Well Test Analysis Thesis

W E L L T E S T A N A L Y S I S F O R W E L L S PRO1)UCED AT A CONSTANT PRESSURE
BY
Christine Anna Ehlig- Economides
A DISSERTATION
S U B M I T T E D T O T H E D E P A R T M E N T O F PETROLElUM E N G I N E E R I N G AND THE COMMITTEE ON GRADUATE S T U D I E S OF S T A N F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
I N PARTIAL FULFILLMENT O F T H E
R E Q U I R E M E N T S F O R T H E DEGREE: O F DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
JUNE 1979
To Michael and Alexander
STANFORD GEOTHERMAL PROGRAM STANFORD UNIVERSITY

STANFORD, CALlFORNlA 94305
Stanford Geothermal Program Interdisciplinary Research in Engineering and Earth Sciences STANFORD UNIVERSITY Stanford, California
SGP-TR-36
WELL TEST ANALYSIS FOR WELLS PRODUCED AT A

CONSTANT PRESSURE
BY Christine Anna Ehlig-Economides
June 1979
Financial support was provided through the Stanford Geothermal Program under Department of Energy Contract No. DE-AT03-80SF11459 and by the Department of Petroleum Engineering, Stanford University.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The a u t h o r w i s h e s t o thank D r . Henry J. Rairoey, Jr., f o r h i s e s s e n t i a l h e l p as a d v i s o r and D r . Heber Cinco-L f o r h i s numerous useful suggestions.
The m e t i c u l o u s d r a f t i n g of t h e f i g u r e s and e q u a t i o n s by M s . T e r r y Ramey and M s . Evelyn M o r r i s a r e g r a t e f u l l y acknowledged. Thanks a l s o
t o M s . Connie Rieben and M s . Susan Boucher f o r . t h e i r h e l p w i t h t h e
f i n a l manuscript.
y To Michael, whose encouragement and u n d e r s t a n d i n g i n s u r e d m s u c c e s s , I owe t h e g r e a t e s t a p p r e c i a t i o n . And through h i s s h e e r
p r e s e n c e , m son, Alexander, provided a new j o y i n m l i f e . y y
BAPCEIN XPH TAXAYPION ECCETAI AMEINON

F i n a n c i a l a s s i s t a n c e w a s provided by t h e Department of Energy Grant 1673500 through t h e S t a n f o r d Geothermal Program.
iv
ABSTRACT Conventional w e l l
test a n a l y s i s has been
developed pri-
m a r i l y f o r c o n s t a n t flow rate p r o d u c t i o n . production r e s u l t s i n a buildup after constant
Constant pressure Pressure by t h e
t r a n s i e n t rate response. p r e s s u r e f l o w is c o m p l i c a t e d Thus,
t r a n s i e n t rate p r i o r t o shut- in.
t h e m e t h o d s of d r a w -
down a n d b u i l d u p a n a l y s i s d e s i g n e d f o r c o r r s t a n t r a t e p r o d u c t i o n a r e n o t v a l i d for c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e p r o d u c t i o n . Some t r a n s i e n t r a t e a n a l y s i s m e t h o d s l i t e r a t u r e but a thorough study
are o u t l i n e d i n t h e
The necessary
is l a c k i n g .
analytical solutions for determination
of r e s e r v o i r p e r m e a -
b i l i t y and p o r o s i t y and w e l l b o r e s k i n f a c t o r a r e provided i n t h i s study. Reservoir l i m i t t e s t i n g and i n t e r f e r e n c e analy-
sis are a l s o d i s c u s s e d .
In
addition,
a n a l y s i s of
flow a t
c o n s t a n t w e l l h e a d p r e s s u r e is s h o w n t o b e a s i m p l e e x t e n s i o n of t h e e x i s t i n g duction. theory f o r constant wellhore p r e s s u r e pro-
Most o f
t h e e x i s t i n g methods
for pressure buildup analyp r e s s u r e f l o w h i s t o r y a r e em-
sis f o r wells w i t h a c o n s t a n t
pirical.
I n t h i s work,
t h e method of s u p e r p o s i t i o n i n time used t o g e n e r a t e an exact pressure
of c o n t i n u o u s l y c h a n g i n g rates is solution for pressure buildup
following constant
- v -
flow.
The method is g e n e r a l .
W e l l b o r e s t o r a g e a n d s k i n efand b o t h bounded and Buildup s o l u t i o n s are analysis.
fects are incorporated i n t o t h e theory,

unbounded r e s e r v o i r s a r e c o n s i d e r e d . graphed using
10
c o n v e n t i o n a l t e c h n i q u e s for
Hor-
ner's
method f o r
plotting buildup after variable
rate flow
C u r v e s for
is found t o b e a c c u r a t e i n a m a j o r i t y of cases.
determination of static reservoir developed by Matthews, Brons,
p r e s s u r e similar t o those
a n d H a z e b r o e k1 8a r e p r o v i d e d f o r Additional a p p l i c a t i o n s of t h e changing
c l o s e d bounded r e s e r v o i r s . method
of s u p e r p o s i t i o n
i n time
of c o n t i n u o u s l y
rates are a l s o included.
- vi -
TABLE OF C O N T E N T S
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
iv
V
ABSTRACT
SECTION 1.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
INTRODUCTION
2.
ANALYTICAL
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S O L U T I O N S FOR TRANSIENT R A T K D E C L I N E . . .
1
6
Fundamental F a r t i a l D i f f e r e n t i a l Equations . . . . 7 M e t h o d of S o l u t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 B a s i c T r a n s i e n t R a t e S o l u t i o n s . . . . . . . . . . .1 6 Unbounded R e s e r v o i r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 C l o s e d Eounded P.eservoir . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 C o n s t a n t P r e s s u r e Bounded C i r c u l a r R e s e r v o i r . 27 P r o d u c t i o n a t C o n s t a n t W e l l h e a d P r e s s u r e . . . . . 30 E f f e c t o f W e l l b o r e S t o r a g e . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Interference Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

3.
PRESSURE B U I L D U P AFTER CONSTANT P R E S S U R E PRODUCTION Theoretical Expression f o r P r e s s u r e Buildup . . A n a l y s i s of P r e s s u r e B u i l d u p . . . . . . . . . . E a r l y Shut- in Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . Horner Buildup Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . Outer Boundary Effects . . . . . . . . . . . P r a c t i c a l L i m i t a t i o n s of t h e T h e o r y . . . . . . S h o r t Flow Time B e f o r e Shut- in . . . . . . . Wellbore Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Outer Boundary E f f e c t s . . . . . . . . . . . Comparison w i t h Previous S t u d i e s . . . . . . F u r t h e r A p p l i c a t i o n s of th.e S o l u t i o n T e c h n i q u e . T h e C r i t i c a l Flow Phenomenon . . . . . . . . E x p o n e n t i a l D e c l i n e A f t e r C o n s t a n t Rate Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I n t e r f e r e n c e a m o n g F l o w i n g Wells . . . . . .
43 44 46 47 47 50 54 54 56 57 57 60 60 63 67 73
. .
. . . .
.
. . . .
. .
4.
CONCLUSIONS
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
REFERENCES
NORENCLATURE
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
76 79
vii
Appendix
A
page
. .
UNITS CONVERSIONS
. . . .
B.
C
TABULATED SOLUTIONS COMPUTER P R O G R A M S
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
:
82
83
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
.viii .
SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
Although c o n s t a n t - r a t e production is u s u a l l y assumed i n s e v e r a l com-
t h e development of w e l l test a n a l y s i s methods,
mon r e s e r v o i r p r o d u c t i o n c o n d i t i o n s r e s u l t i n f l o w a t a c o n stant pressure instead. Reservoir f l u i d s are o f t e n produced and constant decline
into a constant pressure separator or pipeline; p r e s s u r e flow p e r i o d of
is a l s o
maintained during Wells i n
t h e rate
reservoir depletion.
low p e r m e a b i l i t y
r e s e r v o i r s are o f t e n by n e c e s s i t y produced a t c o n s t a n t pressure. In geothermal reservoirs, p r o d u c e d f l u i d s may d r i v e a open
back- pressured t u r b i n e . a r t e s i a n water w e l l s ,
Finally,
wells,
including
flow at constant atmospheric pressure.
Fundamental
considerations
instruct
that
conventional
p r e s s u r e drawdown a n d b u i l d u p a n a l y s i s m e t h o d s s h o u l d n o t b e a p p r o p r i a t e for wells p r o d u c e d ever,
at constant pressure.
HOW-
analogous w e l l test methods have been proposed. t h i s s t u d y is t o
The
p u r p o s e of
review t h e e x i s t i n g methods for buildup a n a l y s i s and t o i n order t o produce a
t r a n s i e n t rate d e c l i n e and p r e s s u r e c o n t r i b u t e new s o l u t i o n s w h e r e n e e d e d comprehensive w e l l test a n a l y s i s
p a c k a g e for wells p r o d u c e d this s e c t i o n is a l i t e r a t u r e and
at constant pressure.
d i s c u s s i o n of
The remainder of
t h e methods a v a i l a b l e t h i s work.
- 1 -
in the
t h e o b j e c t i v e s of
Many o f
t h e basic a n a l y t i c a l solutions for t r a n s i e n t rate The f i r s t s o l u (1933)
d e c l i n e h a v e been a v a i l a b l e f o r some t i m e . t i o n s were

(1934).
p u b l i s h e d by Moore,
et el.
and Hurst form for
Results
were
presented i n
graphical
bounded and unbounded d i a l and t h e
r e s e r v o i r s i n which t h e
f l o w was r a -
s i n g l e p h a s e f l u i d was
s l i g h t l y compressible. T a b l e s of d i -
T h e s e s o l u t i o n s were n o t t a b u l a t e d , h o w e v e r . mensionless flow
rate v s
et a l .
d i m e n s i o n l e s s time
(1962)
were p r o v i d e d
later by F e r r i s ,
f o r t h e unbounded s y s t e m and
by T s a r e v i c h a n d Kuranov ( 1 9 5 6 ) cular reservoir.
f o r t h e c l o s e d bounded c i r -
T s a r e v i c h and Kuranov a l s o p r o v i d e d t a b u p r o d u c t i o n from a c l o s e d developed t h e type
lated solutions f o r t h e cumulative
bounded
reservoir.
Fetkovich (1973)
c u r v e s f o r t r a n s i e n t rate v s t i m e i n t h e c l o s e d bounded c i r cular reservoir. exponential F e t k o v i c h was t h e the final
first t o determine the

decline for constant
form of
rate
pressure production., bounded reservoirs
Type c u r v e s f o r rate d e c l i n e i n c l o s e d s e n s i t i v e rock and f l u i d

A
with pressure
p r o p e r t i e s were d e v e l o p e d b y S a m a n i e g o a n d C i n c o ( 1 9 7 8 ) . method f o r determining t h e s k i n effect
iwas g i v e n
b y Ear-
lougher (1977).
Type c u r v e s f o r
a n a l y s i s of
the transient
r a t e r e s p o n s e when
v e l o p e d by P r a t s ,
(1975):
the w e l l penetrates a
f r a c t u r e were d e L o c k e a n d Sawyer
et al.
(1962)
a n d by
Kucuk ( 1 9 7 8 )
developed type
curves f o r t h e tranconstant pressure
sient rate
and c u m u l a t i v e production f o r
production with e l l i p t i c a l flow.
- 2 -
Although literature
the
rate
decline fairly
solution!s
present
in
the
provide a
comprehensive list,
certain
problems have n o t been d i s c u s s e d .
One s u c h p r o b l e m i s t h e pressure at t h e wellhead
e f f e c t of p r o d u c t i o n w i t h c o n s t a n t
rather than t h e wellbore. duction causes a variable
Constant wellhead p r e s s u r e prowellbore pressure because the
pressure drop due on t h e t r a n s i e n t
t o friction in the
w e l l b o r e is d e p e n d e n t found i n t h e
rate.
A second subjeclt n o t
l i t e r a t u r e is i n t e r f e r e n c e a n a l y s i s .
Ffnally,
a solution
for a
for the
early transient
rate response
trhich a l l o w s
more r e a l i s t i c f i n i t e i n i t i a l r a t e
h a s n o t been determined.
These problems a r e d i s c u s s e d i n S e c t i o n 2 of t h i s work. receivedl a thorough t r e a t -
Another s u b j e c t which h a s n o t ment i n t h e
l i t e r a t u r e is t h e a n a l y s i s
of pressure buildup
after constant pressure production. two m e t h o d s f o r d e a l i n g w i t h t o shut- in. calculations.
Hornar (1951) suggested
variable rate production p r i o r but required long
T h e f i r s t m e t h o d was e x a c t , The s e c o n d method
was t o a s s u m e a p p r o x i m a t e
t h e last established rate flow t i m e determined by d i t h e last established
constant rate production by using i n conjunction with a corrected viding the cumulative
p r o d u c t i o n by
flow rate. fied at the
The l a t t e r method
was n o t t h e o r e t i c a l l y j u s t i -
'time a n d h a s b e e n q u e s t i o n e d
in other studies.
I n v e s t i g a t o r s who h a v e f o u n d f a u l t
with t h e Horner approxi-
mate p r e s s u r e b u i l d u p a n a l y s i s method f o r v a r i a b l e r a t e prod u c t i o n p r i o r t o s h u t - i n i n c l u d e Odeh a n d S e l i g ( 1 9 6 3 1 , San-
- 3 -
d r e a (19711,
and
Clegg (1967). Jacob
Their objections a n d Lohman ( 1 9 5 2 )
w i l l be
d i s c u s s e d i n S e c t i o n 3. pressure buildup number of determined
analyzed for a
after constant
pressure production
w e l l s for w h i c h by t y p e
t r a n s m i s s i v i t y had of
a l r e a d y been response.
curve analysis
t h e rate
T h e i r graph of
r e s i d u a l drawdown v e r s u s t h e l o g of t h e t o t a l by the shut- in
time
divided
time
produced
semilog
straight line.
Transmissivities calculated
from t h e s l o p e
of t h e l i n e and t h e a v e r a g e f l o w r a t e d u r i n g t h e f l o w p e r i o d agreed w i t h t h e v a l u e s determined from t y p e c u r v e matching.
In
Section
3 of
this
study
a solution
for
pressure
buildup after constant pressure
p r o d u c t i o n is d e r i v e d b a s e d The
on s u p e r p o s i t i o n i n time o f c o n t i n u o u s l y v , a r y i n g r a t e s .
r e s u l t i n g s o l u t i o n is g e n e r a l and c a n b e used t o j u s t i f y t h e modified Horner method t h e o r e t i c a l l y . T h e J a c o b a n d Lohman

