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Instructions to Students

Registered for the course

TTX5232 Yarn and Fabric Mechanics


Course Coordinator: Prof. W. A. Wimalaweera Contact No.: 011 2881411 / 2881228 Email Address: wawim@ou.ac.lk (Please read this document carefully soon after registering to this course)

Welcome to the course TTX5232 Yarn and Fabric Mechanics. This level 5 course is one of the compulsory courses of the Bachelor in Industrial Studies Textile Manufacture and Bachelor of Technology Textile Engineering- conducted by the Department of Textile and Apparel Technology of the Open University of Sri Lanka. This course is a 6 credit course, which will require about 150 hours of study time. To follow this course you must have already a good knowledge in fibres, yarns and fabrics as well as passed the level 3 Pure Mathematics (MPZ3230).

Course outline
This course of study is designed to impart you knowledge on structures and geometry of yarns and fabrics as well as behaviour of fibres, yarns and fabrics under mechanical forces. After completion of this course of study, you must be able to describe most important geometrical features of fabrics and yarns employing suitable models and to analyse how different types of textile structures behave under different mechanical forces such as tension, compression, bending shear etc.

Printed course materials


You are provided with printed course materials. This course covers subject areas, mechanical properties and characteristics of fibres, yarns and fabrics as well as structural analysis of yarns and fabrics. The whole content is split into 4 units. The titles of those units are given below: Unit I - Fibre Mechanical Properties (5 sessions) Unit II - Yarn Structure (7 sessions) Unit III - Yarn Mechanical Properties (5 sessions) Unit IV - Geometry of Fabric Structure (5 sessions) Unit V - Fabric Mechanics (Being developed) At present only 4 units out of 5 are available. Printed material is the most important teaching aid.

Day Schools
There will be three day-schools, which are held only in Colombo. During the day-schools you will be able to sort out any problems you may encounter during self study. Therefore you must study the lesson material before coming to day-schools. The lesson materials handled in different day schools are as follows: Day School 1: Course Introduction and Unit 1 Day School 2: Units II and III Day School 3: Units IV and V

Assessment
You will have to answer three tutor marked assignments (TMA) and sit for two continuous assessment tests (CAT) as means of continuous assessment of your progress in the course. The tutor marked assignments are given at the end of this hand out. The two CAT papers will cover different areas of subject matter as given below: CAT 1 : Units I and II CAT 2 : Units III and IV The marks of these activities are having different weightings in the calculation of the continuous assessment mark (CA mark). The following formula is used to calculate continuous assessment mark: CA mark (X%) = [0.5 Best CAT] + [0.5 {(0.4 Best TMA / Second BCAT) + (0.35 BTMA/SBTMA/SBCAT) + (0.25 SBTMA/TBTMA/SBCAT)}] If you have 40% or more for continuous assessment, you are allowed to sit for the final examination. The final examination is a three hour paper. The question 01 of the final examination paper is compulsory and we expect short answers to the part questions coming under the question 01. For the other questions of the final examination paper essay type answers (descriptive) are expected. The final examination will cover all the five units of the lesson material (for the time being only 04 units). Please find details about the dates of Day schools, Assignment submission, CATs etc. in the Activity Diary.

On-line Support
The students offering this course are also supported by an on-line class. It is a supplemental mode of delivery providing you easy and quick on-line access to Lesson Material, Assignments, Model answers, Continuous Assessment Marks etc. You also can discuss subject matters with your teachers or colleagues using the discussion forums of this on-line class. This on-line class can be accessed from your own home computer (if you have internet access), from any internet cafe, from OUSL computer labs or from any NAC (National Access Centre) of the NODES (National online Distance Education Service). Most of the NACs are situated at OUSL premises. Please contact the asst. director/regional officer of your OUSL regional/study centre to know about the NACs. You can access the online classes once the registration of all the students of this academic year is completed. To access online classes you must log into the website http://www.ousl.nodes.lk. You will require a login name and a pass word to enter the online classes. The usual login name is your National Identity card number. The initial pass word is s-user. Please change this pass word to your own pass word when you login to the class for the first time. When you use National Access Centres of the NODES, you must restrict your use to work pertaining to online classes or assignments given in the on-line classes. In addition to the online course the Department or Faculty may decide to use the University or Department web page (http://www.ousl.ac.lk) to post different information such as Student Guide Book, Activity Diary, CAT or Examination Time Tables, past question papers, announcements etc. Please make it a habit to log into these websites regularly.

