Chapter 1 Lecture PowerPoint

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BIO2514 Anatomy & Physiology I Chapter 1

Tanya L. Crider Instructor eLearning: Biology Department
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Holes Human Anatomy and Physiology

Twelfth Edition

Shier w Butler w Lewis Chapter 1 Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology

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1.1: Introduction
Questions and observations that have led to knowledge. Knowledge about structure and function of the human body.

1.2: Anatomy & Physiology

Anatomy the study of the structure of the human body Physiology the study of the function of the human body

The complementarity of structure and function.

1.3: Levels of Organization

Subatomic Particles electrons, protons, and neutrons Atom hydrogen atom, lithium atom, etc.
Molecule water molecule, glucose molecule, etc.

Macromolecule protein molecule, DNA molecule, etc. Organelle mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, etc.
Cell muscle cell, nerve cell, etc. Tissue epithelia, connective, muscle and nerve Organ skin, femur, heart, kidney, etc. Organ System skeletal system, digestive system, etc.

Organism the human

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Levels of Organization
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Subatomic particles

Atom

Molecule

Organ system

Macromolecule Organ Organelle Organism

Cell Tissue

Organ Systems
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Integumentary system

Skeletal system

Muscular system

Organ Systems
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Nervous system

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Endocrine system

Organ Systems
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Cardiovascular system

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Lymphatic system

Organ Systems
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Digestive system Respiratory system Urinary system

Organ Systems
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Male reproductive system Female reproductive system

1.1 Clinical Application

Ultrasound (US)

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

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1.4: Characteristics of Life (10)

Movement change in position; motion
Responsiveness reaction to a change Growth increase in body size; no change in shape Reproduction production of new organisms and new cells Respiration obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide; releasing energy from foods

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Characteristics of Life Continued

Digestion breakdown of food substances into simpler forms
Absorption passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids Circulation movement of substances in body fluids Assimilation changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms

Excretion removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions

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1.5: Maintenance of Life

Life depends on five (5) environmental factors: Water Food Oxygen Heat Pressure

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Requirements of Organisms
Water

- most abundant substance in body - required for metabolic processes - required for transport of substances - regulates body temperature
Food - provides necessary nutrients - supplies energy - supplies raw materials
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Requirements of Organisms
Oxygen (gas) - one-fifth of air - used to release energy from nutrients Heat - form of energy - partly controls rate of metabolic reactions

Pressure - application of force on an object - atmospheric pressure important for breathing - hydrostatic pressure keeps blood flowing
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Homeostasis*
* Maintaining of a stable internal environment Homeostatic Control Mechanisms monitors aspects of the internal environment and corrects as needed. Variations are within limits. There are three (3) parts: Receptor - provides information about the stimuli

Control Center - tells what a particular value should be (called the set point)
Effector - elicits responses that change conditions in the internal environment
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Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

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Control center (set point) (Change is compared to the set point.)

Receptors

Effectors (muscles or glands)

Stimulus (Change occurs in internal environment.)

Response 21 (Change is corrected.)

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

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Control center The hypothalamus detects the deviation from the set point and signals effector organs. Receptors Thermoreceptors send signals to the control center. Effectors Skin blood vessels dilate and sweat glands secrete.

Stimulus Body temperature rises above normal.

Response Body heat is lost to surroundings, temperature drops toward normal.

too high

Normal body temperature 37C (98.6F)

too low

Stimulus Body temperature drops below normal.

Response Body heat is conserved, temperature rises toward normal.

Receptors Thermoreceptors send signals to the control center.

Effectors Skin blood vessels constrict and sweat glands remain inactive.

Effectors Muscle activity generates body heat.

Control center The hypothalamus detects the deviation from the set point and signals effector organs.

If body temperature continues to drop, control center signals muscles to contract Involuntarily.