I n ad-
method is shown t o b e of somewhat l i m i t e d :accuracy. dition, methods f o r d e t e r m i n a t i o n of w e l l b o r e
s t o r a g e and
skin e f f e c t a n d t h e s t a t i c r e s e r v o i r p r e s s u r e f r o m t h e p r e s s u r e b u i l d u p d a t a a r e shown t o be analogous t o t h e constant pres-
rate case.
L i m i t a t i o n s of
t h e m e t h o d s f o r a n a l y s i s of
s u r e buildup are a l s o considered. The method of s u p e r p o s i t i o n i n time of c o n t i n u o u s l y v a r y i n g r a t e s h a s many a p p l i c a t i o n s . t i o n 3, In
t h e l a s t p a r t o f Seca
t h r e e a p p l i c a t i o n s of t h e t h e o r y iare p r e s e n t e d :
constant i n i t i a l rate followed
by c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e producproduction,
t i o n 1 ) d u r i n g t h e e a r l y p e r i o d of
2)
after the
- 4 -
o n s e t of
pseudo- steady state,
and 3 )
i n t e r f e r e n c e among
f l o w i n g wells p r o d u c e d a t c o n s t a n t r a t e o r c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e .
- 5 -
SECTION 2
A N A L Y T I C A L SOLUTIONS F O R TRANSIENT R A T E D E C L I N E
A l t h o u g h many of decline for published, this
the basic solutions for
transient r a t e
have been
wells produced a t
constant pressure
no comprehensive a n a l y s i s h a s been o f f e r e d . p r o b l e m of constant pressure
In
section the
production In
from t h e
c e n t e r of a equations
c i r c u l a r r e s e r v o i r is
examined.
Section 2.1,
which d e f i n e t h e b a s i c
problem and In
t h e assumptions required f o r t h e i r d e r i v a t i o n are given. S e c t i o n 2.2, lutions t o the
t h e m e t h o d u s e d i n t h i s w o r k f o r o b t a i n i n g soe q u a t i o n s is o u t l i n e d . In S e c t i o n 2.3 t h e
a n a l y t i c a l s o l u t i o n s i n real space
for t h e u n b o u n d e d c i r c u i n t h i s section are
lar reservoir are presented.

d i s c u s s i o n s of analysis. Three important extensions
Included
t h e a p p l i c a t i o n of
t h e s o l u t i o n s t o w e l l test
of
the
basic solutions
are
derived i n the final three sections. the first three sections apply wellbore pressure. rolled at Because t h e the
The s o l u t i o n s g i v e n i n
or p r o d u c t i o n a t a c o n s t a n t
p r e s s u r e is n o r m a l l y c o n t the inner drop in
t h e wellhead,
e f f e c t of changing frictional pressure
boundary c o n d i t i o n
t o include
t h e w e l l b o r e i s e x a m i n e d i n S e c t i o n 2.1.
An a p p a r e n t a d v a n -
t a g e of c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e t e s t i n g is t h e a b s e n c e of w e l l b o r e
- 6 -
storage Finally,
effects.
This
is
discussed
in
Section
2.5.
S e c t i o n 2.6 c o n t a i n s
a d i s c u s s i o n of i n t e r f e r e n c e
a n a l y s i s f o r w e l l s produced at c o n s t a n t pressure.
2.1
FUNDAMENTAL PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS T h e f u n d a m e n t a l partial d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n representthe diffusivity g e o m e t r y is
ing idealized f l o w equation. g i v e n by: The
t h r o u g h p o r o u s m e d i a is
d i f f u s i v i t y e q u a t i o n i n radial
T h e porous
medium is
contained in
t h e region
between t h e
re,
f i n i t e w e l l b o r e raduis, which may
rW,
and t h e r e s e r v o i r radius, I m p l i c i t in t h e
b e i n f i n i t e or finite.
u s e of
t h i s e q u a t i o n a r e t h e f o l l o w i n g assumptionls:
1.
F l o w through the porous
m e d i u m is s t r i c t l y radial
with negligible gravity effects.
2.
T h e porous
m e d i u m is
h o m o g e n e o u s and h, porolsity,
isotropic, and
with constant
thickness,
permeability, k.
3.
T h e f l u i d viscosity, 1J, compress i b i 1i t y ,

et,
is c o n s t a n t , and t h e total f l u i d and t h e porous
of t h e
m e d i u m is s m a l l in m a g n i t u d e and c o n s t a n t .
7 -
4.
Pressure gradients a r e small
e v e r y w h e r e s u c h that
gradient squared terms may be neglc scted.
T h e last t w o a s s u m p t i o n s a r e e s s e n t i a l l y s a t i s f i e d for a l i q u i d s a t u r a t e d , o n e phase, i s o t h e r m a l r e s e r v o i r .

A c o m p l e t e mathematical
d e f i n i t i o n of tihe problem of con-
s t a n t p r e s s u r e p r o d u c t i o n from a c i r c u l a r r e s e r v o i r r e q u i r e s a d d i t i o n a l e q u a t i o n s w h i c h represent t h e a p p r o p r i a t e initial and b o u n d a r y conditions.

For a
reservoir initially
at a
constant pressure, p i ,
t h e initial c o n d i t i o n is g i v e n b y :
p(r,O) = P i
(2.2)
T h e i n n e r b o u n d a r y c o n d i t i o n is:
w h e r e s is t h e w e l l b o r e s k i n factor, b o t t o m h o l e pressure.
and pwf is t h e flowing
T h r e e d i f f e r e n t o u t e r b o u n d a r y condian i n f i n i t e l y l a r g e r e s e r v o i r r
tions a r e often considered:
a c l o s e d o u t e r boundary, and a c o n s t a n t - p r e s s u r e outer boundary. T h e c o n d i t i o n f o r a n i n f i n i t e l y l a r g e r e s e r v o i r is:

Rim p ( r , t ) r+co
pi
(2.4)
F o r t h e c l o s e d outer b o u n d a r y t h e c o n d i t i o n is:
- (re,t) aP
ar
= 0
(2.5)
- 8 -
and f o r t h e c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e o u t e r b o u n d a l r y ,
is:
the condition
Fig. Eqs.
2 . 1 i s a s c h e m a t i c diagram
2.1- 2.6.
of t h e s y s t e m d e s c r i b e d b y
The f l o w i n t o t h e wellbore i s g i v e n by:
In order t o provide g e n e r a l s o l u t i o n s , d i m e n s i o n l e s s vari a b l e s may b e d e f i n e d a s follows:
rD
r/rw
(2.l o ) (2.11)
The r e s u l t i n g equations i n dimensionless variables a r e
(2.12)
(2.13)
- 9 -
t
h
------I4
I I
-.-- - - - --
L-
O ?w
-r re
F i g u r e 2.1:
Schematic Diagram of a Well Producing a t a Constant Wellb o r e P r e s s u r e from a C i r c u l a r R e s e r v o i r
10
PD(lYtD)
1 + s
r =1 D w i t h o u t e r boundary c o n d i t i o n one of t h e f o l l o w i n g :
Rim pD(rDytD) = 0 rD
(Z),
(2.14)
+
(2.15)
(2.16)
(2.17)
The f l o w r a t e is d e t e r m i n e d from:
(2.18)
Eqs.
2.12-2.11,
and o n e of
Eqs.
2.15,
2.16,
o r 2 . 1 7 com-
pletely describe the
problem of a w e l l p r o d u c i n g
a t a con-
s t a n t w e l l b o r e pressure from t h e c e n t e r of a c i r c u l a r reserv o i r under t h e assumptions l i s t e d next section, described. the in this section. In the
m e t h o d of s o l u t i o n u s e d i n
t h i s work is
2.2
METHOD
SOLUTION
A straight-foreward
method f o r s o l v i n g Eqs.
2.12-2.17
in-
v o l v e s u s e of g e r (1947) fusivity
t h e Laplace transformation.
Carslaw and J a e -
u s e d t h e Laplace t r a n s f o r m a t i o n t o s o l v e t h e d i f equation.
By
this
method,
the equations
are
t r a n s f o r m e d i n t o a s y s t e m of
ordinary differential equations
11
w h i c h can
be s o l v e d a n a l y t i c a l l y .
The
resulting solution
f o r t h e L a p l a c e t r a n s f o r m of of t h e L a p l a c e v a r i a b l e t i determine t h e pressurer Laplace space s o l u t i o n s Laplace transformation. pDI
the pressureIpD
is a f u n c t i o n
r D . To
and t h e s p a c i a . 1 v a r i a b l e ,
as a
f u n c t i a l n of
r D a n d tD, t h e the inverse
must b e i n v e r t e d u s i n g
Application
2.12-2.18
of
the
Laplace
transfolrmation
to
Eqs.
results in:
(2.19)
(2.20)
Rim pD(rD,R) r* D
= 0
(2.21)
(2.22)
(2.23)
(2.24)
The s o l u t i o n s i n L a p l a c e s p a c e
f o r a l l t h r e e boundary cases
are given i n T a b l e 2.1.

A
r e l a t i o n s h i p e x i s t s b e t w e e n t h e L a p l a c e t r a n s f o r m e d so-
l u t i o n s f o r t h e c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e and c o n s t a n t rate problems w h i c h was i n d i c a t e d b y v a n E v e r d i n g e n a n d H u r s t ( 1 9 4 9 ) .

De-
12
Table 2.1:
Laplace Space S o l u t i o n s f o r a W e l l Producing a t a Constant P r e s s u r e from t h e Center of a C i r c u l a r R e s e r v o i r
I N F I N I T E OUTEP BOUNDARY
13
noting t h e
dimensionless wellbore b y pWD, and t h e
p r e s s r ~ r eu n d e r
constant
rate production
dimensionless cumulative
production under constant r e l a t i o n is g i v e n by:
p r e s s u r e p r o d u c t i o n by Q D
this
(2.25)
w h e r e QD i s d e f i n e d b y :
(2.26)
This result can b e derived tion.
from t h e p r i n c i p l e of s u p e r p o s i -
The c u m u l a t i v e p r o d u c t i o n is r e l a t e d t o t h e t r a n s i e n t
r a t e by:
T h i s is e a s i l y v e r i f i e d transformation.
f r o m b a s i c p r o p e r t t i e s of by combining E q s .
t h e Laplace
Finally,
2.25 and 2.27,
(2.28)
Thus,
a n y s o l u t i o n f o r PwD(k)
f o r constant rate production f o r c o n s t a n t pressure produc-
h a s a n a n a l o g s o l u t i o n , q> D ( '
tion.
Unfortunately, solutions i n Table
t h e i n v e r s e L a p l a c e t r a l n s f o r m a t i o n of
2.1 can only be obtain,ed
the
t h r o u g h u s e of
the Mellin inversion integral,
and t h e r e s u l t i n g i n t e g r a l s The s o l u t i o n s tabu-
cannot be reduced t o simple functions.
14
lated i n t h e
l i t e r a t u r e were o b t a i n e d f r o m
numerical intet h e so-
g r a t i o n s of t h e i n v e r s i o n i n t r e g r a l s . lutions are numerical determined using
I n t h i s work,
an a l g o r i t h m
f o r approximate The ta-
i n v e r s i o n of t h e L a p l a c e s p a c e s o l u t i o n s .
bulated solutions i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e serve
a s a c h e c k of t h e
''a p p r o x i m a t e*' s o l u t i o n s d e t e r m i n e d h e r e i n
most e x a c t numerical a g r e e m e n t was f o u n d integration.
In general alo b t a i n e d by
with solutions
The a l g o r i t h m f o r n u m e r i c a l
i n v e r s i o n of
t h e transformed This algorithm problems of
s o l u t i o n s w a s p r e s e n t e d by S t e h f e s t ( 1 9 7 0 ) .
p r o v i d e s t a b u l a r s o l u t i o n s f o r a w i d e v a r i e t y of i n t e r e s t i n well test a n a l y s i s .
The a l g o r i t h m is b a s e d on
t h e f o l l o w i n g f o r m u l a g i v e n by S t e h f e s t :
(2.29)
where f ( s 1 is t h e Laplace t r a n s f o r m a t i o n of F ( t ) ,
a n d t h e Vi
are:
min{ i , / 2 1 N
= (-1)
vi
[(~/2)+i1
i+l k= 2
k N j 2 (Z!k)! [ (N/2)-k] !k! ( k - l ) ~ ( i - k ) ! (2k- i) ! !
(2.30)
N, t h e n u m b e r o f terms i n t h e s u m , may b e d e t e r m i n e d b y comp a r i s o n w i t h known a n a l y t i c a l s o l u t i o n s . that theoretically, t h e v a l u e computed t h e g r e a t e r N is, S t e h f e s t observed t h e m o r e a c c u r a t e is errors
for F(t);
but i n practilce roundoff Thus,
i n c r e a s e w i t h i n c r e a s i n g N.
t h e r e i s a n optimum v a l u e
15
f o r N which
c a n o n l y b e d e t e r m i n e d by
cclmparing v a l u e s f o r
F ( t ) w i t h known v a l u e s .
The S t e h f e s t
algorithm provides a convenient
method f o r
obtaining real s p a c e s o l u t i o n s from tions given i n Table 2.1.
t h e Laplace space solufrom t h e The s o l u -
Solutions calculated in A p p e n d i x B.
Stehfest algorithm are tabulated tions tabulated
in
t h i s work h a v e been
c h e c k e d a g a i n s t exGenerally, i n most t h e solufour
i s t i n g s o l u t i o n s whenever p o s s i b l e . tions agree for a t
l e a s t t h r e e or,
casesI
significant figures. An a l t e r n a t i v e method for obtaining solutions by J u a n (1977). the constant
f o r con-
s t a n t p r e s s u r e f l o w was u s e d an algorithm for deriving
H e developed
pressure solutions This
from t h e c o n s t a n t r a t e s o l u t i o n s u s i n g s u p e r p o s i t i o n .
derivation did not require Laplace transformations. I n t h e n e x t s e c t i o n g r a p h s of along w i t h a d i s c u s s i o n of
t h e s o l u t i o n s are presented
t h e i r u s e i n w e l l test a n a l y s i s .
2.3
BASIC TRANSIENT R A T E SOLUTIONS

P o r t i o n s of the analytical solutions for transient rate
decline discussed i n t h i s s e c t i o n have appeared elsewhere i n the literature.

