EPITHELIUM Simple Squamous- 1 cell layer/flat cells In capillaries and aveoli Stratified Squamous- 2+ cell layers/flat cells In skin,

esophagus, vagina (where theres friction) Skin also has pigmentation- melanin/kerotene, hemoglobin Cuboidal- stratified or squamous- cube chaped In glands Simple Columnar- 1 layer/tall cells In stomach, intestines, upper respiratory tract GI tract has villi Resp tract has cilia Pseudostratified Columnar- 1 layer, looks stratified, but not/tall cells In bronchi and trachea Has cilia- fallopian tubes, testes, in chest cavity of embryo Transitional- stretch In bladder, ureters, proximal urethra

ENDOCRINE GLANDS Pituitary= master gland 6 hormones produced in pituitary- FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, GH, prolactin FSH- follicle stimulating hormone -ovaries and testes- maturation of sperm/egg LH- lutenizing hormone -ovaries and testes- hormone secretion (testosterone, estrogen, progesterone)

ACTH- adrenalcorticaltropic hormone -adrenal gland (cortex)- cortisol, aldosterone, some sex hormones Cortisol fights stress- increases sugar levels and blood pressure. Decreases immune system -stimulate endocrine glands- nerves or hormones or chemical changes in blood (low Ca2) -parathyroid hormone increases Ca2 in blood Main way body controls hormone release is negative feedback. Oxytocin is the exception TSH- thyroid stimulating hormone -thyroid gland- T3 and T4- increase metabolism- T3 is strongest -metabolism is chemical reaction in body -heat- high metabolism= hotter -digestion- high metabolism= faster digestion -thought process-higher metabolism=faster thoughts -hair growth- higher metabolism=more hair growth -target tissue for T3 and T4 is everything Prolactin -mammary glands, milk production GH- growth hormone -makes muscles and bones grow Endocrine function of pancreas produces insulin and glucagon -insulin- beta cells- decreases sugar -glucagon- alpha cells- increases sugar Exocrine function of pancreas- digestive enzymes amalyas (suga), lipas (fat), proteas (protein) Exocrine means secreted through a duct Adrenal cortex

Soma glomerulosa- aldosterone Soma fasticulata- cortisol Soma reticularis- androgens Pineal gland makes melatonin Stresshypothalamuspituitary (ACTH)adrenal (cortisol). If hypothalamus doesnt work, you can have a heart attack. PNS Sensory Afferent Carries info to CNS Motor Efferent Carries info away from CNS Somatic Voluntary Autonomic automatic parasympathetic Rest/digest CNS- brain and spinal cord ONLY REGIONS OF THE BRAIN Frontal- motor Parietal- sensory Brocas Area (in frontal)- motor speech Temporal and Insula- olfaction Temporal- auditory Occipital- visual 3 PARTS OF DIENCEPHALON Epithalamus- pineal gland, most of coroid plexus -coroid plexus- CSF production Thalamus- relay area- directs impulses to appropriate area sympathetic fight/flight

Hypothalamus- oxytocin, ADH production, BP (water balance), body temp, hunger centers REGIONS OF BRAIN STEM -Pons, Medulla oblongata, Midbrain -brain stem connects brain to spinal cord Medulla oblongata control center of respiratory rate, heart rate, swallowing, and vomiting In PNS most common neurotransmitter is acetocolyne In PNS somatic only uses acetocolyne In PNS autonomic- parasympathetic only uses acetocolyne In PNS autonomic- sympathetic uses acetocolyne, epinephrine, norepinephrine Glial cells (neuroglia) support NS Myelin- electrochemical insulation- speeds up transmition Oligodendrocytes produce myelin in CNS Schwann cells produce myelin in PNS Neuron- transmit impulses Dentrides- receive impulses Axon- send impulse Soma- cell body- contains nucleus Cells are more negative than the outside- AKA electrochemical gradient NA K pump AKA Na ATPH Uses ATPH During depolarization, inside becomes + because Na rushes in During repolarization K goes out of cell Reflexes- signal doesnt reach the brain -peripheral reflexes are handled by the spinal cord -signal goes to interneuronsends info from sensory neuron to motor neuron

BLOOD -the biggest component is plasma -inside plasma is mostly water; some electrolytes, protein (albumin), antibodies, and gas -albumin keeps liquid in blood vessels -formed elements- RBC (erethrocytes), WBC (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes) -RBC carry O2most common cell in blood. Outnumber WBC 1000:1 -bags of hemoglobin; iron; no nucleus; biconcave; contain little to no organelles -WBC- granulocytes (Never Eat Bananas) and agranulocytes -granulocytes -Neutrophils, most common WBCwork through phagocytosis; 1st to show up -Eocynophils- found in response to chronic allergies and parasites -Basophils- transform into mast cells- release histamines -agranulocytes- lymphocytes- B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes -B lymphocytes- transform into plasma cells to make antibodies; born in bone marrow, stay in bone marrow -T lymphocytes- bone in bone marrow, mature in thymus; fighters; present antigents to B cells (helper T cells) -monocytes- monocyte in blood stream is monocyte; in tissue its macrophage -fight by eating; chronic issues LYMPHATIC SYSTEM -lymphatic vessels and tissues -pick up fluid thats left circulation -cleans fluid -immune response -lymphocytes and macrophages in lymph nodes -afferent has more vessels in lymph nodes

