CAC DNG BI TP -PHNG PHP GII TON VECTO

CHNG I : VECTO

A. Vecto , hai vecto bng nhau:

: Cho hnh bnh hnh ABCD c tm l O . Tm cc vect t 5 m A, B, C , D , O
a) Bng vect AB ; OB
b) C di bng OB

: Co tm gc C m v n t tng m C C C:
MN BP = ; MA PN = .
: Co t gic ABCD, gi M, N, P, Q ln t l trng m AB, BC, CD, DA. Chng minh:
MQ NP QP MN = = ; .
i 4: Cho tam gic ABC c trc tm H v O tm ng trn ngoi tip . G m i
xng B qua O . Chng minh : C B AH ' = .
i 5: Cho hnh bnh hnh ABCD . Dng BC PQ DC NP DA MN BA AM = = = = , , , .
Chng minh O AQ =

B. CHNG MINH ANG THC VECTO:

: Co m t Cng mn cc ng tc :
a) PQ NP MN MQ + + = ; b) NP MN QP MQ + = + ;
c) MN PQ MQ PN + = + ;
: Co ng gc C Cng mn ng:
a) 0 AD BA BC ED EC + + = ;
b) AD BC EC BD AE + =
: Co m M, N, P, Q, R, S. Chng minh:
a) PN MQ PQ MN + = + . b) RQ NP MS RS NQ MP + + = + + .
: Co 7 m A ; B ; C ; D ; E ; F ; G . Chng minh rng :
a) AB + CD + EA = CB + ED
b) AD + BE + CF = AE + BF + CD
c) AB + CD + EF + GA = CB + ED + GF
d) AB - AF + CD - CB + EF - ED = 0
5: Co n n n C c tm O C: 0 OA OB OC OD + + + = .
: Co ng gc u ABCDE tm O Chng minh :
O OE OD OC OB OA = + + + +
7: Cho lc gc u ABCDEF c tm l O . CMR :
a) OA+OB+OC+OD+OE +OF=0
b) OA+OC+OE = 0
c) AB+AO+AF =AD
d) MA+MC+ME = MB+MD+MF ( M ty ).

i 8: Cho tam gic ABC ; v bn ngoi cc hnh bnh hnh ABIF ; BCPQ ; CARS
Chng minh rng : RF + IQ + PS =0

i 9: co t gc C n t tng m C v tng m C:
0 EA EB EC ED + + + = .
: Co tm gc C v tng m C C C:
a) 0 AN BP CM + + = ; b) AN AM AP = + ;
c) 0 AM BN CP + + = .
: Co n tng C n C n g tng m C:
EA EB EC ED DA BC + + + = + .
: H tc tng m Co m v
a) Co tng m C v m t : 2 IA IB IM + =
b) o co 2 NA NB = C v t : 2 3 IA IB IN + =
c) o co 3 PA PB = C v t : 3 2 IA IB IP =
: H tc tng tm Co tm gc C c tng tm :
a) CMR: 0 GA GB GC + + = t : 3 IA IB IC IG + + = .
b) tc on v
1
4
GA . CMR 2 0 MA MB MC + + =
c) Co tm gc c tng tm C:
+ 0 AD BE CF + + = .
+ T u tm gc c cng tng tm
: H tc n n n Co n n n C tm O C:
a) 0 OA OB OC OD + + + = ;
v t : 4 IA IB IC ID IO + + + = .


C. I N IN N N I

t t u c 2. T d vet . , CB CA BC BA +
2 t .
0
60 BAD = O 2 . T
| AB AD + | ; BA BC ; OB DC .
vu . T
AC BD ; AB BC CD DA .
t . tru v . t
IB ID JA JC + + + .

D. C

. Cho tam gic ABC v M, N l t tru m AB, AC.
a) G P Q tru m MN v BC. CMR : A, P , Q thng hng.
b) Gi E, F tho mn :
1
3
ME MN = ,
1
3
BF BC = . CMR : A, E, F thng hng.
2. t E tru m AB v F thuc tho mn AF = 2FC.
a) G M tru v m tho mn 4EI = 3FI. CMR : A, M, I thng hng.
b) Ly N thuc BC sao cho BN = 2 NC v J thuc EF sao cho 2EJ = 3JF. CMR A, J, N thng hng.
c) L K tru m EF. Tm P thuc BC sao cho A, K, P thng hng.
. t v M N P m tho mn : 3 MB MC O = , 3 AN NC = , PB PA O + = .
CMR : M, N, P thng hng. (
1 1 1
,
2 2 4
MP CB CA MN CB CA = + = + ).
. t v M N t mn 2 , LB LC =
1
2
MC MA