A c o m p l e t e s t u d y of
how t h e y may b e a p p l i e d T h r e e types of reservoir;
i n well t e s t a n a l y s i s h a s b e e n l a c k i n g .
ervoirs
resthe
are
considered:
the
unbounded
16
closed,
bounded r e s e r v o i r ;
a n d t h e c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e bounded reservoir, analogies with t h e
reservoir. a n a l y s i s of
F o r e a c h t y p e of
p r e s s u r e drawdown f o r t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g c o n s t a n t
rate case are indicated.
2.3.1
Unbounded R e s e r v o i r
As
i n t h e case of c o n s t a n t r a t e p r o d u c t i o n ,
solutions for an unbounded
the transient the
rate
reservoir represent
transient behavior
before boundary e f f e c t s
become e v i d e n t . ig-
T h e t r a n s i e n t r a t e s o l u t i o n b y J a c o b a n d Lohman ( 1 9 5 2 1 , nores the skin lues t o effect and a s s i g n s u n r e a l i s t i c a l l y
h i g h vaA
Also
t h e flow
rates during t h e
early flow
period. 2.2.
l o g - l o g g r a p h of shown i n
t h i s s o l u t i o n is shown i n F i g .
t h e f i g u r e is
a g r a p h of
l/pwD w h e r e pwD
is t h e
wellbore pressure
d r o p determined from t h e
f i n i t e wellbore
radius solution f o r constant rate production. two s o l u t i o n s which a r e
The c l o s e s i m i l a r i t y between t h e
r e l a t e d e x a c t l y i n L a p l a c e s p a c e b y Eq. Fig.
WD
2.2. and l/q
2 . 2 8 may b e s e e n i n 4 E a r l o u g h e r ( 1 9 7 7 ) d e t e r m i n e d t h a t f o r t D > 8x10 , agree within
1%.
Because t h e p e r i o d when l / q D
the
a n d pwD c o i n c i d e i s i n t h e
s e m i - l o g s t r a i g h t p o r t i o n of
wD '
function,
a g r a p h of
l/qD vs l o g t D p r o d u c e s a s t r a i g h t
line if cribed
t h e flow period t h e method

q'
is l o n g enough.
Earlougher despermeability
for
determining reservoir
from t h e s l o p e , m
of t h e s e m i - l o g s t r a i g h t l i n e :
17
.rl.rl o o
c c a
re c
L3
(D
v)
d-
0 -
18
k =
p'Rn 10 4.rrmqh(Pi-Pwf)
that the
(2.31)
In addition,
Earlougher indicated
wellbore skin
f a c t o r could b e e s t i m a t e d from:
. I
s = - Rn 10
I: )(
[ m
9
hr
Rog
k
2 4Wctrw
0.80907 ]
(2.32)
where ( l / q )
hr
is t h e e x t r a p o l a t e d
v a l u e of
t h e semilog
s t r a i g h t l i n e a t a f l o w t i m e of
one hour.
A second method
for determining t h e reservoir permeabil-
i t y is by t y p e c u r v e m a t c h i n g w i t h
a g r a p h of l o g q D v s l o g
tD.
T h i s m e t h o d was d e s c r i b e d
b y J a c o b a n d Lohman ( 1 9 5 2 ) .
I f qDM i s t h e v a l u e f o r qD
which c o i n c i d e s w i t h t h e v a l u e q log t overlaying the type curve,
on t h e g r a p h
of
log q v s
t h e p e r m e a b i l i t y c a n be determined from: (2.33)
Likewise, points:
t h e p o r o s i t y c a n b e d e t e r m i n e d from t h e time m a t c h
(2.34)
The t y p e c u r v e i n t o account.
for q
If
vs tD does n o t take t h e
s k i n effect t h e esbut
a nonzero s k i n f a c t o r is p r e s e n t ,
timate f o r k
by t y p e c u r v e matching w i l l
be accurate,
t h e estimate for @ w i l l b e i n e r r o r . tors,
For p o s i t i v e s k i n fac-
t h e following approximation c a n o f t e n be used:
19
9e-2s
ktM/(uc r t ) t w ,DM
(2.35)
The methods d e s c r i b e d t h u s f a r
f o r transient rate analyanalogous t o t h e

S t i l l other analo-
sis of a n
unbounded r e s e r v o i r a r e e x a c t l y
pressure transient analysis techniques. gous techniques can be derived. t e s t i n g is multiple

(1973)
For i n s t a n c e , m u l t i p l e r a t e
t h e rate pressure.
(19431
analogous t o changes
a n a l y s i s of producing Hurst
response t o F e tkov ic h
of
the
a p p l i e d t h e i d e a s of
t o determine the In a simi-
rate response t o a change i n producing pressure.

lar fashion,
s u r e from p
a s t e p change
i n t h e flowing bottomhole presresults in:
wf 1
t o Pwf
a t t i m e tl
2
(2.36)
For t
1 << tl, q ( t ) = q(.tl)
.--
r e a r r a n g e m e n t of
Eq.
2.36
results in:
Hence,
a graph
of
log [q(t>-q(tl>l
vs l o g ( t - t l )
Furthermore,
can be
matched w i t h t h e qD v s t Dt y p e c u r v e . of l/Iq(t)-q(tl)l vs log (t-tl)
a graph
c a n b e examined f o r a s e m i -
log straight line.
20
One d i f f i c u l t y w i t h t h e a n a l y t i c a l s o l u t i o n s f o r c o n s t a n t pressure (transient rate) duction large. production
is t h a t computed p r o may b e unrealistically the initial
rates very
A
early in
time
realistic assumption might
be that
flow rate f o r an instantaneous drop i n t h e wellbore pressure
must be equal t o
o r less t h a n some r a t e q,
possibly due t o
t h e c r i t i c a l f l o w phenomenon. p o s s i b l e r a t e of p e n d e n t of
C r i t i c a l f l o w i s t h e maximum
and is i n d e T h e maxi-
flow f o r a p a r t i c u l a r o r i f i c e ,
t h e pressure drop across t h e o r i f i c e . e s t a b l i s h e d when t h e f l o w sound i n t h e flowing f l u i d .
mum r a t e is
v e l o c i t y of
v e l o c i t y reaches t h e Downstream c h a n g e s and t h e f l o w r a t e is For ideal gases, <approximately half flow. P o e t tmann
i n pressure w i l l not propagate upstream,

a f u n c t i o n of t h e u p s t r e a m p r e s s u r e o n l y .
i t is
o f t e n shown t h a t
a pressure drop
t h e u p s t r e a m p r e s s u r e w i l l cause c r i t i c a l and Beck
(1963)
h a v e s h o w n t h a t s i m i l a r r e s u l t s may b e o b T h e e x i s t e n c e of
t a i n e d f o r m u l t i p h a s e flow of g a s and o i l .
a critical o r i f i c e or flow
sand face and t h e
r e s t r i c t i o n anywhere between t h e control the
surface could
i n i t i a l flow
of
rate,
and
could prevent instantaneous establishment
an
a r b i t r a r y constant bottomhole flowing pressure.
If
a partit h e re-
cular bottomhole production pressure

s u l t could be
is s p e c i f i e d ,
constant rate flow u n t i l
t h e reservoir presvalue, and
sure at
t h e sand
face dropped t o
the desired
p e r h a p s f o r a l o n g e r p e r i o d of t i m e d e p e n d i n g u p o n t h e l o c a t i o n of the
critical choke.
Then t h e r a t e
would begin t o
21
d e c l i n e a s t h e p r e s s u r e is
held constant.
The mathematics
needed t o p r o v i d e a s o l u t i o n f o r i n i t i a l constant t i o n of
the r a t e decline after the

t o t h e mathematical solu-
flow i s a n a l o g o u s
pressure buildup i n S e c t i o n 3.
after constant pressure production
presented
Hencer
t h i s s o l u t i o n is d i s c u s s e d
i n Section 3.5.1.
2.3.2
C l o s e d Bounded R e s e r v o i r of a
F e t k o v i c h (19731
showed
t h a t one important effect
c l o s e d boundary on c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e e r a t i o n of long times. I t is an exponential decline
p r o d u c t i o n is t h e gen-
i n t h e production rate at
T h i s s t a t e was termed " e x p o n e n t i a l d e p l e t i o n " . that this
important i n
s t a t e must
be the
terminal
s t a t e for a n y p r o d u c t i o n c o n d i t i o n . The e x p o n e n t i a l d e p l e t i o n dimensionless wellbore
s t a t e can b e d e r i v e d
from t h e
pressure function
for constant- rate
p r o d u c t i o n a f t e r t h e o n s e t of
Eq.
p s e u d o - s t e a d y s t a t e b y u s e of closed reservoirs (1971) showed
2.28.
For p s e u d o - s t e a d y s t a t e f o r
a constant rate
produced a t that:
Ramey a n d Cclbb
(2.38)
Thus :
22
(2.28)
and (2.40)
for
tDA (tpss)D'
'
w h e r e (tpss)D
is t h e
time r e q u i r e d
f o r development
of
true
pseudo- steady state at
t h e producing w e l l f o r
t h e constant
See
rate case,
and
is dependent on t h e
(1968).
reservoir shape.
E a r l o u g h e r a n d Ramey the effective t u t e d f o r rw.
To a l l o w f o r
a skin factor,
be substi-
wellbore radius
rw' = r ' e- S
W
should
For c l o s e d bounded c i r c u l a r r e s e r v o i r s , a f t e r t h e o n s e t of exponential decline:

knr = R r t ~ ~ eD
PWD
3/4
(2.41)
F o l l o w i n g t h e same p r o c e d u r e a s t h a t u s e d , t o d e m o n s t r a t e e x ponential decline f o r other reservoirs

:
r e s e r v o i r sha:pes,
for circular
23
(2.42)
for
tDA 0.1 2
Fetkovich ( 1 9 7 3 )
drew type curves
for rate
d e c l i n e in
closed bounded c i r c u l a r r e s e r v o i r s error d u e

3 1 4 in Eq.
which contained a slight for the correct v a l u e of
t o s u b s t i t u t i o n of 112
2.42.
T h e Fetkovich t y p e curves a r e reproduced
in Fig.
2.3.
Again, wellbore skin effects may be included

= rwe-s
b y t h e s u b s t i t u t i o n of r:q
f o r rw. f l o w w h i c h has
In t h e final been at while the
d e p l e t i o n of a n oil f i e l d , rate e v e n t u a l l y
a constant
declines exponentially remains constant. p r o d u c t i o n is
wellbore o r
wellhead p r e s s u r e
T h i s t y p e of
d e c l i n e following c o n s t a n t r a t e
s l i g h t l y d i f f e r e n t , and is treated in S e c t i o n 3.5.2. An a n a l o g y f o r r e s e r v o i r limit t e s t i n g from c o n s t a n t r a t e production d a t a e x i s t s for

Eqs.
2.40
exponential rate decline.
From
and 2 . 1 1 :
-41TtDA
Rtlt q =
Rn
4A
2
"Arw
Thus, a g r a p h of log q vs
t will h a v e an intercept,
and a s l o p e ,
* m ,
'n it
given by:
24
Lfv
" 0 '
n
n
m
0)
..
h 3
9-i
VO
25
(2.44)
and
(2.45)
Solving f o r In
(4A/yCAr:
i n both
e q u a t i o n s and e q u a t i n g
the resulting expressions:

(2.46)
T h e n CA c a n b e e s t i m a t e d f r o m e i t h e r E q .
2.44
or 2 . 4 5 :
(2.47)
CA =
-exp [ - 4 ~ k h / m $pctA] 4A 2
Y W '
(2.48)
The Laplace s p a c e s o l u t i o n f o r c u m u l a t i v e p r o d u c t i o n d u r ing t h e exponential Eq. Eq.

2.25. 2.40,
r a t e d e c l i n e p e r i o d is
determined from
T h e d e r i v a t i o n is
s i m i l a r t o t h e d e r i v a t i o n of
bounded
and t h e r e s u l t is t h a t f o r c l o s e d ,
reser-
voirs:
QD(tD)
=
A 21~r 2
W
exp [4mDA/tn -
(2.49)
26
for t
DA-
>t pSSD'
For c i r c u l a r reservoirs:
QD(tD>2 [I = f o r tDA 0 . 1 . >
eD
exp(-2ntDA/(Rn reD - 3 / 4 ) ) ]
(2.50)
A t y p e c u r v e g r a p h of
l o g (PD/reD2 1
vs log
tD / ( l n
2.4.
'eD -
3/41
f o r c i r c u l a r r e s e r v o i r s is shown i n F i g .
2.3.3
C o n s t a n t Pressure Bounded C i r c u l a r - R e s e r v o i r
The s o l u t i o n for c o n s t a n t pressure p r o d u c t i o n f r o m a c i r -
cular r e s e r v o i r w i t h c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e boundary i n v o l v e s t h e
t r a n s i t i o n from the infinite acting The f i n a l v a l u e f o r
rate function
to true
steady- state.
t h e r a t e may b e w r i t t e n for radial
immediately from t h e flow:

5
s t e a d y state rate equation
Steady state flow occurs f o r t
DA -
>
Y/Q
= 1/2.2458nr.
This
v a l u e was d e t e r m i n e d b y e q u a t i n g t h e
2.51 with t h e
r i g h t h a n d s i d e of E q .
semilog approximate s o l u t i o n f o r
l/qD.
and
solving for t
Fig.
2 . 5 i s a g r a p h of
the solution for a
constant p r e s s u r e o u t e r boundary.
This concludes stant wellbore
t h e d i s c u s s i o n of
the solution from a
f o r con-
pressure procudtion
c i r c u l a r reser-
27
nl*
T I
I-
( I
28
h h
p l m a ups
a b b a
m o m >
5-d
V b
e a b u a ml+ c 5 o u
au
rl
ae
u o 5FQ a
b h
u a aal a
a 5
o a
r l m
r l a
g:
w m
b m O U
a u e
a psa 3 w
c a 0 u v
0 0
rl k b
rlv c
a m u m c a a
22 m u
$ E E O n w
r l h
u l
..
a
h
rl I Fr 0
&
29
voir.
In t h e next section,
t h e t h e o r y is e x t e n d e d t o s o l u t h e wellhead
tions for
constant pressure at
instead
of a t
t h e sand face i n t h e wellbore. s u r e problem is a s i m p l e p r e s s u r e problem i f
T h e c o n s t a n t w e l l h e a d pres-
e x t e n s i o n of t h e c o n s t a n t w e l l b o r e
t h e f l o w u p t h e w e l l b o r e is l a m i n a r .
2.4
P R O D U C T I O N AT CONSTANT W E L L H E A D P R E S S U R E
Frequently r e s e r v o i r f l u i d s are produced w i t h a c o n s t a n t fluids gas
pressure a t t h e wellhead. into a constant pressure
Examples a r e p r o d u c t i o n of s e p a r a t o r and
p r o d u c t i o n of
into a constant pressure pipeline. s u r e is c o n s t a n t , the pressure drop
When t h e w e l l h e a d p r e s -
in t h e w e l l b o r e d u e t o
t h e flow rate, and The
f l o w i n g f r i c t i o n v a r i e s as a f u n c t i o n of hence,
t h e w e l l b o r e s a n d f a c e p r e s s u r e is n o t c o n s t a n t . discussed are not directly
solutions previously
valid for
wells produced a t c o n s t a n t w e l l h e a d pressure.