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Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

There are two (2) types: Negative feedback mechanisms Positive feedback mechanisms

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Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

Negative feedback summary:
Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body Corrects the set point Causes opposite of bodily disruption to occur, i.e. the negative Most common type of feedback loop

Examples: body temperature, blood pressure & glucose regulation

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Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

Positive feedback summary:

Increases (accelerates) the actions of the body

short-lived

do not require continuous adjustments

Examples: blood clotting and child birth

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Animation: Positive and Negative Feedback

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1.6: Organization of the Human Body

Cranial cavity Vertebral canal Vertebral canal Thoracic cavity Right pleural cavity Pericardial cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity Pelvic cavity
(a)

Cranial cavity

Thoracic cavity Diaphragm

Mediastinum Left pleural cavity Diaphragm

Abdominal cavity

Abdominopelvic cavity

(b)

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Thoracic & Abdominal Serous Membranes

Visceral layer covers an organ Parietal layer lines a cavity or body wall Thoracic Membranes Visceral pleura Parietal pleura Visceral pericardium Parietal pericardium Abdominopelvic Membranes Parietal peritoneum Visceral peritoneum Parietal perineum Visceral perineum

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Serous Membranes
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1.7: Lifespan Changes

Aging occurs from the microscopic level to the whole-body level.

Can you think of some examples?

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1.8: Anatomical Terminology

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Anatomical Position standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward and thumbs out

Integumentary system

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Anatomical Terminology:
Orientation and Directional Terms
Terms of Relative Position (based on anatomical position): Superior versus Inferior (Cranial vs. Caudal) Anterior versus Posterior (Ventral vs. Dorsal) Medial versus Lateral Ipsi-lateral versus Contra-lateral Proximal versus Distal Superficial versus Deep Internal versus External

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Body Sections or Planes

Sagittal or Median divides body into left and right portions Mid-sagittal divides body into equal left and right portions Transverse or Horizontal divides body into superior and inferior portions Coronal or Frontal divides body into anterior and posterior portions

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Body Sections
Median (midsagittal) plane
Parasagittal plane

A section along the median plane

Transverse (horizontal) plane

A section along a transverse plane

A section along a frontal plane

Frontal (coronal) plane

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Body Sections

(a)

(b)

(c)

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Other Body Sections

L o n g i t u d i n a l

Cross-section

s e c t i o n

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(a)

(b)

(c)

Abdominal Subdivisions

Right hypochondriac region Right lumbar region Right iliac region

Epigastric region

Left hypochondriac region Left lumbar region

Right upper Left upper quadrant quadrant (RUQ) (LUQ) Right lower Left lower quadrant quadrant (RLQ) (LLQ)

Umbilical region

Hypogastric Left iliac region region

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Body Regions
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Cephalic (head) Frontal (forehead) Otic (ear) Nasal (nose) Oral (mouth) Cervical (neck) Acromial (point of shoulder) Axillary (armpit) Mammary (breast) Brachial (arm) Antecubital (front of elbow) Abdominal (abdomen) Antebrachial (forearm) Carpal (wrist) Palmar (palm) Digital (finger) Umbilical (navel) Inguinal (groin) Coxal (hip) Orbital (eye cavity) Buccal (cheek) Mental (chin) Sternal Pectoral (chest) Acromial (point of shoulder) Vertebral (spinal column) Brachial (arm) Dorsum (back) Cubital (elbow) Lumbar (lower back) Sacral (between hips) Gluteal (buttocks) Perineal Occipital (back of head)

Femoral (thigh) Genital (reproductive organs) Patellar (front of knee) Sural (calf) Popliteal (back of knee)

Crural (leg)

Tarsal (instep) Pedal (foot) (a) Digital (toe) Plantar (sole) (b)

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Important Points in Chapter 1:

Outcomes to be Assessed
1.1: Introduction Identify some of the early discoveries that lead to our current understanding of the human body.

1.2: Anatomy and Physiology

Define anatomy and physiology and explain how they are related. 1.3: Levels of Organization

List the levels of organization in the human body and the characteristics of each.
1.4: Characteristics of Life

List and describe the major characteristics of life.

Define and give examples of metabolism.
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Important Points in Chapter 1:

Outcomes to be Assessed Continued
1.5: Maintenance of Life List and describe the major requirements of organisms. Define homeostasis and explain its importance to survival.

Describe the parts of a homeostatic mechanism and explain how they

function together. 1.6: Organization of the Human Body

Identify the locations of the major body cavities.

List the organs located in each major body cavity.

Name and identify the locations of the membranes associated with the
thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
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Important Points in Chapter 1:

Outcomes to be Assessed Continued
Name the major organ systems and list the organs associated with each.
Describe the general function of each organ system. 1.7: Lifespan Changes

Define aging.
Identify the levels of organization in the body at which aging occurs. 1.8: Anatomical Terminology Properly use the terms that describe relative positions, body sections, and body regions.

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Quiz 1
Complete Quiz 1 now! Read Chapter 2.
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