= , NB NA O + = . CM : L, M, N
thng hng.
. Cho tam gic ABC vi G l trng tm. I, J tho mn : 2 3 IA IC O + = , 2 5 3 JA JB JC O + + = .
a) CMR : M, N, J thng hng v M N tru m AB v BC.
b) MR tru m BI.
c) G E m thuc AB v tho mn AE kAB = . X C, E, J thng hng.
. t . t mn : 2 , 3 2 = IA IB JA JC O = + . MR ng th qu .
t M tru tue. tru e M v K t e
tren canh AC sao cho AK =
3
1
AC. Chng minh ba iem B, I, K thang hang
i 8: Cho tam giac ABC. Hai iem M, N c xac nh bi cac he thc
O AC NA AB O MA BC = = + 3 ; . Chng minh MN // AC.
E. P . X nh v tr m m tho mn mt
ng th V
m A, B, C. Tm v tr m M sao cho :
a) MB MC AB + = b) 2MA MB MC O + + =
c) 2 MA MB MC O + + = d) 2 MA MB MC O + + =
e) MA MB MC O + = f) 2 MA MB MC O + =
i 2: Cho tam giac ABC co I, J , K lan lt la trung iem BC , CA , AB . G la trong tam tam
giac ABC . D, E xac nh bi : AD= 2 AB va AE =
5
2
AC .
Tnh DE va DG theo AB va AC . Suy ra 3 iem D,G,E thang hang

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F.


I.L THUYT:
1.TRC T :
Trc t (Trc , hay trc s ) l mt ng th tr t x nh mt m O v mt ve t
v ( ) 1 = i i

O c gi l gc t ve t i c g ve t v ca trc t
2.T c m trn trc:
ve t u nn trn trc (O ; i ) .Do i v u p i a u = vi a e R. S c g
d i s ca u hay t ca u i vi trc (O ; i )
m M nm trn (O ; i ) => i m OM R m = e - :
S c gi l t c m M
. d i s c c :
Trn trc ( O ; i ) 2 m A , B c t v b . d i s c ve t AB hieu ky AB
Ta c : a b AB = .
Tnh cht :
AC BC AB i O C B A CD AB CD AB = + e = <=> = :: ) ; ( ; ; ;
3.BI TP
Bi 1:
T d i s c ve t AB trn trc (O ; i ):
p dng cng thc : AB b a = vi a; b l t ca A; B
Th d : Trn trc t (O ; i ) m A ; B ; C c t l t l 2 ; 1 v 4.
1.Tnh t ve t CA BC AB ; ; 2.Ch tru m ca AC.
GII:
1. 1 2 3 3 6
2. 3
AB BC CA
BA BC BA BC
= + = = =
= = => = =>

tru m ca AC
Tng qut :
Cho A ; B trn trc ( O ; i ) c t v b .M tru m ca ABa+b = 2m (m l t ca M)
Bi 2:
Chng minh mt h thc lin quan n cc di i s ca cc vec t trn trc (O ; i )
O I

P
Tnh di i s ca cc vec t , chng minh h thc i s .
Ch .Chn mt trong cc im l im gc ta di i s ca cc vec t n gin hn.
Th d :
u ha : Trn trc t (O ; i ) m A ; B ; C ; D c t l t l a ; b ;c ; d
(ABCD) l mt u ha
CB
CA
DB
DA
=
.( )( ) ( ) . .
2
3.
AB
a b c d ab cd I A IB IC ID
AC AD
+ + = + = =
= +
2 2
1 2 2
1 1
tru m AB
GII:
1. ( )( ) ( )( )
2( ) 2( ) ( ) ( ) 2( ) ( )( )(1)
DA CA a d a c
a d b c b d c a ab ac bd cd bc ab cd ad
b d b c DB CB
ab cd ac bc ad bd ab cd c a b d a b ab cd a b c d

= <=> = <=> = <=> + = +

<=> + = + + + + <=> + = + + + <=> + = + +

2. Ch tru m I ca AB l gc t ta c:

2
2 2
2
a -b
-a
(1)2(ab cd) 0 ab -cd .
cd
IA IB IC ID
b cd
=> =
=
+ = <=> = <=> <=> = =