tion the solution for when t h e f l o w
I n t h i s sec-
constant wellhead pressure production
up t h e w e l l b o r e is laminar
is d e r i v e d .
The
r e s u l t i n g s o l u t i o n is a s i m p l e e x t e n s i o n o f lutions. Assuming n e g l i g i b l e lance
t h e e x i s t i n g so-
h e a t loss t h e m e c h a n i c a l form for t h e flowing
e n e r g y bathe
in differential
fluid in
w e l l b o r e is g i v e n by:
vdp
+ dH +
qc
+ dWf
d W
(2.52)
30
w h e r e v is
s p e c i f i c volume,
H is v e r t i c a l
distance, and
U 15
fluid velocity, s h a f t work.
W f is f r i c t i o n a l
e n e r g y loss,
W,
is
Assuming i n a d d i t i o n
t h a t t h e s h a f t work term
a n d t h e k i n e t i c e n e r g y t e r m may b e n e g l e c t e d , comes:
vdp =
Eq.
2.52
be-
dWf
dH
(2.53)
T h e f r i c t i o n a l e n e r g y loss i s g i v e n b y :
4fyTJ 2 dL dWf
2gcD
(2.54)
where L is
t h e t u b i n g l e n g t h a n d D is
t h e tubing diameter.
For one phase l i q u i d flow i n t h e tubing:
p-3
ITD
(2.55)
Hence,
and t h e d e n s i t y ,
is
approximatly constant.
t h e e q u a t i o n f o r t h e p r e s s u r e d r o p i n t h e w e l l b o r e f o r flowi n g l i q u i d is g i v e n by:
(2.56)
where p
wf
is t h e w e l l b o r e f l o w i n g p r e s s u r e , t h e wellbore, and
ptf
p i s t h e a v e r a g e
wellhead flowing t h e Moody f r i c -
density in pressure.
is t h e
F o r laminar flaw i n t h e w e l l b o r e ,
t i o n f a c t o r is g i v e n by:
(2.57)
31
where N = RE 2.56 becomes :
4q.Ql.rrUD is t h e R e y n o l d s
number.
Thus,
Eq.
(2.58)
T h e inner boundary c o n d i t i o n is:
P ( r w y t > = PWf
s(r
E)
rr -
C o m b i n i n g Eqs. 2.58 and 2.3:
(2.59)
R e d e f i n e t h e following d i m e n s i o n l e s s g r o u p s :
(2.60)
and:
(2.61)
w h e r e b = @ . F i n a l l y let:
(2.62)
S u b s t i t u t i o n of Eqs. 2.60-2.62
-b)q
in 2 . 5 9 yields:
+ s
W
P ( r w , t ) = Ptf + a ( P i - P t f
D + b
(2.63)
32
Rearranging yields:
(2.64)
Eq.
2.64 i s e x a c t l y l i k e Eq. 2 . 1 4 ,
t h e d i m e n s i o n l e s s form of The s o l u t i o n s for constant
t h e i n n e r boundary c o n d i t i o n used p r e v i o u s l y . discussed i n t h i s c h a p t e r are t h e r e f o r e v a l i d
wellhead p r e s s u r e production w i t h laminar bore,
flow i n t h e w e l l -
if
t h e dimensionless variables are redefined as i n t h e
preceding.
In particular,
the
t r a n s i e n t r a t e r e s p o n s e is
i n t h e e f f e c t i v e s k i n fectypical values for the t y p i c a l l y less than
identical except for an increase
tor.
Furthermore,
s u b s t i t u t i o n of
a is
parameters
0.01;
in a
indicates that
s + a = s.
and hence,
,, .
I n t h e c a s e of
fully turbulent
flow i n t h e wellbore,
the
f r i c t i o n f a c t o r d e p e n d s o n l y upon
t h e r e l a t i v e r o u g h n e s s of In
t h e w e l l p i p e and would b e a c o n s t a n t f o r a g i v e n case. t h i s case stant.

Eq.
2.53 applies
with t h e friction
f a c t o r con-
Pf "
Ptf
= a'qD
(pi
- ptf - b)
.+b
(2.65)
where:
(2.66)
The i n n e r boundary c o n d i t i o n ,
Eq.
2.3, b e c o m e s :
33
(2.67)
Redefining dimensionless yields:
g r o u p s as
b e f o r e and
rearranging
pD(l,tD)
= 1
a
D
(2.68)
Although t h e problem could be r e s o l v e d u s i n g t h i s c o n d i t i o n ,
i t was b e y o n d
t h e o b j e c t i v e s of
this study t o
do so.
The
c o n d i t i o n was o n e
f i n d i n g of t h e s t u d y and
poses an i n t e r I n t h e n e x t sec-
e s t i n g problem f o r f u t u r e i n v e s t i g a t i o n . tion, t h e effect
of
wellbore storage
is
examined as
further extension tion.
of t h e
constant wellhead
pressure solu-
2.5
EFFECT
WELLBORE STORAGE
pressure, whether due t o constant fluid production When
A drop i n t h e wellhead
rate or
c o n s t a n t pressure flow
can c a u s e
from t h e w e l l b o r e i t s e l f
i n d e p e n d e n t of
t h e formation.
t h e surface rate is c o n s t a n t ,
v a r i a b l e f l u i d p r o d u c t i o n from
t h e wellbore causes a variable rate the constant rate case,
at t h e sand face.
For
t h e e f f e c t of
w e l l b o r e s t o r a g e is
i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o t h e i n n e r boundary c o n d i t i o n through a ma-
t e r i a l b a l a n c e on t h e w e l l b o r e .
used t o include wellbore storage
T h e same p r o c e d u r e c a n b e f o r t h e case of constant
pressure production.
The d e r i v a t i o n f o l l o w s .
34
The isothermal defined b y :
c o m p r e s s i b i l i t y of t h e w e l l b o r e
f l u i d is
c
W
--(%) 1 ay v T
(2.69)
B y t h e c h a i n r u l e for d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n :
W =
-v
(x)T/($)T
av
(2.70)
Thus, t h e r a t e of fluid p r o d u c t i o n f r o m t h e wellbore volume,

V
W
, is:
(2.71)
V w includes t h e volume of t h e wellbore,
t h e a n n u l u s , and a n y
a d d i t i o n a l v o l u m e of fluid c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e w e l l b o r e w h i c h may be produced without changing t h e sand face

qtp
pressure.
T h e t o t a l s u r f a c e fluid p r o d u c t i o n rate, t h e p r o d u c t i o n r a t e from t h e w e l l b o r e p r o d u c t i o n r a t e from t h e s a n d face, q .
is t h e s u m of
qw9
volume, Thus:
and t h e
(2.72)
From E q .
2.3:
and
(2.73)
35
D e f i n i n g p D and qD a s in mensionless storage by:
S e c t i o n 2.4,
and defining t h e d i -
v c w w 2 D ' 2T@rt h rW
(2.74)
t h e t o t a l d i m e n s i o n l e s s s u r f a c e r a t e is:
qtD = D '
[(ZL
D
=1+ +
(2)
+ -aPD
arD
r =1 D
(2.75)
rD=1
r e s u l t s in:
T a k i n g t h e L a p l a c e t r a n f o r m a t i o n of qtD
(2.76)
r =1 D
S u b s t i t u t i n g t h e s o l u t i o n for i t e s y s t e m g i v e n in T a b l e 2.1 to include r e s u l t s in:
pD
and
(l 2L
=1+for t h e infin-
w i t h t h e s k iD f a c t o r adjusted n and rearranging
tlellbore f r i c t i o n p r e s s u r e l o s s
(2.77)
36
In the preceding section,
comparison of
: i
and s+a i n d i c a t e d
2.77
t h a t they are approximately equal. to:
T h u s Eq.
reduces
(2.78)
This e x p r e s s i o n can
be d e r i v e d from t h e
v a n E v e r d i n g e n and
2.28).
Hurst (1949) e q u a t i o n d i s c u s s e d i n S e c t i o n 2.2 (Eq.

The i n v e r s e
2.78 is
C,,
t r a n s f o r m a t i o n of
the
c o n l s t a n t term function,
i n Eq.
6(tl. the and
m u l t i p l i e d by
t h e Dirac d e l t a ,
( S e e Abramowitz and Stegun (1972 1 , p a g e 1029.) theory implies an immediate unloading
Thus,
of
t h e wellbore,
subsequent flow rates are unaffected by t h e w e l l b o r e s t o r a g e
effect.
T h e l a c k o f p r o l o n g e d w e l l b o r e s t o r a g e e f f e c t s may HoweverI if
b e a n a d v a n t a g e of c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e t e s t i n g .
t h e i n i t i a l f l o w r a t e is l i m i t e d by a c r i t i c a l f l o w r e s t r i c tion, i o d of t h e w e l l b o r e s t o r a g e e f f e c t may l a s t f o r a l o n g e r p e r -
time.
t h e p r o b l e m of c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e p r o -
The f i n a l a s p e c t of
d u c t i o n t o b e c o n s i d e r e d i n t h i s c h a p t e r is i n t e r f e r e n c e an-
alysis.
T h i s t o p i c is e x a m i n e d i n t h e n e x t s e c t i o n .
2.6
INTERFERENCE ANALYSIS The w e l l test a n a l y s i s methods p r e s e n t e d t h u s f a r i n t h i s
work h a v e c o n c e n t r a t e d
on t h e b e h a v i o r of
the solutions a t
37
t h e producing w e l l .
This s e c t i o n d e a l s idith
t h e pressure Interference
v a r i a t i o n i n t h e r e s e r v o i r away f r o m t h e w l e l l .
a n a l y s i s is a method f o r d e t e r m i n i n g r e s e r v o i r parameters by observing t h e pressure response or non- producing w e l l . Witherspoon (1965) i n t e r f e r e n c e at a nearby
F o r t h e c o n s t a n t r a t e case, Mueller and showed t h a t t h e l i n e slource s o l u t i o n c a n drop i n t h e reservoir for t h e log approximation
be used t o d e t e r m i n e t h e p r e s s u r e
rD > 25,
holds:
and
t h a t f o r tD/rD2 > 25,
p D ( r D , t D ) = 3(en
+ 0.80907
r
(2.79)*
D
a r e v a l i d even i f a
For z e r o s t o r a g e ,
these approximations
nonzero s k i n f a c t o r is p r e s e n t .
Interference analysis
i s m o r e c o m p l i c a t e d when
t h e pro-
d u c t i o n is a t a c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e .
The mlost o b v i o u s d i f f i a g r a p h {of
c u l t i e s a r e shown i n
The f i g u r e i n d i c a t e s e a c h v a l u e of
Fig.
2.6,
v s t D/rD 2
pD
that a different solution
results for
r . Unlike t h e constant r'ate s o l u t i o n , the D pressure d i s t r i b u t i o n f o r c o n s t a n t pressure production does

not c o r r e l a t e with t h e l i n e g r a p h of
EdrD
210 p /q
source s o l u t i o n .
Although t h e for
vs t / r D D
shown i n F i g .
2.'7 s h o w s t h a t
qD
th,e l o g approximation h o l d s , I n o r d e r t o make u s e of
t h i s is n o t particuthis property in w e l l
larly useful.
test a n a l y s i s ,
t h e p r o d u c t i o n r a t e m u s t b e known d u r i n g t h e
entire i n t e r f e r e n c e test.
If
the
rate v e r s u s t i m e d a t a is
* In
Eq, (2.79) p r e f e r s t o t h e d i m e n s i o n l e s s p r e s s u r e drop f o r constant rate p r duction.
38
available,
i t can b e a n a l y z e d d i r e c t l y , and t h e i n t e r f e r e n c e
in
general, produce a d d i t i o n a l information
data does not,
about t h e r e s e r v o i r . factor,
2.8.
Furthermore,
f o r every nonzero skin

as s h o w n i n F i g .
a n o t h e r f a m i l y of c u r v e s r e s u l t s ,
Interference betueen
f l o w i n g wells i s a l s o
more compliimag-
cated for constant pressure production. ing used t o g e n e r a t e l i n e a r
The method of
boundaries near a w e l l
requires When t h e
s u p e r p o s i t i o n i n time of c o n s t a n t r a t e s o l u t i o n s .
rates are c o n t i n u o u s l y varying,

p e r p o s i t i o n i n t i m e and space. i n time of c o n t i n u o u s l y v a r y i n g i n Section
t h e d e r i v a t i o n r e q u i r e s suT h e m e t h o d of s u p e r p o s i t i o n
r a t e s o l u t i o n s is e x p l a i n e d
i n t e r f e r e n c e between
3.
Hence,
the
t o p i c of
f l o w i n g w e l l s i s r e v i s i t e d i n S e c t i o n 3.4.3. This concludes t h e discussion f o r wells produced a t c o n s t a n t t i o n pressure b u i l d u p of t r a n s i e n t rate analysis I n t h e n e x t sec-
pressure.
s o l u t i o n s f o r w e l l s produced
a t con-
s t a n t pressure are derived.
39
40
0 0
a
L ,
41
0
II
rl
a u c
" 3
Ro Ma,
0
5 P a,G
u s
d o
S" E
"c u
CJ
u
..
a, M
rl Frr
ik
>
42
SECTION 3
PRESSURE B U I L D U P AFTER CONSTANT PRESSURE PRODUCTION In S e c t i o n distributions cussed. 2 the transient rate pressure r e s p o n s e and pressure dis-
for constant
production were
Methods analogous to pressure drawdown analysis for t e s t s w e r e provided. In this section, p r o d u c t i o n is
constant r a t e w e l l pressure buildup examined.
following constant pressure
Pressure buildup after
constant rate production
is a s i m p l e r p r o b l e m t o h a n d l e a n a l y t i c a l l y , but t h r o u g h u s e of s u p e r p o s i t i o n in t i m e of c o n s t a n t r a t e s o l u t i o n s , tegral e x p r e s s i o n pressure p r o d u c t i o n for the can be pressure buildup written. This a n in-
after constant m e t h o d is ex-
plained in t h e S e c t i o n 3.1. tion

