrease.The only thing the user's computer needs to be able to run is the cloud computing system's interface software, which can be as simple as a Web browser, and the cloud's network takes care of the rest.

Need for Cloud Computing

What could we do with 1000 times more data and CPU power? One simple question. Thats all it took the interviewers to bewilder the confident job applicants at Google. This is a question of relevance because the amount of data that an application handles is increasing day by day and so is the CPU power that one can harness. There are many answers to this question. With this much CPU power, we could scale our businesses to 1000 times more users. Right now we are gathering statistics about every user using an application. With such CPU power at hand, we could monitor every single user click and every user interaction such that we can gather all the statistics about the user. We could improve the recommendation systems of users. We could model better price plan choices. With this CPU power we could simulate the case where we have say 1,00,000 users in the system without any glitches. There are lots of other things we could do with so much CPU power and data capabilities. But what is keeping us back. One of the reasons is the large scale architecture which comes with these are difficult to manage. There may be many different problems with the architecture we have to support. The machines may start failing, the hard drives may crash, the network may go down and many other such hardware problems. The hardware has to be designed such that the architecture is reliable and scalable. This large scale architecture has a very expensive upfront and has high maintenance costs. It requires different resources like machines, power, cooling, etc. The system also cannot scale as and when needed and so is not easily reconfigurable. The resources are also constrained by the resources. As the applications become large, they become I/O bound. The hard drive access speed becomes a

limiting factor. Though the raw CPU power available may not be a factor, the amount of RAM available clearly becomes a factor. This is also limited in this context. If at all the hardware problems are managed very well, there arises the software problems. There may be bugs in the software using this much of data. The workload also demands two important tasks for two completely different people. The software has to Cloud Computing Division of Computer Science and Engineering, School Of Engineering, CUSAT 7 be such that it is bug free and has good data processing algorithms to manage all the data. The cloud computing works on the cloud - so there are large groups of often low-cost servers with specialized connections to spread the data-processing chores among them. Since there are a lot of low-cost servers connected together, there are large pools of resources available. So these offer almost unlimited computing resources. This makes the availability of resources a lesser issue. The data of the application can also be stored in the cloud. Storage of data in the cloud has many distinct advantages over other storages. One thing is that data is spread evenly through the cloud in such a way that there are multiple copies of the data and there are ways by which failure can be detected and the data can be rebalanced on the fly. The I/O operations become simpler in the cloud such that browsing and searching for something in 25GB or more of data becomes simpler in the cloud, which is nearly impossible to do on a desktop. The cloud computing applications also provide automatic reconfiguration of the resources based on the service level agreements. When we are using applications out of the cloud, to scale the application with respect to the load is a mundane task because the resources have to be gathered and then provided to the users. If the load on the application is such that it is present only for a small amount of time as compared to the time its working out of the load, but occurs frequently, then scaling of the resources becomes tedious. But when the application is in the cloud, the load can be managed by spreading it to other available nodes by making a copy of the application on to them. This can be reverted once the load goes down. It can be done as and when needed. All these are done automatically such that the resources maintain and manage themselves

CLOUD ARCHITECTURE Cloud architecture,the systems architecture of the software systems involved in the delivery of cloud computing, comprises hardware and software designed by a cloud architect who typically works for a cloud integrator. It typically involves multiple cloud components communicating with each other over application programming interfaces, usually web services. Cloud architecture extends to the client, where web browsers and/or software applications access cloud applications. Cloud storage architecture is loosely coupled, where metadata operations are centralized enabling the data nodes to scale into the hundreds, each

independently delivering data to applications or users.

Fig 1.3: Cloud architecture

COMPONENTS 1. APPLICATION A cloud application leverages the Cloud in software architecture,often

eliminating the need to install and run the application on the customer's own computer,thus alleviating the burden of software maintenance, ongoing

operation, and support. 2. CLOUD CLIENTS A cloud client consists of computer hardware and/or computer software which relies on the cloud for application delivery, or which is specifically designed for delivery of cloud services and which, in either case, is essentially useless without it. For example:Mobile ,Thin client ,Thick client / Web browser . 3. CLOUD INFRASTRUCTURE Cloud infrastructure,such as Infrastructure as a service,is the delivery of computer infrastructure, typically a platform virtualization environment,as a service.For example:grid computing ,Management , Compute ,Platform. 4. CLOUD PLATFORMS A cloud platform,such as Paas, the delivery of a computing platform,and/or solution saas,facilitates deployment of applications without the cost and

complexity of buying and managing the underlying hardware and software layers. 5. CLOUD SERVICES A cloud service includes "products, services and solutions that are delivered and consumed in real-time over the Internet".For example Web Services ("software system[s] designed to support interoperable machine-to-machine interaction over a network") which may be accessed by other cloud computing components, software, e.g., Software plus services, or end users directly. 6. CLOUD STORAGE Cloud storage involves the delivery of data storage as a service, including database-like services, often billed on a utility computing basis, e.g., per gigabyte per month. For example Database ,Network attached storage ,Web service .