3. Chn A l gc t ta c:

2 1 1 2 1 1
(1) 2cd bc bd
b
hay
c d AB AC AD
=> = + <=> = + = +
BI TP:
1.Trn trc t (O; i ) 2 m A v B c t l t a v b .
a)Tm t m M sao cho ) ( 1 = = k MB k MA S x
M
=
1

k
a kb

b)Tm t tru m I c S
2
b a
x
I
+
=
c)Tm t m N sao cho NB NA 5 2 = S
7
2 5 a b
x
N
+
=
2.Trn trc (O ; i ) m A ; B ; C c t l t ; b ; . T m I sao cho :
0 = + + IC IB IA S
3
c b a
x
I
+ +
=
3.Trn trc t m A ; B ;C ;D bt k .
a.Chng minh 0 = + + BC AD DB AC CD AB . . .
b.Gi I,J ,K ,L l t tru m ca AC ; BD;AB v CD . Ch v K u tru m.
B.H TRC T
I.L thuyt :
1.T m T .
( )
) ; ( : ;
; : ;
y x M j y i x OM R y x mpOxy M
a a a j a i a a R a a mpOxy a
<=> + = e - <=> e
= <=> + = e - <=> c
2 1 2 1 2 1

2.C
Tr p Ox ve t ) ; ( ; ) ; (
2 1 2 1
b b b a a a = =
1 1
1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2
2 2
( ; ) ( ; ) ( ; )
a b
a b a b a b a b a b a b a b pa pa pa
a b
=
= <=> + = + + = =

a p b a pb <=> =
3.T mt s t bit :
Trong mpOxy cho 2 m A(x
1
;y
1
) B(x
2
;y
2
) v C(x
3
;y
3
)
T vecto ( )
1 2 1 2
y y x x AB = ; T M tru m ca AB |
.
|

\
| + +
2 2
2 1 2 1
y y x x
M ;
T trng tm G ca tam gic ABC |
.
|

\
| + + + +
3 3
3 2 1 3 2 1
y y y x x x
G ;
II.BI TP:
Bi 1. Chng minh 2 vecto ) ; ( ; ) ; (
2 1 2 1
b b v a a u = = cng phng .
P Php:
Gi s 2 vet p =>

=
=
<=> =
p b a
p b a
v p u
2 2
1 1

Nu h trn c nghi t 2 vet p ; Nu h trn v nghi t 2 vet
p.
Ch :Nu b
1
; b
2
=0 th ; u v p
1 2
1 2
a
b
a
b
<=> =

Th d :
Cho 2 vecto ) ; ( ; ) ; ( 6 2 3 1 = = v u Xt t p a 2 vecto trn.
Gii :
Gi s ; u v p

1
1 2
1
2
3 6 1 2
2
p
p
u pv p
p
p

=
=> = <=> <=> => =

=

H c nghim ; vy v u ; p
Th d 2:
Tr pOx m A(1; 2) B(3 ; 2) v C(4 ; 1) , Chng minh ABC l mt tam gic.
GII
AC AB AC AB ; ) ; ( ) ; ( => = = =
1
4
5
4
1 5 4 4 p => ; ; tng hng .
V m A ; B ; C to thnh tam gic.
Th d 3:
Cho
( )
2
2 ; 4 u m m = + ( ; 2) v m =
2 vet p.
GII :
Xt m = 0 => v u v u ; ) ; ( ; ) ; ( => =

=> = =
4
2
2
0
2 0 4 2 p
Xt 0; ; m u v = p
2
2 2
m 2 4
2 2 2 0
2
1
2
m
m m m m m
m
m
m
+
<=> = <=> + = <=> + =
=
<=>

=

BI TP:
.Tr pOx m A (1 ;2) B(0 ; 3) C(3; 4) D(1 ; 8) . B b tr m trn b no thng
S ; ;
2.Tr pOx m A(1 ;2) B(3 ; 1) C(3 ; 5)
a.Chng minh ABC l mt tam gic .
b.Tm t trng tm ca tam gia1cABC .
c)Gi I(0 ; 2) .Chng minh A ; G; M thng hng.
d) Gi D(-5;4) .Chng minh ABCD l hnh bnh hnh.
Bi 2:Tm t ca vecto:
PP.p dng cc php ton ca vecto:
Th d :
Cho 3 vecto: ( ) ( ) ( ) 5 2 5 1 2 3 = = = ; ; ; c b a
Tm t ca vecto 2 4 2 5 u a b c va v a b c = + = + +
GII
) ; ( ) ; ( ) ; ( ) ; (
) ; ( ) ; ( ) ; ( ) ; (
17 15 25 10 5 10 2 2 2 3
29 13 20 8 4 5 1 4 6 2
= => = + = =
= => = = =
v c b a
u c b a

Bi tp
1.Cho cc vecto ( ) ( ) 6 4
2
1
1 0 2 ; ; ; = |
.
|

\
|
= = c b a . Tm t vecto
) ; ( : 32 28 5 4 2 = + = u DS c b a u
2.Cho tam gic ABC , G l trng tm ca tam gic . Tnh t vecto GB GC GA u 4 2 3 + = S ( ; -14)
Bi 3: P t v t
1 2 1 2 1 2
c ( ; ) theo 2 vecto a (a ;a ) va b (b ;b ) c c = = = p
P pp
Gi s :
1 1 1
2 2 2
c
xa yb c
xa yb
xa yb c
+ =
= + <=>

+ =

Gii h trn tm x ; y.