f o r pressure
S e c t i o n 3.2 r e v e a l s t h e s o l u how to apply to wells conventional p r o d u c e d at
b u i l d u p and
methods of
pressure buildup analysis
c o n s t a n t pressure.
Methods are discussed for determination effect b y t y p e c u r v e m a t c h i n g ,
of w e l l b o r e s t o r a g e and s k i n
Horner b u i l d u p a n a l y s i s , and d e t e r m i n a t i o n of a v e r a g e reserv o i r pressure. S e c t i o n 3.3 d i s c u s s e s t h e p r a c t i c a l l i m i t a Finally, three additional applications t i m e of c o n s t a n t r a t e so-
tions of t h e t h e o r y .
of t h e method of s u p e r p o s i t i o n in
lutions a r e d i s c u s s e d in S e c t i o n 3.4.
(13
3.1
THEORETICAL EXPRESSION For a f i n i t e n u m b e r of
PRESSURE BUILDUP c h a n g e s in p r o ~ d u c t i o n r a t e w i t h period in time, t h e pres-
each rate constant over a finite s u r e at t h e w e l l b o r e is g i v e n b y
+ where p
WD
0 . .
(qN
- N-1 ) WD (t p
- tN)I
This equation
(3.1)
is t h e d i m e n s i o n l e s s p r e s s u r e d r o p at t h e w e l l b o r e
constant rate production. can be
for unic
r e w r i t t e n as t h e f o l l o w i n g :
...
F r o m Eq.
3.2 it
is e a s i l y
s e e n that
for a
continuously
c h a n g i n g rate, q(t),
t
(3.3)
where the time. comes:
prime indicates
the derivative
w i t h respect
to
I f p r o d u c t i o n is at c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e p wf,Eq.
3.3 be-
44
(3.4)
where q
is t h e d i m e n s i o n l e s s
and t if
f l o w r a t e d e f i n e d b y Eq.
2.11
i n t h e preceding section, f e r r i n g a g a i n t o Eq.
i s d i m e n s i o n l e s s time.
Re-
3.3,
production at constant pressure
is changed t o c o n s t a n t rate p r o d u c t i o n
w e l l b o r e p r e s s u r e a t t i m e t is g i v e n by:
t
after t i m e t P
the
I f t h e w e l l is s h u t i n ,
mined from:
p r e s s u r e b u i l d u p is e x a c t l y d e t e r t
where i n Eq.
A t is t h e e l a p s e d
t i m e after shut- in.
The i n t e g r a l
is i n f i n -
3.6 i s d i f f i c u l t t o e v a l u a t e b e c a u s e q D( 0 )
However,
ite.
t h e e q u a t i o n can b e w r i t t e n i n a more e a s i l y
e v a l u a t e d f o r m b y u s i n g Eq.
3.4:
or:
PD
+AtD
Pi
Pws(AtD)
Pi
Eq.
=I$
qD(T)PwD'(tpD pD
+ AtD
T)dT
(3.8)
Pwf t PD 3.8 i s g e n e r a l .
T h e f u n c t i o n s t o b e u s e d for
a n d pD
c a n b e c h o s e n f o r a n y s e t of
i n n e r and o u t e r boundary condi-
45
tions.
E x a m i n a t i o n of
the integration l i m i t s reveals that q
i s e v a l u a t e d f o r l a t e t i m e s ( t > t 1 a n d pwD' i s e v a l u a t e d P T h u s , phemonema s u c h a s w e l l b o r e beginning with t i m e zero.

storage, skin effect, bore, should be
o r a f r a c t u r e p e n e t r a t e d by t h e w e l l function, while
included i n t h e pressure
boundary effects w i l l a f f e c t t h e rate funlction and, s h u t - i n time, t h e p r e s s u r e f u n c t i o n as w e l l .
later i n
A l t h o u g h t h e i n t e g r a l i n Eq. 3 . 8 i s s i m i l a r t o a c o n v o l u tion integral, formation.
i t c a n n o t b e s o l v e d e a s i l y by L a p l a c e t r a n s Eq.
3.8 c a n be i n t e g r a t e d n u m e r i c a l l y .
However,
Numerical e v a l u a t i o n of t h e i n t e g r a l
d i x C.
i s d i s c u s s e d i n Appen-
3.2
ANALYSIS pT PRESSURE B U I L D U P
The problem of pressure buildup after constant pressure
production has received only limited a t t e n t i o n i n t h e liter-
ature.
Methods of a n a l y s i s h a v e b e e n suiggested i n b o t h t h e t h e groundwater l i t e r a t u r e , , but t h e o r e t i c a l Evalua-
petroleum and
j u s t i f i c a t i o n of t i o n of
t h e methods is a l m o s t n o n e x i s t e n t .
t h e e x p r e s s i o n f o r p r e s s u r e b u i l d u p g i v e n by Eq. 3 . 8
p r o v i d e s a n exact s o l u t i o n which
is u s e d t o d e t e r m i n e meth-
o d s of a n a l y s i s w h i c h a r e t h e o r e t i c a l l y v a l i d . T h r e e p e r i o d s of s h u t - i n t i m e shut- in period,
are discussed:
the early t h e period
when w e l l b o r e e f f e c t s d o m i n a t e ,
when H o r n e r b u i l d u p a n a l y s i s a p p l i e s , a n d t h e l a t e time when o u t e r boundary effects are e v i d e n t .
46
3.2.1
E a r l y Shut- in Time t h e r a t e f u n c t i o n QD(T)

' I
For small shut- in periods, sentially constant for t i o n of Eq.

t
i s es-
< t + AtD. Hence, examinaPD 3.8 r e v e a l s t h a t p r e s s u r e r e c o v e r y c a n b e ap-
PD
<
proximated a c c u r a t e l y by:
ranging r e s u l t s in:
(3.10)
Thus,
log- log graph of t y p e c u r v e s of
pws(At)
- pwf
vs t i m e
c a n be
compared t o
p r e s s u r e drawdown
for constant
flow rate production.
Effects
of e a r l y t r a n s i e n t b e h a v i o r
partial penetra-
s u c h as w e l l b o r e s t o r a g e and s k i n effects, tion,
or t h e e v i d e n c e o f a f r a c t u r e ,
can be analyzed using
conventional type curve matching techniques.
3.2.2
Horner Buildup Analysis
A c c o r d i n g t o t h e method by
Horner (19511,
buildup pres-
s u r e s may b e g r a p h e d v s l o g t ( t + A t > / A t l
a semilog s t r a i g h t line.
The s l o p e
i n order t o produce
o f t h e l i n e is u s e d t o
d e t e r m i n e p e r m e a b i l i t y from t h e e q u a t i o n :
47
k =
qu*kn 10
4rmh
(3.11)
Horner suggested t h a t for v a r i a b l e shut- in, the permeability should
rate production prior t o

be calculated u s i n g Eq.
3.11 w i t h q equal t o t h e last e s t a b l i s h e d
f l o w rate, qf, and

WS
m d e t e r m i n e d from t h e s l o p e of a g r a p h of p
( A t > vs log [(tp
+At)/AtI,
graphed p
where t * = Q(tp>/q(tp>. P
J a c o b a n d Lohman ( 1 9 5 2 1
ws
(At)
vs l o g
[(t,
+ A t > / A t I a n d c a l c u l a t e d permea-
b i l i t y f r o m Eq. i n s t e a d of
3.17 w i t h q e q u a l t o t h e a v e r a g e f l o w r a t e ,
t h e last flow rate. s e v e r a l cases pressure
In the buildup
p r e s e n t work,
involving pressure
after constant
production f o r
infinite,
c l o s e d bounded,
a n d c o n s t a n t - p r e s s u r e b o u n d e d c i r c u l a r resi n t e g r a t i o n of Eq.
e r v o i r s were c o m p u t e d b y n u m e r i c a l
3.8.
I n e v e r y case,
i f t h e r e was a p e r i o d of
t i m e when t h e p r e s -
s u r e b u i l d u p was n o t d o m i n a t e d b y b o u n d a r y e f f e c t s , t h e s e m i l o g s t r a i g h t l i n e was p r e s e n t , correct value for and t h e s l o p e produced t h e when the data
the permeability method.
were
graphed according t o Horner's
The f o l l o w i n g d e r i v a t i o n shows t h a t graphing buildup data
t h e H o r n e r m e t h o d of
in the correct
w i l l always
result
straight line,
provided t h a t
early transient in time.
effects and
Refer r i n g
late
boundary effects
are separated
a g a i n t o Eq.
3.9, w e d i v i d e b y q ( t + A t D > : D PD
(3.12)
48
When
4 10 5 t
5 t
PSS
t h i s can b e w r i t t e n a s :
For A t
5,
t h e log a p p r o x i m a t i o n i s v a l i d
f o r p,,,
and:
(3.14)
or:
, .
Pws(At) = Pi
q(t
+ At)
Rn[(tp
+ At)/At]
(3.15)
4nkh
Noting t h a t q ( t 1 = q(tp+At)
f o r A t <<
tp,
t h i s expres-
s i o n is i d e n t i c a l t o t h e r e s u l t f o r c o n s t a n t r a t e f l o w ,
ex-
cept t h a t i f q ( t p l
were c o n s t a n t ,
t would b e e q u a l t o t h e
Hence,
t.o p r o d u c e t h e c o r -
H o r n e r c o r r e c t e d f l o w time,
tP*.
r e c t s l o p e rt * m u s t b e u s e d . P
A t Eq.
i n f i n i t e shut- in t i m e ,
3.15
t h e extrapollated pressure f o r t h e Horner pressure that
is pi.
Thus,
t h e b e h a v i o r of
buildup curve
following constant
pressure production
h a s n o t shown a boundary i n f l u e n c e s t a n t r a t e case.
is i d e n t i c a l t o t h e con-
T h e J a c o b a n d Lohman ( 1 9 5 2 )
m e t h o d of
using the average following argu-
rate p r i o r
t o s h u t - i n is
j u s t i f i e d by t h e
D
ments.
t h e n Eq.
If
the variation i n q
is
small for 0 <
%<
tpD
3.6 may b e a p p r o x i m a t e d b y t h e f o l l o w i n g :
49
For A t
D
2 5 , t h e l o g a p p r o x i m a t i o n is v a l i , d f o r p
wD'
and:
(3.16)
Pws
( A t ) = pi
ht(t
+ At)/Atl
(3.17)
The l a s t e x p r e s s i o n is i d e n t i c a l
t o the result for constant
rate flow
method t,pss
except that
is
to the
computed from Q ( t p l / t p Horner method as
This
is e q u i v a l e n t
long a s t f
Once e x p o n e n t i a l d e c l i n e h a s begun,
t h e approximation
i n Eq. 3 . 2 2 i s n o l o n g e r v a l i d .
In the
next section,
boundary effects
are considered.
T h e H o r n e r m e t h o d is s h o w n t o
lysis,
b e a n e f f e c t i v e m e a n s of a n a -
e v e n when
boundary effects
are
evident prior
to
shut- in.
3.2.3
O u t e r Boundary Effects
When
tp
tpss ,
the
Horner method
still produces
because
semilog s t r a i g h t l i n e f o r
D PD
A t s u f f i c i e n t l y small,
p (t )may b e a s s u m e d t o b e c o n s t a n t .
3.15,
H o w e v e r r u n l i k e i n Eq. but, t o use the
t h e e x t r a p o l a t e d p r e s s u r e is n o t pi, p
conventional notation,
*.
50
The
equation for
is
derived as
follows.
For
the
c l o s e d bounded
t
reservoir,
e a r l y e n o u g h i n s h u t - i n time t h a t
>>At
b u t l a t e e n o u g h t h a t At,
> 100 :
(3.18)
--
+ '3: Rn[(tpD
+ At,>/At,l
(3.19)
Rearranging:
pw,(At)
= p*
q(t
)u
Rn[(tp
4 vkh
+ At)/At]
(3.20)
where:
*
(3.21)
Eq.
3.21
can b e used t o determine statilc p r e s s u r e correcd e r i v e d by Matthews, Brons,
t i o n curves analogous t o those and Hazebroek

(1954)
for
p r e s s u r e buildlup
a f t e r constant of Q D ( t D )
rate production.
Referring t o the definition
in
51
Eq
2.26,
the
average
reservoir
pressurer pressure
at
s h u t - i n for a c i r c u l a r r e s e r v o i r is g i v e n by:
24 ( t
D
PD
> / r e D2
(3.22)
Hence,
t h e d e p a r t u r e of
t h e extrapolated pressure,
p *
from
the actual average reservoir pressure,
F,
is g i v e n by:
2 (tpD) r e D D
qD(tpD)
-t
- (in t 1 2 PD
0.80907)
(3.23)
S u b s t i t u t i n g t h e e x p o n e n t i a l d e c l i n e f u n c t i o n s f o r QD a n d qD, and r e c a l l i n g t h a t t
*
PD
= Q D (ptD ) / q
(t
PD
1,
results in:
4mh(p
*-p )=
[En t
*
PDA
3.45381
(3.24)
q t F-l P
This result Brons,
is i d e n t i c a l t o
t h e equation for
t h e Mathews, average
and .Hazebroek
curves f o r
determining t h e
p r e s s u r e i n a c l o s e d bounded
a c o n s t a n t r a t e f o r t DA >
0.1.
c i r c u l a r , reservoir produced a t Fig.