THE OPEN UNIVERSITY OF SRI LANKA DEPARTMENY OF TEXTILE AND APPAREL TECHNOLOGY BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY TTX5232 Yarn and Fabric Mechanics ASSIGNMENT I - 2012 _____________________________________________________________________ Answers for this assignment are to be submitted to Course Co-ordinator (TTX 5232), Prof. W. A. Wimalaweera Dept. Of Textile & Clothing Technology Open University of Sri Lanka, Nawala, Nugegoda. Period of assignment submission 02-07-2012 to 03-08-2012. Those who wish to post the assignment answers must post them early to ensure that they are received by the Department by03-08-2012. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Answer all the questions. Read Units I and II of the lesson material before answering this assignment. Learning Objectives of this assignment: This assignment is designed to support your self studies in the subject areas covered in the unit I and a part of the unit II of the course material. These areas are - Introduction to Yarn and Fabric Mechanics - Mechanical properties of textile fibres (tensile, torsion, bending and friction) - Time effects of textile fibres - Textile yarns and their structure - Yarn Geometry (Twist) After completing this assignment, you must be able To define the terms such as properties, characteristics, Mechanics and Mechanics of solids. To discuss the influence of fibre properties/characteristics on yarn characteristics To analyse behaviour of textile fibre under tensile loads To analyse the time dependant mechanical properties such as creep and relaxation of fibre materials. To describe how fibre geometry affects bending and torsional behaviour of fibres. To identify frictional behaviour of textile fibres and compare it with the friction of solid materials.

01. a) Distinguish between (i) Properties and Characteristics of textile materials (ii) Mechanics and Mechanics of Solids b) There is a wide range of textiles structures to be considered in the application of mechanics to the field of textiles. They are fibres, yarns, fabrics, garments and other textile structures used in technical applications. In a macroscopic view we consider fibres and yarns as one

dimensional and fabrics as two dimensional structures. But they all have to be considered as three dimensional structures in the case of mechanical analysis. Write an essay on different textile structures describing fibres, yarns and fabrics and their structural features.

02. a) Draw two curves to show load-elongation behaviour of two fibres one with a heavy crimp other without a crimp. Describe the two curves, b) Define the two terms Elastic Recovery and Work Recovery with the aid of suitable diagrams. Explain the physican meaning and importance of these two quantities. c) Sketch and compare characteristic Load / Elongation curves of the following fibres: Flax, Nylon and Wool

03. a) With the help of a suitable diagram or otherwise, define the term Creep. b) Creep of a fibre is affected by atmospheric conditions, relative humidity and temperature. The figures below illustrate the effects of relative humidity and temperature on creep of wool ad acetate fibres.

Extension

Time,

Extension

Time,

b. Wool fibre at different temperatures Discuss the effect of relative humidity on creep of Acetate fibre and the effect of temperature on creep of wool fibre. 04. a) Define the term Flectural Rigidity. b) Discuss the effect of second moment of area of the cross-section of a fibre on the bending behaviour. c) Define the term Torsional Rigidity.

a. Acetate fibre at different humidities

05. Discuss why laws of friction applied to rigid solids are not directly applicable to textile fibres elaborating the effect of area of contact, surface lubrication and atmospheric conditions.