Th d :
Cho ( ) ( ) ( ) 5 2 5 1 2 3 = = = ; ; ; c b a .
1.Chng minh ; a b p
2. P t v t c te 2 ve t a v b
Gii:
1.
3 2
;
-1 5
a b = => p
2. Gi s
15
3 2
15 11
17
c
2 5 5 11 17 17
17
x
x y
xa yb c a b
x y
y

=
= + <=> <=> => =

+ =

BI TP
1.Cho ( ) ( ) ( ) 1; 2 3;1 4; 2 . a b c = = =
P t ve t a theo 2 vecto b ; c p s:
3 7
5 10
a b c =
2.Cho ( ) ( ) ( ) 5; 2 4;1 2; 7 a b c = = =
a.Chng minh b ; a ng cng png B.Phn tch vecto
theo 2 vecto ; : 2 3 c a b DS c a b =
Bi 4:
Tm t nh th t ca hnh bnh hnh ABCD khi bit A (x
1
;y
1
); B (x
2
y
2
) ;C(x
3
;y
3
)
ng pp :
Cch 1
Gi D (x;y). Tnh ; DA BC .
ABCD l hnh bnh hnh
1 3 2
1 3 2
AD
x x x x
BC
y y y y
=
<=> = <=>

=

-Gii h trn tm D(x ; y)
Cch 2:
-Tm tng m I ca AC
-Tm D bit tng m ca BD

Th d :
Cho tam gic ABC vi A(1; 2) B(3 ;1) C(3 ; 5) .Tm D sao cho ABCD l hnh bnh hnh .
GII :
G tng m ca AC =>I(1 ;
2
3
)
C n n n > tng m ca BD => ) ; ( D
y
x
4 5
3 1
2 3
=>

=
= +

Bi tp:
Co m A(2;1) B(2;1) C(2 ;3) .
a.Chng minh A,B,C khng thng hng . Tm D sao cho ABCD l hnh bnh hnh . S:
2;1)
2.Cho tam gic ABC vi A(1;2) B(3;2) C(4 ; -1) .
Tm tng m I ca AC .b.Tm D sao cho ABC n n n S: ) ; ( D ; 5 0
2
3
2
3
|
.
|

\
|

Tong mpOx co m M(-4 ; 1) N(2;4) P(2 ; 2) ln t tng m ca 3 cnh BC ; CA
v AB ca tam gic ABC.
Tm ; ;C S: 8; -4;-5) C(-4;7)
b.Chng minh 2 tam gic ABC v MNP c cng trng tm.
4.Cho tam gic ABC vi A(3;6) B(9;10) C(-5;4) .
a.Tm t trng tm G c tm gc C S:
b.Tm D sao cho BGCD l hnh bnh hnh.
5Co m A(-2 ; -3) B(3;7) C(0;3) v D(-4 ; -5) .
a.Chng minh AB //CD Tm go m I c v C S -12;-13)


5: Tm go m c on thng AB v CD vi A(x
1
;y
1
) ; B(x
1
;y
2
) ; C(x
3
;y
3
) ;
D(x
4
;y
4
)
Cch gii:
G x; go m c ng thng AB v CD
; cung phuong
; cung phuong
AI AB
CI CD

Gii tm I(x;y)
go m c on AB v CD
;
;
IA IB nguoc huong
IC IDnguoc huong

Th d 1:
Tong mpOx co m A(0 ; 1) B(1; 3) C(2 ;7 ) v D(0;3).
Tm go m c on thng AC v BD
GII:
Gi
; (1)
; cung phuong (2)
AI ACcung phuong
I AC BD
BI BD

e =>

1
( ; 1) ; (2; 6) (1) 6 2 2
2 6
( 1; 3) ( 1; 0) (2) 3
x y
AI x y AC x y
BI x y BD y