3.1
i s a g r a p h of
52
- 53
3.3
P R A C T I C A L L I M I T A T I O N S OF
THE
THEORY
In general,
stant pressure
pressure buildup f o r
w e l l s produced a t con-
can be analyzed
as e f f e c t i v e l y
c o n s t a n t ralte.
as p r e s s u r e
Hence,
spe-
buildup f o r w e l l s produced a t
c i f i c l i m i t a t i o n s i n t h e t h e o r y t o b e d i s c u s s e d i n t h i s section affect pressure buildup analysis after Nonetheless, both constant t o alert the
p r e s s u r e and c o n s t a n t rate flow.
reader t o possible p i t f a l l s i n t h e analysis,
t h r e e problems wellbore
are discussed:
a s h o r t f l o w time b e f o r e s h u t - i n ,
effects, and o u t e r boundary effects.

a n a l y s i s of of pressure buildup, ranges of
To alvoid e r r o r s i n t h e
t h e e n g i n e e r n e e d s t o b e aware
the approximate
time f o r
which t h e
various
methods a p p l y . L i m i t a t i o n s i n t h e a p p l i c a t i o n of a d j u s t e d f l o w t i m e h a v e been g a t o r s i n c l u d i n g Clegg (19671, Sandrea (197 11. The reasons t h e Horner method w i t h
d i s c u s s e d by p r e v i o u s i n v e s t i Odeh and S e l i g (19631, and
f o r d i f f e r e n c e s between t h e i r
c o n c l u s i o n s a n d the r e s u l t s h e r e i n a r e c o n s i d e r e d i n S e c t i o n
3.4.4.
3.3.1
Short Flow Time Before Shut- in t h e p r o d u c t i o n t i m e before s h u t - i n is v e r y s h o r t ,
If
the
w e l l b o r e p r e s s u r e m a y r e t u r n e s s e n t i a l l y t o t h e i n i t i a l reservoir pressure before the Such cases a r e semilog s t r a i g h t l i n e develops.
shown i n F i g .
3.2.
For each
of
the three
54
k !
5 i a
f2
e
v)
z
V
*a
c
I I I
55
f l o w times
indicated,
t h e Horner
buildup graph However,
failed to
develop a semilog s t r a i g h t l i n e .
as t h e dashed
each of these
lines indicate,
times f o r wells
sionless flow
the
p r o b l e m also e x i s t s f o r
produced a t constant rate.
I f the dimen-
time
exceeds
4 10
the
correct
semilog
straight line
w i l l develop for
wells produced
provided t h a t
a t constant
t h e semilog
rate or
a t constant pressure,
s t r a i g h t l i n e p o r t i o n is n o t masked by w e l l b o r e a n d / o r boundary effects.
outer
3.3.2
Wellbore Effects showed s c h e m a t i c a l l y of inner boundary t h e effects on
Earlougher (19771 pressure buildup data
effects such
as
wellbore storage,
skin effect,
and fralcture
effects f o r
wells produced a t c o n s t a n t r a t e .
T h e same c u r v e s a p p l y f o r
wells produced a t c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e ,
t h e d u r a t i o n of long t h e t h e effect.
a s l o . n g a s A t <<
tp f o r
Such e f f e c t : s can g r e a t l y prorequireid

for
l e n g t h of
shut- in t i m e
the correct Chen and
semilog s t r a i g h t l i n e t o develop. Brigham (1974)
For e x a m p l e ,
demonstrated t h a t wellbore :storage effects do

50CD e
not vanish u n t i l AtD>
and Earlougher estimated
t h a t t h e s e m i l o g s t r a i g h t l i n e b e g i n s f o r Lit > D Similarly, Earlougher indicated that s h u t - i n time e x c e e d s a
(60+3.5s)C
e f f e c t s of a f r a c t u r e d i m e n s i o n l e s s frac-
exist until the

ture time,
of 3 f o r t h e i n f i n i t e c o n d u c t i v i t y case, and XfD 2 f o r t h e u n i f o r m f l u x case. Inner boundary effects should
56
be analyzed
3.16.
by t y p e c u r v e
matching i n accordance
w i t h Eq.
3.3.3
O u t e r Boundary E f f e c t s
As m e n t i o n e d
i n S e c t i o n 3.3,
i f exponential rate d e c l i n e ,
o r constant rate production develops during t h e flow period, then the boundary, p e r i o d of buildup curve
w i l l show t h e
effects of
If
an outer t h e r e is a
i f
t h e s h u t - i n time is l o n g e n o u g h .
t i m e between t h e end of t h e i n n e r boundary effects

o u t e r boundary effects, develop, however, the
and t h e s t a r t of t h e
c o r r e c t semilog s t r a i g h t l i n e w i l l long t h e rate
n o m a t t e r how
may h a v e b e e n d e c l i n i n g
exponentially,
if
3 rD > 10- C a r e m u s t b e t a k e n
t o choose t h e
semilog s t r a i g h t
l i n e from t h e c o r r e c t p o r t i o n of t h e b u i l d u p graph.
3.3.4
Comparison w i t h P r e v i o u s S t u d i e s t h a t t h e c o r r e c t semilog the pressure provided t h a t
Results of t h i s s t u d y i n d i c a t e
s t r a i g h t l i n e w i l l d e v e l o p d u r i n g t h e c o u r s e of buildup after inner constant pressure production, boundary effects
and o u t e r
are
separated i n
time.
This conclusion studies.
is n o t i n
agreement with
certain previous
In t h i s section,
we
w i l l attempt t o explain t h e
d i f f e r e n t results. s t u d y was p u b l i s h e d
One s u c h
b y Clegsg ( 1 9 6 7 ) .
In his
analytical solution,
an approximation
of t h e p r e s s u r e d i s -
57
tribution at
the time
of s h u t - i n
was u s e d
2.1.
as an
initial
c o n d i t i o n i n t h e s o l u t i o n of
Eq.
The i n n e r boundary and t h e o u t e r
condition was specified as a zero
flow rate;
b o u n d a r y was a s s u m e d t o b e i n f i n i t e .
The e r r o r i n t h e i n i This error e x p l a i n s t h e Clegg approximate
t i a l c o n d i t i o n is s h o w n i n
the qualitati-ve
Fig.
3.3.
d i f f e r e n c e s between
s o l u t i o n f o r pressure buildup and t h e s o l u t i o n herein.
Other
(19631,
pertinent studies and Sandrea (19711.
are
those
b y Odeh
and
Selig
These investigators concluded l i n e would
that the
c o r r e c t semilog s t r a i g h t
not develop
when s h u t - i n
follows an exponentially
declining production
rate,
p a r t i c u l a r l y when t h e r e s e r v o i r h a s u n d e r g o n e c o n s i d Sandrea attributed d i f f e r e n c e s between wells to
erable depletion. the results
of H o r n e r a n d Odeh
a n d S e l i g f o r new
t h e method u s e d pret the data. reservoir
by Odeh a n d S e l i g t o
d i s c r e t i z e and i n t e r -
For o l d
wells,
would be
Sandrea concluded t h a t t h e underestimated and the

HOW-
permeability
static pressure
ever, Sandrea's
o v e r e s t i m a t e d by t h e Horner model assumes
method.
e x p o n e n t i a l d e c l i n e from t h e f i n i t e i n i t i a l rate.
beginning of
production with a
For a
large reservoir radius,
t h e r e is a
l o n g p e r i o d of r a t e d e Hence, t h e be-
c l i n e b e f o r e t h e e x p o n e n t i a l d e c l i n e perioid.
h a v i o r of t h e o l d wells d i s c u s s e d by S a n d r e a is n o t d i r e c t l y c o m p a r a b l e w i t h t h e r e s u l t s of t h e present study.
58
-I -
..
k
m
PI 3
M
'0
rl
59
3.4
FURTHER APPLICATIONS In t h i s
s e c t i o n t h e method
THE SOLUTION- T E C H N I Q U E
of s u p e r p o s i t i o n i n
time i s
a p p l i e d t o t h r e e problems o t h e r than p r e s s u r e buildup.
3.4.1
The
C r i t i c a l Flow Phenomenon
In Section 2.3.1 i t e d i n i t i a l rate
the possibility
of
a critical flow l i m f o r wells proUsing t h e superin the
in the transient solution
d u c e d a t c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e was d i s c u s s e d . position in
t i m e of
solutions
for
s t e p changes
wellbore pressure, by:
t h e rate as a
f u n c t i o n of
time is g i v e n
(3.25)
For a c o n t i n u o u s l y c h a n g i n g p r e s s u r e :
(3.26)
0
or:
(3.27)
If
the
i n i t i a l rate
is c o n s t a n t a t
wf
qc
until
the wellbore
pressure reaches t h e pressure p t i o n of the
t h e n t h e r a t e as a f u n c of c o n s t a n t - p r e s s u r e pro-
t i m e after t h e onset
d u c t i o n is g i v e n by:
60
(3.28)
where tc is duction. quantity
t h e time e l a p s e d d u r i n g t h e S i n c e q, a n d pwf a r e s p e c i f i e d
c o n s t a n t rate proconditions, the
2rkh QC i-I
(pi-pwf)
l u e o f pwf i s n o t , t h e time when constant rate
= p is s p e c i f i e d , a l t h o u g h t h e vawfD in general, known. T h e v a l u e of t, i s
solution for p = determined from t h e pD D 'wfD production. If n o n z e r o s t o r a g e a n d / o r s k i n t h i s w i l l a f f e c t t h e v a l u e f o r t,. where 0 < t
are present,
The i n i t i a l v a l u e f o r q ( t )
< t, i s g i v e n b y
= q(t),
*
'
'wf D
When
t is s u f f i c i e n t l y l a r g e , q ( t - t c )
and
t h e following approximation holds:
(3.29)
or:
qD(tD)
(3.30)
c o n s t a n t r a t e on t h e solut h e analysis t e c h n i q u e s Approxixnate s o l u t i o n s c a n wf
Thus,
the e f f e c t of t h e i n i t i a l
tion dies out i n t i m e ,
and hencer
a l r e a d y d i s c u s s e d become v a l i d . b e d e t e r m i n e d from Eq.
3.30
for specified p
3.4.
a n d s.
Some s o l u t i o n s a r e g r a p h e d i n F i g .
61
I I
I
I I
0 0
n
0
u
I I I
I I I
I
I
62
3.4.2
Exponential
Decline After C o n s t a n - t R a t e P r o d u c t i o n
Often a
well is
produced a t a nearly depleted,
c o n s t a n t rate and t h e
until the
r e s e r v o i r h a s been
constant rate
can n o l o n g e r b e m a i n t a i n e d e c o n o m i c a l l y .
produced a t t h e f i n a l p r e s s u r e u n t i l nimum a l l o w a b l e v a l u e . Assuming
Then t h e w e l l is
i t d e c l i n e s t o some m i -
t h a t t h e pressure d e c l i n e when c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e P r o -
has reached pseudo- steady state duction begins,
the expression for p WD
is g i v e n b y Eq. 2 - 3 8 .
Hence:
2 dPwD -- -2Trw /A
dtD
(3.31)
R e f e r i n g t o Eqs. 3.37 a n d 3.38:

t
(3.32)
S u b s t i t u t i o n o f Eq. integral results in:
3.31 a n d t h e
d e f i n i t , i o n of q
into the
t-t
63
or:
1
qC
- 2TQD(t -
2 tc)rw/A
(3.34)
F o r (t-t,)DA
>
0.1,
Eq.
2 . 5 0 may b e s u b s t i t u t e d f o r Q D ( t - t c ) :
-2IT (t -t
I)A/ (Rnr eD-3
qc
e
IT (t t c) DA/ ( Rnr eD-3 / 4 1
= e
(3.35)
As n o t e d
b e f o r e qC
= l/pwf
where p w f i s t h e f i n a l production Eq.
pressure.
case i n
E x a m i n a t i o n of the last section
2.42 i n d i c a t e s t h a t u n l i k e t h e
the rate decline for a
i n which
c o n s t a n t f i n i t e i n i t i a l f l o w rate e v e n t u a l l y matches t h e dec l i n e f o r constant pressure production f o r a l l t i m e , in this
c a s e t h e r a t e s a r e d i f f e r e n t for a l l t i m e .
An e x a m p l e of two
rate h i s t o r i e s is
shown i n
F i g 3.5.
F o r a c l o s e d bounded c i r c u l a r r e s e r v o i r of d i m e n s i o n l e s s radius r
eD
5 = 10 , c u r v e A r e p r e s e n t s t h e p r o d u c t i o n rates a t a
for t h e entire production time. Curve
c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e pwf
B represents t h e production
at(qc)D, clines t o p wf' Fig.
rates f o r c o n s t a n t - r a t e produc-
= .025,
u n t i l the p r e s s u r e i n t h e w e l l b o r e de-
and c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e p r o d u c t i o n t h e r e a f t e r . the cumulative production f o r t h e two rate
3.6 s h o w s
histories.
be zero.
For t h i s e x a m p l e ,
Figures
t h e s k i n f < a c t o r was t a k e n t o for a positive
3.7 a n d 3.8 s h o w r e s u l t s
64
.In
II
I I
c
L
Y v)
LQ,
cu
'0
65
u
-0 0
c .Y v)
L
I I
v)
-0
3 -0
66
skin factor.
and F i g .
The rate h i s t o r i e s are compared i n F i g .
3.7,
3.8 shows t h e c u m u l a t i v e p r o d u c t i o n .
3.4.3
I n t e r f e r e n c e a m o n q F l o w i n q Wells
The f o l l o w i n g d e r i v a t i o n shows a ermining t h e p r e s s u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n
g e n e r a l method
f o r det-
and t r a n s i e n t rate s o l u -
t i o n s f o r w e l l s p r o d u c i n g at c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e s i n i n t e r f e r ence with o t h e r w e l l s producing
a t a r b i t r a r y c o n s t a n t rates
is g i v e n
or pressures.
by:
The p r e s s u r e drop a t any p o i n t (x,y)
(3.36)
w h e r e Ap,
(x ,yi) i
is t h e p r e s s u r e d r o p d u e t o t h e w e l l a t t h e p o i n t
If q i
p r o d u c e d a t t h e r a t e qi.
is c o n s t a n t ,
then:
(3.37)
(In this section,
pD
refers t o t h e
dimensionless pressure
If
drop f o r constant rate production.

is p r o d u c e d a t a c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e :
the well at txi,yi)
67
I n
.Y
v)
11
r
*
c
n
LQ)
11____7_1_ I
68
-0
u ,
.c
v,
Y
II
u , 0
I1
LQ)
3 -0 -
01)
69
The rate f u n c t i o n s , q i n
must b e determined f i r s t ;
3.35.
then t h e TO d e t e r -
p r e s s u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n i s c o m p u t e d u s i n g Eq.
mine t h e rate f u n c t i o n s , apply t h e Laplace transformation t o

the equations pressure well:
for t h e producing
pressure at
each constant
(3.39)'
where r..
1J
= I(xi-x.? + ( y i - y . ) l2 1/2, J J can be w r i t t e n i n t h e form:
T h e s y s t e m of
equations
(3.40)
where:
(3.41)
and
(3.42)
70
Once t h e r a t e f u n c t i o n s a r e d e t e r m i n e d , t r i b u t i o n f o l l o w s f r o m Eq. t h e case of two wells a t a wf