ANTIBODIES GAMED -IgG- can cross placenta; produced from memory; smallest -IgA- mucus membranes; innate protection; lines respiratory tract, GI tract, and urinary tract -IgM- biggest and 1st to show up -IgE- allergies and parasites -IgD- receptors of B cells RESPIRATION -ventilation- act of breathing in and out -respiration- gas exchange (O2 and CO2) -external respiration- alveoli and capillaries -internal respiration- capillaries and tissues -CO2 is acid1 way body regulates pH -pH goes up, more alkaline -Upper respiratory systemair goes into nose, nostrils (nairs)nasal cavity where its moistened, warmed, slowed down, and cleansesnasal pharynxoral pharynxlaryngal pharynxepiglotislayrnx (voice box) controls pitch and volume of voice -Lower respiratory systemtrachea bifurcatesprimary bronchibronchiolesrespiratory bronchiolesalveoli LUNGS Right lung has 3 lobesupper, middle, lower Left lung has 2 lobesupper, lower Heart touches L Lu at cardiac notch Bottom of Lu where it touches diaphragm is base Upper tip of Lu is apex CIRCULATION -blood is drained by veinsconverge into vena cava (superior and inferior)superior drains head, inferior drains rest of bodyR atriumtricuspidR ventriclepulmonic

valvepulmonary trunkpulmonary arterieslungspulmonary mitrovalve (bicuspid)L ventricleaortic valveaorta -aortic arch- brachial cephalic trunk, L common carotid, L subclavian -abdominal aortic- feeds, bifurcates into common iliac arteries BLOOD VESSELS -arteriesarteriolescapillariesvenuolesveins

veinsL

atrium

-veins have valves; arteries have more smooth muscles; arteries are more round; veins are more collapsed DIGESTIVE TRACT -physically break down food; digest and absorb nutrients -mouthteeth and tongue are accessory organs -saliva glands accessorysecrete saliva through parasympathetic -chewed food covered in saliva is bolus -bolus goes to esaphogus (top 1/3 skeletal muscle)connects mouth to St. bottom 2/3 smooth muscle. Leads to St after lower esaphogilial sphincter -St- partietal cells produce acid (HCl) -chief cells make pepcinogin -pepcinogin + HCl= pepcin -pepcin breaks down proteins -bolus now called chyme -chyme moves to pyloruspyloric sphincterduodenum. At entrance to duodenum is attachment of pancreas and GB. Pancreas secretes alkaline solution (bicarbonate), GB secretes bile (produced in Liv and made mostly of cholesterol) which is necessary for absorption of fat -jujunum- most of absorption; most villi and microvilli in SI ileumileoceco valvececum (where appendix is)colon (absorb water; more fiber=less water absorption)ascending colonhippatic flexuretransverse colonsplenic flexuredescending colonsigmoid colonrectumanus

-Liv store sugar as glycogen; produces 90% of proteins in blood stream; cleans and detoxes anything absorbed in GI tract URINARY TRACT -renal arterysegmental arteriesarterioles -edge of K= renal cortex -renal medulla forms triangles -between cortex and medulla is where urine production occurs -corner of medulla has papilla for urine collection -minor calyces form major calyxdrain to renal pelvis (right before ureter) -afferent ariolesglomerulus (filtering unit of K) is first part of nephron -glomerulus is surrounded by Bowmans capsule -renal corpuscleproximal convoluted tubercle -loop of Henley- in medulla- descending loop and ascending loopdistal convoluted tubulecollecting ducts -aldosterone works in distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts -ureter- transitional epitheliumUB2 sphincters- internal (involuntary) and external (voluntary)urethratransitional, pseudostratified, stratified squamus. In male, strat. Squamous is surrounded by prostate. Macula densa in justaglomera detects sodium in blood Granular cells make and secrete rennin Oxinizationfacillitated phagocytosis- antibodies Rods are for black/white/dim/night vision Cones are for color vision Vitrus humer- liquid inside eye CRANIAL NERVES Oh, Oh, Oh, To Touch And Feel a Virgin Girls Vagina And Hiney Some Say Money Matters But My Brother Says Big Boobs Matter More -Olfactory (Sensory)

-Optic (Sensory) -Occulomotor (Motor) -Trochlear (Motor) -Trigeminal (Both) -Abducens (Motor) -Facial (Both) -Vestibucochlear (Sensory) -Glossopharyngeal (Both) -Vagus (Both) -Accessory (Motor) -Hypoglossal (Motor)

ALSO KNOW WHAT CRANIAL NERVES DO AND RENIN ANGIOTENSIN CYCLE