= = => = <=> =
= = => =

2 2 2 4
;3 ; 2) ; 4 2
3 3 3 3
x I IA IC IA
| | | | | |
=> = => = = = =>
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
I thu n AC
1 2 1
; 0 ; 0) 2 ; 0 2
3 3 3
IB ID IB
| | | | | |
= = = = =>
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
I thu n BD
Vy
2
I ;3
3
| |
|
\ .
l giao c on AC v BD


Bi tp :
1. Tong mpOx co m ; ; C ;7 v ;Tm go m c on thng
v C S: on AD khng ct BC)
2. Trong mpOx co m A(0 ; 1) B(-1; -2) C(1 ;5 ) v D(-1;-1).
Tm go m c on thng C v Tm go m ca BD v AC
Bi 6: Tm ta im trong mt phng ta :
tm t m M(x ; y) trong mp Oxy , ta dng ng vung gc MA
1
v Ox v MA
2
vi Oy
Ta c x =
2 1
OA y ; OA =
Th d : Cho hnh bnh hnh ABCD c AD = 4 v chiu cao ng vi cnh AD = 3, ZBAD=60
0
.
Chn h trc t n n v . Tm t cc vecto AC va ; CD ; BC ; AB

Bi tp:
Co tm gc u ABC c cnh l a . Chn h trc t Ox n : O tng m BC , trc
on cng ng vi tia OC , trc tng cng ng vi tia OA.
a.Tm t cc nh ca tam gic ABC.
b.Tm t tng m I ca AC.
c.Tm t tm ng trn ni tip tam gic ABC
: Co tm gc C Cc m M(1; 0) , N(2; 2) , p(-1;3) ln t tng m cc cnh BC,
CA, AB. Tm t cc nh ca tam gic

: Co ; ; ; ; Cm+; m+ Tm m m A, B, C thng hng
H A
x
y
D
B
C
K BH AD =>BH=3 ;AB=2 ; AH =


: Co tm gc u ABC cnh a . Chn h trc t (O; i ; j tong O tng
m BC, i cng ng vi OC , j cng ng OA.
a) Tnh t c cc nh ca tam gic ABC
b) Tm t tng m E ca AC
c) Tm t tm ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABC

Bi 4 : Cho lc gc u ABCDEF. Chn h trc t (O; i ; j tong O tm lc gc u ,
i cng ng vi OD, j cng ng EC.
Tnh t cc nh lc gc u , bit cnh ca lc gic l 6 .

Bi 5:Cho A(-1; 2), B (3; -4), C(5; 0). Tm t m D nu bit:
a) AD 2BD + 3CD = 0
b) AD 2AB = 2BD + BC
c) ABCD hnh bnh hnh
d) C n tng c C vi BC = 2AD

Bi 6 :Co m I(1; -3), J(-; c n tn an bng nhau AI = IJ = JB
a) Tm t ca A, B
b) Tm t c m i xng vi I qua B
c) Tm t ca C, D bit ABCD hnh bnh hnh tm K(5, -6)
Bi 7: Cho a =(2; 1) ; b =( 3 ; 4) v c =(7; 2)
a) Tm t c vect u = 2a - 3b + c
b) Tm t c vect x tha x + a =b - c
Tm cc s m ; n tha c = ma + nb
i 8 : Trong mt phng t Oxy cho A(4 ; 0), B(8 ; 0), C(0 ; 4), D(0 ; 6), M(2 ; 3).
a/ Chng minh rng: B, C, M thng hng v A, D, M thng hng.
b/ Gi P, Q, R l t tru n thng OM, AC v BD. Chng minh r m P, Q, R
thng hng.
i 9. Trong mt phng t Ox m A(1 ; 3), B(-2 ; 2). ng th qu t Ox ti M
v ct Oy ti N. Tnh din tch tam gic OMN.
i 10. Trong mt phng t Oxy cho G(1 ; 2). Tm t m A thuc Ox v B thuc Oy sao cho G l
trng tm tam gic OAB.
i 11. Trong mt phng t Oxy cho A(-4 ; 1), B(2 ; 4), C(2 ; -2).
a/ Ch nh ca mt tam gic.
b/ Tnh chu vi ca tam gic ABC.
/ X nh t trng tm G v trc tm H.
i 12. Cho tam gic ABC vi A(1 ; 2), B(5 ; 2), C(1 ; -3).
/ X nh t m D sao cho ABCD l hnh bnh hnh.
b/ X nh t E i xng vi A qua B.
c/ Tm t trng tm G ca tam gic ABC.
i 13. Cho A(1 ; 3), B(5 ; 1).
a/ Tm t m I tha . 0 = + IB IA IO
b/ Tm trn tr m D sao cho gc ADB vung.
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