3.35.
As
t h e Pressure disconsider
an example,
distance r
constant pressure p
each produced a t a
Then:
(3.44)
In Laplace space:
(3.45)
Solving f o r
GD(R):
(3.46)
or
(3.47)
Using t h e S t e h f e s t
algorithm,
a s o l u t i o n f o r qD(tD)
can be
determined numerically. The L a p l a c e s p a c e s o l u t i o n f o r I p i - p ( x , y , t ) g i v e n by: is
I/(Pi-Pwf)
(3.48)
71
T h i s c o n c l u d e s t h e s e c t i o n on t h e u s e o f s u p e r p o s i t i o n i n
time o f c o n t i n u o u s l y v a r y i n g r a t e s
a s a method f o r g e n e r a t -
ing s o l u t i o n s i n v o l v i n g wells produced a t c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e . The method i s a p o w e r f u l tool, and t h e s o l u t i o n s p r e s e n t e d ways i n which t h i s t o o l
h e r e a r e meant t o s u g g e s t important can b e used.
72
SECTION 4
CONCLUSIONS
The s o l u t i o n s p r o v i d e d analysis methods f o r i n t h i s work show that w e l l test
w e l l s produced
at constant
pressure
p r o v i d e t h e same i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t
t h e r e s e r v o i r a s is d e t derived for constant-
ermined from t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l methods
rate production.
method t h e r e
For n e a r l y
e v e r y c o n s t a n t - r a t e well t e s t method.
A
is a n a n a l o g o u s c o n s t a n t - p r e s s u r e
n o t a b l e exception is i n t e r f e r e n c e a n a l y s i s . alyzing interference plicated,
Methods f o r anm o r e com-
between producing w e l l s are
and r e q u i r e a d d i t i o n a l s t u d y .
The t r a n s i e n t
rate a n a l y s i s
m e t h o d s may problems.
be limited
in
t h e i r e f f e c t i v e n e s s by p r a c t i c a l f o r measuring p r o d u c t i o n rates is t h e measurement of transient
The technology
n o t n e a r l y as advanced as However, for the
pressures.
same r e a s o n r
more r e l i a b l e
maintaining a
constant wellhead
p r e s s u r e is Pressure
than maintaining a constant
rate.
buildup following constant- pressure production nology bound,
is n o t t e c h -
and appears t o b e a v i a b l e a l t e r n a t i v e method e s t a b l i s h i n g a constant rate
which a v o i d s t h e n e c e s s i t y f o r f o r some l e n g t h of
t i m e prior t o shut- in.
73
In s u m m a r y , t h e m e t h o d s p r o v i d e d h e r e i n c l u d e t h e following: -2s by t y p e c u r v e m a t c h i n g D e t e r m i n a t i o n of k a n d $ e w i t h a g r a p h of l o g q D system

2.
1.
vs log t
for t h e i n f i n i t e
Determination of k and s from t h e semilog straight l i n e in a g r a p h of l/q

vs
log t a r e a and approximate
3.
Determination s h a p e from a
o f reservoir
g r a p h o f log q v s t
after t h e onset
of e x p o n e n t i a l d e c l i n e
4.
Analysis
of
transient rates
when
the
wellhead
p r e s s u r e is c o n s t a n t
5.
D e t e r m i n a t i o n of k a n d
@e-2s
from a n interference a g r a p h of log p
test by t y p e c u r v e m a t c h i n g w i t h vs log t / , , Dr.

6.
2
for t h e infinite system
D e t e r m i n a t i o n of CD
s,
xf f o r
f r a c t u r e s pene-
t r a t e d by t h e w e l l b o r e , effects,
and other inner boundary
b y t y p e c u r v e m a t c h i n g of e a r l y p r e s s u r e
buildup data with solutions
conventional pressure transient
7.
H o r n e r b u i l d u p a n a l y s i s f o r w e l l s produced at c o n stant pressure
79
8.
Analogous methods for Mattheus,
BronsI
Hazebroek
d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e s t a t i c reservoir p r e s s u r e
75
REFERENCES
1 Abramowitz, M., and I.A. Stegun: Handbook of Mathematical . Functions, Dover Publications, Inc., 1972. 2. 3. Carslaw, H.S., and Jaeger, J.C.: Conduction of Heat in Solids, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, 1959. Chen, H.K., and Brigham, W.E.: "Pressure Buildup for a Well with Storage and Skin in a Closed Square", Paper SPE 4890, presented at the 44th Annual California Regional Meeting of the SPE of ALME, 1974. "Some Approximate Solutions of Radial Flow Problems Associated with Production at Constant Well Pressure", J. Pet. Tech., Mar. 1967, 31-42.
4. Clegg, M.W.:
5. Craft, B.C., and Hawkins, M.F.: Applied Petroleum Reservoir Engineering, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1959, 284. 6. Earlougher, R.C.,Jr.: Advances in Well Test Analysis, Monograph 5. Series, SPE of AIIlE, Dallas, 1977, 7. Earlougher, R.C.,Jr., and Ramey, H.J.,Jr.: "The Use of Interpolation to Obtain Shape Factors for Pressure Buildup Calculations", J. Pet. Tech., May 1968, 449-450.
8 Ferris, J., Knowles, D.B., Brown, R.G., and Stallman, R.W.: . "Theory of Aquifer Tests", U.S.G.S. Water Supply Paper 1563E, 1962, 109.
9. Fetkovich, M.J.: "Decline Curve Analysis Using Type Curves", Paper SPE 4629, presented at the 48th Annual Fall Meeting of SPE of AIME, 1973.
10. Horner, D.R.: "Pressure Build-Up in Wells", Proc., Third World Pet. Gong., the Hague, 1951, Sec. 11,503-523.
11. Hurst, W.: "Unsteady Flow of Fluids in Oil Reservoirs", Physics, Jan. 1934, 5, 20. 12. Hurst, W.: "Water Influx into a Reservoir and Its Application to the Equation of Volumetric Balance", Trans., AIME, 1943, 151,57.
76
13. Hurst, W., Clark, J.D., and Brauer, E.B.: "The Skin Effect in Producing Wells", J. Pet. Tech., Nov. 1969, 1483-1489.
14. Jacob, C.E., and Lohman, S.W.:
"Nonsteady Flow to a Well of Constant Drawdown in an Extensive Aquifer", Trans., AGU, Aug. 1952, 559-569.
15.
Juan-Camas, I.: "Deteminacion de las Propiedades de un Yacimiento Mediante Pruebas de Gasto en un Pozo a Presion Constante", M.S. Report, University of Mexico, 1977.
16. Kucuk, R., and Brigham, W.E.: "Transient Flow in Elliptical Systems", Paper SPE 7488, presented at the 53rd Annual Fall Technical Conference and Exhibition of the SPE of AIME, Houston, Texas, Oct. 1-3, 1978.
17. Locke, C.D., and Sawyer, W.K.: "Constant Pressure Injection Test in a Fractured Reservoir - History Match Using Numerical Simulation and Type Curve Analysis", Paper SPE 5594, presented at the 50th Annual Fall Meeting of the SPE of AIME, 1975.
18. Matthews, C.S., Brons, F., and Hazebroek, P.: "A Method for Determination of Average Pressures in a Bounded Reservoir", Trans., AIME, 1954, - 182-191. 201,
20. Moore, T.V., Schilthuis, R.J., and Hurst, W.: "The Determination of Permeability from Field Data", Proc., API Bull., 1933, - 4. 211, 21. Mueller, T.D., and Witherspoon, P.A.: "Pressure Interference Effects within Reservoirs and Aquifers", J. Pet. Tech., April 1965, 471-474. 22. Odeh, A.S., and Jones, L.G.: "Two-Rate Flow Test, Variable-Rate Case--Application to Gas-Lift and Pumping Wells", J. Pet. Tech., March 1974, 93-99; Trans., AIME, 257. Odeh, A.S., and Nabor, G.W.: "The Effect of Production History on Determination of Formation Characteristics from Flow Tests'', Paper SPE 1515, presented at the 41st Annual Fall Meeting of SPE of AIME, 1966. Odeh, A.S., and Selig, F.: "Pressure Build-Up Analysis, VariableRate Case", J. Pet. Tech., July 1963, 790-794; Trans., AIME, 228.
c _
23.
24.
25. Poettmann, F.H., and Beck, R.L.: "New Charts Developed to Predict Gas-Liquid Flow Through Chokes", World Oil, March 1963, 95-101, 156. 26. Prats, M., Hazebroek, P., and Strickler, W.R.: "Effect of Vertical Fractures on Reservoir Behavior--Compressible-Fluid Case", SOC. Pet. Eng. J., June 1962, 87-94.
77
27. Ramey, H.J.,Jr., and Cobb, W.M.: 11A General Pressure Buildup Theory for a Well in a Closed Drainage Area", J. Pet. Tech., Dec. 1971, 1493-1504. 28. Samaniego, V. and Cinco-L., H.: "Production Rate Decline in Pressure Sensitive Reservoirs", Paper No. 78-29-25, presented at the 29th Annual Technical Meeting of the Petroleum Society of CIM, 1978.
29. Sandrea, R.: "An Evaluation of Horner's Approximation in Pressure Buildup Analysis", unpublished manuscript, 1971.
30. 31. Stehfest, H.: "Numerical Inversion of Laplace Transforms", Communications of the ACM, Jan. 1970, 13,No. 1, 47-49. "Calculation of the Flow Tsarevich, K.A., and Kuranov, I . F . : Rates for the Center Well in a Circular Reservoir Under Elastic Conditions", Problems of Reservoir Hydrodynamics, Part I, Leningrad, 1956, 9-34.
32. van Everdingen, A.F., and Hurst, W : "The Application of the . Laplace Transformation to Flow Problems in Reservoirs", Trans., AIME, Dec. 1949, 305-324.
78
NOMENCLATURE A CA CD
t
=
area, L
= =
shape factor
vWcW
dimensionless wellbore storage coefficient, 2n$c thrw2

. I -
c = total compressibility, LtL/m c

= = = = =
= =
2 wellbore fluid compressibility, Lt /m wellbore diameter, L Moody friction factor units conversion factor reservoir thickness, L wellbore vertical length, L Modified Bessel functions reservoir absolute permeability, L Modified Bessel functions Laplace space variable wellbore length, L 2 slope of Horner buildup graph, m/Lt 1 3 slope of - vs log t graph for a constant-pressure test, t/L
q
2
D
f M
gC
H
IO'I1
k
%,K1
= =
R
L
m m
= = = = = =
* m
p
slope of the log q vs t graph for a constant pressure test Reynold's number pressure, m/Lt
2
=
=
PD ' w D
pi
P1 .-Pwf = dimensionless wellbore pressure, 2nkh(pi-pWf) /qlJ

=
dimensionless pressure ratio,
p-= i',
initial reservoir pressure, m/Lt
ptf = flowing wellhead pressure, m/Lt Pwf

=
2
2
flowing bottom-hole pressure, m/Lt
- 79
pws
bottom-hole pressure after shut-in, m/Lt
2
2
p = extrapolated pressure on Horner buildup graph, m/Lt
= =
volumetric average reservoir pressure, m/Lt

3 production rate, L /t
qD
qC
=
=
dimensionless production rate, A 27M-1 (pi-pWf 1 constant initial flow rate, L3/t
n
(qcID = dimensionless constant initial flow rate,
qCp
qM
(qD)M
= = =
flow rate at match point
Yf for type curve matching, L /t
2Tkh(p -P
dimensionless flow rate at match point for type curve matching
1
$) lhr
1 ordinate value at 1 hour on straight-line graph of (-) vs q 3 log t, t/L

cumulative production, L3
2
QD = dimensionless cumulative production, Q/ [2r$cthrw (pi-pwf) 1

r
D
=
dimensionless radius, r/rw
r = reservoir radius, L e r = dimensionless reservoir radius, r /rw eD e rW = wellbore radius, L r
effective wellbore radius, r e

W
1. e
-S
,L
t = time
lLL
tD = dimensionless time,
t~~ 9 wtrw t = time at match point for type curve matching, t
Wtrw = dimensionless time based on drainage area,
kt
2
(tDIM = dimensionless time at match point for type curve matching

t
= =
production time, t Horner corrected production time, t
80
PSS
time a t t h e b e g i n n i n g of pseudo- steady s t a t e flow, t
( t p s s )D
= d i m e n s i o n l e s s t i m e a t t h e b e g i n n i n g of pseudo- steady s t a t e flow
At = shut- in time, t
AtD
=
dimensionless shut- in t i m e
s = skin factor
U = wellbore f l u i d velocity, L / t
v = w e l l b o r e f l u i d s p e c i f i c volume, L /m
= w e l l b o r e volume,
L3
Wf = w e l l b o r e f r i c t i o n energy loss, niL2 / t 2

W
= s h a f t work, mL / t
y = e x p o n e n t i a l of E u l e r ' s c o n s t a n t , y =" 1 . 7 8 1
@ = porosity
1.1 = f l u i d v i s c o s i t y , m / L t
p = a v e r a g e w e l l b o r e f l u i d d e n s i t y , m/L
T = v a r i a b l e of i n t e g r a t i o n
81
APPENDIX A
UNITS CONVERSIONS
Variable
tD
Darcy, S I Metric U n i t s kt
English Units .000264 k t 2
@wtrw
@wtrw
141.2 qBp 2'irkh(Pi-Pwf1
QD
Q/
.1832 qBp kh 162.6 qBp kh
a
L
= 27I
a=-
1 141.2
-1
P
atm
-1
, Pa-1
psi
cm, m
ft 2 m d psi b a r r e l s /day ft hr CP
darcy, m
a t m , Pa
3 3 c m /sec, m /sec
cm, m
sec, sec cp, Pa- sec
82
APPENDIX B TABULATED SOLUTIONS
CONTENTS
Page
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 CLOSED OUTER BOUNDARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 CONSTANT PRESSURE OUTER BOUNDARY . . . . . . . . . . . 100

I N F I N I T E OUTER BOUNDARY
.83 .
Table B . l INFINITE OUTER BOUNDARY Skin = 0
QD
tD
QD
84
INFINITE OUTER BOUNDARY Skin = 5
QE
QD
tD
QD
85
INFINITE OUTER BOUNDARY
Skin = 10 QD qD QD
86
INFINITE OUTER BOUNDARY Skin = 20
tD
..
Q ,
qD
't
QD
87
eD
=20
Table B . 2 CLOSED OUTER BOUNDMY Skin = 0
eD
= 200
n
QD
QD
qD
eD
500
QD
eD
= 100
QD
qD
1 :
eD
= 1000
QD
qD
exponential rate decline
88
CLOSED OUTER BOUNDARY Skin = 0
eD
= 2000
r
QD tD
eD
1x104
QD
QD
eD
= 5x10
QD
re D = 5000
QD
89 -
re D = 1x105 tD
QD
eD
6 1x10
QD
eD
= 51' x0
90
CLOSED OUTER BOUNDARY Skin -- 5
eD
20
qD
re D = 200
QD
n 'D
r = 50 eD
r = 500 eD
Q ,
QD
?D
=
Q,
100
eD
= 1000
QD
qD
91
CLOSED OUTER BOUNDARY
Skin = 5
eD
= 2000
r
1 :
eD
= 1x10
4
qD
QD
QD
1.C'OlI 07 2.0011 07 3.00Il O / 4.OOLI o i 5.Obll o / 6.CCI.I 07 7.0011 07 0.G011 07 9 . 0 0 ~ 07 1.COIl 0 f i