THE OPEN UNIVERSITY OF SRI LANKA DEPARTMENY OF TEXTILE AND APPAREL TECHNOLOGY DIPLOMA IN TECHNOLOGY/INDUSTRIAL STUDIES TTX5232 Yarn and Fabric Mechanics ASSIGNMENT II - 2012 _____________________________________________________________________ Answers for this assignment are to be submitted to Course Co-ordinator (TTX 5232), Prof. W. A. Wimalaweera Dept. Of Textile & Clothing Technology Open University of Sri Lanka, Nawala, Nugegoda. Period of assignment submission 01-10-2012 to 09-10-2012. Those who wish to post the assignment answers must post them early to ensure that they are received by the Department by 09-10-2012. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Answer all the questions. Study Units II and III of the lesson material before answering this assignment. Learning Objectives of this assignment: This assignment is designed to support your self studies in the subject areas covered in second part of the unit II and first party in the unit III of the course material. These areas are - Twist and fibre packing in yarns - Fibre migration in yarns - Yarn hairiness - Theoretical stress analysis of textile yarns After completing this assignment, you must be able To compare structural features of different yarns Discuss merits and demerits of coaxial-helix model of single yarns. To describe how fibres/filaments migrate in the textile yarns and how migration contributes to make yarns of sufficient strength. To analyse how fibres are packed in yarn cross sections by employing different models. To describe the models developed for theoretical analysis of migration of fibres in yarns. Explain the different models of predicting yarn breakage 01. The following figure shows four different types of yarns, compact ring-spun, ring-spun, air jet spun and rotor spun. Compare structural features such as hairiness, bulk density, evenness, arrangement of fibres, twist distribution etc. Discuss hoe these structural features would affect process-ability of these yarns to fabrics.

b) Open packing and Hexagonal Close Packed Structure are two models which give how fibres are arranged in the cross section of a yarn. However the way of packing of fibres is different in actual yarns. Discuss the reasons for these deviations from ideal models . 02. a) Explain the term idealized helical geometry of yarns? What are the advantages and disadvantages of this model? b) What do you understand by idealized migration? c) Explain how the position of fibres in a roving during spinning process affects migration pattern. 03. The traditional view on the effect of twist on yarn strength seems to give a wrong impression on what is happening in twisted yarns. Therefore a revised qualitative approach had been suggested by Hearle et. al. Compare these two views by explaining both the views briefly. 04. a) Describe how Gauge Length of a yarn affects breaking behaviour under tensional loads with the aid of a suitable diagram. b) What do you understand by the terms breakage under catastrophic rupture and breakage under the assumption that unbroken filaments are effective after commencement of the breakage?

THE OPEN UNIVERSITY OF SRI LANKA DEPARTMENY OF TEXTILE AND APPAREL TECHNOLOGY BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY TTX5232 Yarn and Fabric Mechanics ASSIGNMENT III - 2012 _____________________________________________________________________ Answers for this assignment are to be submitted to Course Co-ordinator (TTX 5232), Prof. W. A. Wimalaweera Dept. Of Textile & Clothing Technology Open University of Sri Lanka, Nawala, Nugegoda. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Answer all the questions.

Study Units III and IV before answering this Assignment. Period of assignment submission 08-12-2012 to 18-12-2012. Those who wish to post the assignment answers must post them early to ensure that they are received by the Department by 18-12-2012. Learning Objectives of this assignment: This assignment is designed to support your self studies in the subject areas covered in second part of the unit III and in the unit IV of the course material. These areas are - Experimental analysis of extension and breakage of yarns - Mechanics of staple fibre yarns - Geometry of woven fabrics
After completing this assignment, you must be able to Explain the traditional as well as revised views on the effect of twist on yarn strength. Describe the most important aspects of Pierce model of fabric geometry. Compare merits and demerits of different models on cloth geometry. 01. a) A plain-woven fabric has 48 ends/inch and 55 picks/inch. If the warp and weft crimps are 4.5% and 9.5% respectively, determine the sum of the diameters of the yarns. b) What is Crimp Interchange? 02. In your lesson materials the following two formulae are given to calculate diameter of a Yarn. (i) d = 3.57 tex 103 cm yarn porosity fibre density

(ii)

1 d = inches 28 N

a. Define the terms tex, yarn porosity , fibre density and N. b. Discuss the merits/demerits of the above two formulae. 03. Discuss the similarities and differences between Pierce original geometric model of plain weave and alternate theories. What are the reasons for introducing the alternate theories. 04. a. Show in a cross section of a 3/1 twill weave fabric: Weave repeat, Weave unit, Thread spacing at intersections and floats b. Derive a suitable formula to calculate weave repeat length of the 3/1 twill weave in terms of thread spacing at float and intersections. c. Distinguish between low set and high set fabrics.

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