TYPES OF CLOUDS 1. PUBLIC CLOUD Public cloud or external cloud describes cloud computing in the traditional mainstream sense, whereby resources are dynamically provisioned on a fine-

grained, self-service basis over the Internet, via web applications/web services, from an off-site third-party provider who shares resources and bills on a finegrained utility computing basis. 2. HYBRID CLOUD A hybrid cloud environment consisting of multiple internal and/or external providers "will be typical for most enterprises". 3. PRIVATE CLOUD Private cloud and internal cloud are neologisms that some vendors have recently used to describe offerings that emulate cloud computing on private

networks.These (typically virtualisation automation) products claim to "deliver some benefits of cloud computing without the pitfalls", capitalising on data security, corporate governance, and reliability concerns.They have been

criticised on the basis that users "still have to buy, build, and manage them" and as such do not benefit from lower up-front capital costs and less hands-

on management ,essentially "[lacking] the economic model that makes cloud computing such an intriguing concept".While an analyst predicted in 2008 that private cloud networks would be the some contention as to whether firm. future of corporate IT, there is

they are a reality even within the same

ROLES PLAYED IN CLOUD COMPUTING 1. CLOUD COMPUTING PROVIDERS A cloud computing provider or cloud computing service provider owns and operates live cloud computing systems to deliver service to third

parties.Usually this requires significant resources and expertise in building and managing the next-generation data centers.Some organisations realise a subset of

benefits of cloud computing by becoming "internal" cloud providers and

servicing themselves, although they do not benefit from the same economies of scale and significantly management still have to engineer for peak loads. The barrier to entry is also higher creates with capital expenditure required and billing and

some

overhead.Nonetheless,

significant

operational

efficiency and agility advantages can be realised, even by small organisations, and server consolidation and virtualization rollouts are already well

underway.Amazon.com was the first such provider,modernising its data centers which,like most computer networks, were using as little as 10% of its capacity at any one time just to leave room for occasional spikes.This allowed small, fast-moving groups to add new features faster and easier, and they went on

to open it up to outsiders as Amazon Web Services in 2002 on a utility computing basis. Players in the cloud computing service provision game include the likes of Amazon, Google, Hewlett Packard, IBM, Intel, Microsoft, Salesforce, SAP and Yahoo!

2. USER A user is a consumer of cloud computing.The privacy of users in cloud computing has become of increasing concern.The rights of users are also an issue, which is being addressed via a community effort to create a bill of rights. 3. VENDOR A vendor sells products and services that facilitate the delivery, adoption and use of cloud computing.For example:Computer,hardware,Storage,infrastructure,Computer software,Operating systems ,Platform virtualization.

APPLICATIONS OF CLOUD COMPUTING 1.EASY ACCESS TO DATA Clients would be able to access their applications and data from anywhere at any time.They could access the cloud computing system using any computer linked to the internet. 2. REDUCTION OF COSTS It could bring hardware costs down.Cloud computing systems would reduce the need for advanced hardware on the client side.You wouldn't need to buy the fastest computer with the most memory, because the cloud system would take care of those needs for you. Instead, you could buy an inexpensive computer terminal, enough processing power to run the middleware necessary to connect to the cloud system. 3. CONVENIENCE Corporations that rely on computers have to make sure they have the right software in place to achieve goals. Cloud computing systems give these organizations company-wide access to computer

applications.Instead, the company could pay a metered fee to a cloud computing company. 4. EASY STORAGE

Servers and digital storage devices take up space. Some companies rent physical space to store servers and databases because they don't have it available on site. Cloud computing gives these companies the option of storing data on someone else's hardware, removing the need for physical space on the front end. 5. NO TECHNICAL SUPPORT RECQUIRED Corporations might save money on IT support. Streamlined hardware would, in theory, have fewer problems than a network of

heterogeneous machines and operating systems. 6. SOLUTION TO COMPLEX PROBLEMS If the cloud computing system's back end is a grid computing system, then the client could take advantage of the entire network's processing power.

CLOUD COMPUTING SERVICES 1. AMAZON WEB SERVICES

The Amazon development model involves building Zen virtual machine images that are run in the cloud by EC2. That means you build your own Linux/Unix or Windows operating system image and upload it to be run in EC2. AWS

has many pre-configured images that you can start with and customize to your needs. There are web service APIs (via WSDL) for the additional support services like S3, SimpleDB, and SQS. Because you are building self-

contained OS images, you are responsible for your own development and deployment tools. AWS is the most mature of the CC options. Applications that require the processing of huge amounts of data can make effective you of the AWS on-demand EC2 instances which are managed by Hadoop. 2. GOOGLE AppEngine

GAE allows you to run Python/Django web applications in the cloud.Google provides a set of development tools for this purpose. i.e. You can develop your application within the GAE run-time environment on our local system and deploy it after its been debugged and working the way you want it. Google provides entity-based SQL-like (GQL) back-end data storage on their scalable infrastructure (BigTable) that will support very large data sets. Integration with Google Accounts allows for simplified user authentication. 3. MICROSOFT WINDOWS AZURE

Azure is essentially a Windows OS running in the cloud.You are effectively uploading application. and running your ASP.NET (IIS7) or .NET (3.5)

Microsoft provides tight integration of Azure development

directly into Visual Studio 2008. For enterprise Microsoft developers the .NET Services and SQL Data Services (SDS) will make Azure a very attractive option. The Live Framework provides a resource model that

includes access to the Microsoft Live Mesh services.

CHARACTERSTICS 1.COST Pricing is based on usage-based options and minimal or no IT skills are required for implementation. 2.DEVICE AND LOCATION INDEPENDENCE It enable users to access systems using a web browser regardless of their

location or what device they are using, e.g. PC, mobile 3.MULTI-TENANCY This enables sharing of resources and costs among a large pool of users. 4.RELIABILITY This is suitable for business continuity and disaster recovery. 5.SCALABILITY Dynamic ("on-demand") provisioning of resources without users having to engineer for peak loads 6.SECURITY It improves due to centralization of data,increased security-focused

resources.

7.SUSTANIBILITY This comes through improved resource utilisation, more efficient systems. ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING 1. Ability to scale to meet changing user demands quickly 2. Pay by use. 3. Task oriented 4. Virtually no maintainence due to dynamic infrastructure software. 5. Application and operating system independent. 6. Easy to develop your own web-based applications that run in the cloud. 7. Location of infrastructure in areas with lower costs of real estate and electricity. 8. Sharing of peak-load capacity among a large pool of users ,improving overall utilization. 9. Separation of application code from physical resources. 10. Not having to purchase assets for one time or infrequent computing tasks. 11. Ability to use external assets to handle peak loads.

DRAWBACKS OF CLOUD COMPUTING 1. Often limited or no technical support available. 2. Canned solutions such may not be full-featured or too task oriented. 3. When there are technical issues,you may lose access to your data or application. 4. No control. 5. You must have an internet connection. 6. If the company hosting the application goes out of business,you may lose access to your data or application permanently.

7.Conclusion
Cloud computing builds on decades of research in virtualization, distributed computing, utility computing, and more recently networking, web and software services. It implies a service oriented architecture, reduced information technology overhead for the end-user, great flexibility, reduced total cost of ownership, ondemand services and many other things. In today's global competitive market, companies must innovate and get the most from its resources to succeed. Cloud computing infrastructures are next generation platforms that can provide tremendous value to companies of any size. They can help companies achieve more efficient use of their IT hardware and software investments and provide a means to accelerate the adoption of innovations.Cloud computing increases profitability by improving resource utilization. Costs are driven down by delivering appropriate resources only for the time those resources are needed. Cloud computing has enabled teams and organizations to streamline lengthy procurement processes. Cloud computing enables innovation by alleviating the need of innovators to find resources to develop, test, and make their innovations available to the user community. Innovators are free to focus on the innovation rather than the logistics of finding and managing resources that enable the innovation.

REFERENCES 1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing 2. http://communication.howstuffworks.com/cloud-computing1.htm 3. http://communication.howstuffworks.com/cloud-computing2.htm 4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing_user 5. http://communication.howstuffworks.com/cloud-computing.htm 6. http://communication.howstuffworks.com/cloud-computing.htm/printable 7. http://cloudcadet.com/what-is-cloud-computing/ 8. http://askville.amazon.com/advantages-disadvantages-Web-based-CloudComputingWave/AnswerViewer.do?requestId=16202235