2.001l OH 3.0011 OB 4.0011 01 6
5.OOLl GS 6.C0U 03
7,oorl o!i
8.WD 08 9 0 1 08 .01 i.oor1 09 P.DOLI 05' 3.oor1 09 4.0QU OY
eD
5x10 QD
eD
= 5000
QD
qD
92
CLOSED OUTER BOUNDARY
Skin = 5
r D !
tD
1x10~
QD
6 rei) = 1.~10
QD
reD
tD
5x10
QD
93
eD
= 20
eD
= 200
0 ,
b
QD
r.:
1
4 ,
y!
x x
* r * * Y * * *
Y h
h
reD= 50
eD
= 500
QD
Qn
t
Y
*
L 3.
Y * * * * * x * *
X
r,
-' e D =
100
eD
= 1000
QD
QD
94 -
eD
= 2000
QD
4 r eD = lxl0
qD
t
QD
i . m i ~7
3.0011 (;7
3,001107
4.00LI 0 1 5.0011 07 6.00D 07 7.0011 07
0.0011 07
9.0011 07 1. o m 03
2.0011 0 8 J . O @ I I 08 4 I 0 ' ) I I OD
:i.oun oa I ocrl 0 3 ~ . O G I I oa U.0c.LI 08
9 * O c \ i I 00 f .O01! 09 2 0 L 09 .0l 3 . G 0 l l 09 4.0011 09 5 . 0 0 2 07

6,OOll 09
r
4-
eD
= 5x10
CD
reD = 5000
1.03D OS 2.00n 0:;
Q3
OR
5.2300D 06 1+0?74LI 07 1,5251 11 07 ? . o i r m 07 2.509211 07 2.997011 07 3,487711 07 3.96611.1 07 4*447r'iD cl7 4.9271D 07 Y.6170D 07 1.41.131I GH 1 I Fl :tim OB 2.261411 03 2.651511 00 3.045913 03 3.4lS7r.l OD :<.770911 08 4.1113D OB b.i)764n os 8.736:?D OH 9.Y5971'1 08 1.@?8.?11 09 1,13::4:1 07 3.. 1 7 G Y l : i 09
1 t YL@!.l i)Y
j.oort
QD
4.001! OH 5.oorl 08 6 , GO11 00 7,0011 OE! 6 , O O i l 00
Y.00U 08 1.0011 c 9 2.3011 09 3.001: 09

4.0iJi! 0 Y 5.0011 07
e.om
6.00II 0 9 7.0011 09
09
Y.0CLl 09 1.00LI 10 L'.OGII 10 3.00I.l 1 0 4.oorl i o 5.00l-i 10 6.0011 10 7.0011 10 C : . O > l l 10 Y.00LI 10 1.0311 11
1.:?1:;1I.I ( t ? 1 >';?:JSI! 0?
95
CLOSED OUTER E.OUNDARY Skin = 10
reD =-1 x10

t
5
qD
eD
6 1x10
QD
qD
5 r = 5x10 eD
QD
96
CLOSED OUTER EOUNDARY Skin = 20

r eD
= 20
r = 200 eD
QD
r = 50 eD
0 ,
r = 500 eD
tD
QD
2 1 1
R
5 4
3
eD
= 100
1 3
Q ,
3 F!- 0 11 :- 3?
- 97
r = 1x10 eD
Q ,
4
qD
eD
= 5000
QD
eD
= 5x10
QD
98
1 :
eD
1x10
r
1.OOri
eD
= 1x10
QD
io
2.0011 10 3 , O O L I 10 4.0011 10 S . O O D 10
6.00~ i o
7.GOD
s.oor1
2.GOII
10
IG 9+@01l 10 l.L)01I 11
11 3.00!t 11 J.0011 1 1 5.0dil 11
L.OOrl l i 7.0011 11 8,009 11 9.0011 11 1.00u 12
2 0 I '1 .0I :
3.0OLl 12 4.0011 12
s.ow
I : !
eD
= 5x10'
QD
I.00Il l! : 7.oor1 12 00i l? .0l 9+0C.LI l? 1 ~ O O l l1 3 2 0 L 13 .0l 3.00I.I 1 3 4,0011 15 5.00KI 1 3 6.0011 1 3 7.oor1 1 3 8.OOI.l 13 Y.00lI 1 3 1.001I 14
l . i l : * : : l '11
1. 1 4 . ' 1 I' 1 1
99
CONSTANT PRESSURE OUTER BCUNDARY r =20 eD
Skin = 0 tD
1 ',
:'
3
4 4
t,
qD
1
&
7
H
Skin = 20
Skin = 0
leD
= 50
QD
100
CONSTANT PRESSURE OUTER BOUNDARY
r
Skin = 10
t
eD
= 50
Skin = 20
QD
'%
Skin = 0
Q ,
r eD
Skin = 10
qD
CL,
Skin = 20
t.
QD
QD
101
CONSTANT PRESSURE OUTER BOLYDARY
r
Skin = 0
eD
= 200
QD
Skin = 5
Skin = 20
QD
QD
- 102
QD
r eD
'=
1000
qD
tD
103
r
Skin = 0
eD
=j20OO
Skin = 10
tD QD
QD
qD
Skin = 5
t
Skin = 20
QD
qD
tD
Q9
104
'
r
Skin = 0
0
eD
= 5000
Skin = 10
'D
QD
qD
Skin = 5
QD QD
Skin = 20
QD
- 105 -
r
Skin = 0
eD
= 1x10
Skin = 10
Q ,
QD
Skin = 20
QD
106
r
Skin = 0
eD
4 = 5x10
Skin = 10 QD
QD
Skin = 0
QD
Skin = 20
107
Skin = 0
reD
= 1x10
5
Skin = 10
n
QD
Skin = 5
QD
r Skin = 0
t
=I
5x1U5
eD
Skin = 10
QD
Q ,
Skin = 5
QD QD
109
CONSTANT PRESSURE OUTER BOUNDAK'S!
Skin = 0
r eD
='
6 1x10
S k i n = 10
QD
39
OY
QD
09 05'
09
qD
09 09
0Y
09 10 10
io
10 10 10
io
io
10 11
11
11 11 11
11
11
11 11
Skin = 5
QD
qD
QD
qD
- 110
APPENDIX C COMPUTER PROGRAMS
ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS
FOR
CONSTANT WELLBORE PRESSIJRE
C
I M F ' L I C I T REAL18 (A-HrO-Z) COMMON/PARA/SKTNIRDIM?R~FFITFLOW COMMON/TSOLN/ICtiART I NSOLN I I T Y P E i I X A r I X R
COhMON/HB/Gi 1 R 7 r G 3 r G 4 r G 5
Cl~flHllN/UAR/RL~!1000) r T K l ( l 0 0 0 ) r T U X ( 1 0 0 ) rAMODES(100) CtiAKACTER14 S I G N DOIJBLE F'FZECISI['IN TFORMITFORMAI TFORMhrBESKOI BESKI EXTERNAL TFORM I TFORMA P TFDRMB c 0. T rIwS s o I 10 I 100 I 10 I s 0 ) 1L N = NUMPIX OF 'rERMs I i-APL.AcE I N u E r w x N Nr.8 M::0
SXON='
C C C C C C C C
'
SOL. l I ON Li E SCR I I : h F'T ON I C H A R l = 1 FOlX Q D US TIS

2 FOF; Q D US TUA 3 FOR I N I T I A L L Y CONSTAN'f RATE 4 FIIH PD US R D 6 F O R BUILDUP FROM SUPERPDSITION
ICCiC\RT=S
L I M l T S F-OR TI3 ARE 1 O r k ; k I X A TO l O 1 O I X B IXR--l
IXH-9
C C C C C C C C NSOLN =
1 FOR I N F I N I T E OIJ'IER BOIJNDRRY 2 FOR NO-FL05.1 OUTER BOUNDARY 3 F O R CONS'TAN'I' PRESSURE OUTER BOUNIIAFCY
NSOl.N= 1 NTPMES =: NUMEER OF L O G CYCLE5 TO EVALUA'IE NTIMES=(IXR-IXA) PARAMETER VALUFS: S K I N = WELLBCIRE SKIN FACTOR SKIN=O. R D I M = UIMENSIONLESS RADIUS ( 1 . L E * RlClIM + L E I REFF) RDIIY=l r O REFF = DIMENSIONLESS RESERVOIR RADIUS (FOR F I N I T E RESERVOIR) REFF=!50. TFLOW = FLUW TIME (FOR PRESSURE HJL U ' II D F a3 PD us RII) TFLOW=10 NFZli = NLlMEiER OF R M l I A l . LOG CYCLES NR[t=5 I F ( I C H A R T ,ER. 6) GO TO 70 IF (1C:HART e1.T. 3) GO TO 5 I F (ICHAFZT , m . r ) ) GO 'rn 30
C
C
.
111
C C
CALCULATE TIMES FOR EUALLIA'TION+ *REFF*REFFtOtl 'I'MULT=l+ DLOl:<T=l */rIFI..OAT(NTIMES) I F (I CHART Et". 2 ) TfllJLT=REFF*llEFF DO 10 J = l r N T I M E S D O 10 1 ~ 1 1 9 K=It(J-1)*9 TU( K)=DFILORT( I * l o + * * ( 1 X A t . J - 1 ) ) 10 T L I X ( K ) = T ~ i ( K ) t T M I J l . T 11 CALL. OlJTFORM
5 TO=3,14159
C C C
CALCULATE
QD.
N T e- 9 1 T I S N ME
C
r111 20 r - i r ~ ' r
TI.tI=TIl(I) t I N D I C A T E S EXPONENTIAL RATE DECLINE I F ( ( T I 1 1 .GT, TO) .AND, (NSOLN + E O + 2 ) ) SIGN='*' C A L L L I ( TFO RM I TD 1I 011 I M ) NU IN I N M CALL. L I NU ( TFOK'MR I TD I RrIJ I I ) Wlt I T E ( 6 I 300 ) TDX ( I ) I J I [?I1 I S I G N QD I RI.I(T.)=L?III I F ( S K I N ,EL?. 0.) GO TO 21 I F ( S K I N .EU+ 5,) GO TO 22 I ( SKIN F .EO, i o . ) GO To 23 I F ( S K I N .EO+ 2 0 , ) .GO TO 50 SKIN=5* GO TO 11 SKIN=10* GO TO 11 SKIN=20t GO TO 11 C A L L OUTFORM
20
21
22
23 30
C C C
CALCULATE F'U US RIS FOR TU = TFLOW
DO 40 J=l,NRD
K10 4 0 1 ~ 1 1 9
K=It(J-l)MY RII I M=DFLOAT ( I t10 t Xd ( J- 1) ) C A L L LINU(TFORMITFLCIW IF'DINPM) WRITE (61300)R D I M I P D FORMAT ( ' ',lPE10,2,2X,2(1PE52,41~X)~~l) STOP C A L L OlJTFORM CALL SPBU(N,M) STOP ENU
40 300
SO
70
C C C
SUBROUTINE L I N U ( P I IF A ,N r M T I MF'L I C I REAL. 8 ( A- ti 9 0-Z ) T
COMMON/LPL/G(;O)IV(5O),W(2S)rGZ(1)
LlOUBLE PRECISION
L I N U (LAPLACE INVERTER) IS A FORTRAN TRANSLATION OF THE ALC;ClL. FKOCEUURE GIVEN BY STEHFEST (1Y70), P I S THE LAPLACE SPACE E.XPRESSIc3N TO HE NUMERICALLY INVERTED* T IS THE TIME AT WHICH THE SOLUTION I S TO HE EVALUA'IED, FA I S THE WALIJE OF ThE SOLUTION AT T I M E T DETERMINEII BY THE NUMERICAL INUERSION OF THE LAPLACE SPACE SOLUTIONI N I S THE NUMBER O F TERMS I N THE SUMMATION. [SEE STEHFEST (1970)l
112
.
DLOGTW=+6731471805599453
C
IF (M +EO. N ) GO TO 100 CALCULATE U A R R A Y e M=N G( 1 )=1 NH=N/2 DO 5 I=2rN 5 G(I)=G(I-l)XI H(l)-Z+/G(NH-l) DO 10 I=2rNH FI=I IF (I +En. NH) GO TO 8
H(I)=FIY*NHXG(2tI)/(G(NH-I)tG(I-I)tGI-l)~
GO TO ~. 10
8 H(I)=FIftNtitG(2XI)/(G(I)YG(I-1)) 10 CONTINUE
'
SN=2*(NH-NH/2#2)-1 DO 50 I=lrN U(I)=O. Kl=(It1)/2 K2=I IF ( K 2 + G T + NH) K2=NH r0 4 0 K=KlrK2 1 IF (2*K-I .EO, 0 ) GO TO 37 IF (I .EO+ K ) GO TO 38 V ( I ) =V ( I ) +H (K 1/ (G ( I-K 1 XG (2tK-I ) ) GO TO 40 37 U(I)=V(I)tH(K)/G(I-K) GO TO 4 0 38 V(I)~U(I)tH(K)/G(ZtK-I) 40 CONTINUE V(I)=SNJU(I)
SN=-SN 50 CONTINUE
100 F A = O , A = 111- OG TW / T
DO 110 X=l,N ARU-DFLOAT ( I ) * A 110 FA=FAtV(I)*P(ARG) FA=AXFA RETURN

ENCl
DC)UBLF PRECISION FUNCTION TFORM(S) IMPLICIT REAl.*8 (A-HrO-Z) COMMON/PARA/SKINIADIMIREFFITFLOW COMMOM/TSULN/ICHAHT I N S O L N r ITYF'EI IXA P IXD COMMl'~~'HH/G1 9 G 2 I G3 I G4 r G5 DIMENSION ARO(3)rXK(2r3),XI(2r3) REAL A r X IlOUBLE PRECISION BESKOvBESKl
C C
C C C C
TFORM CONTOINS THE LAPLACE TRANSFORMED SOLUTIONS FOR THE TRANSIENT RATE DECLINE F O R A WELL FRuriucEri A T A CONSTANT F'RESSLJkE FROM A CIRCULAR RESERVOIR. ALSO INCLUDED ARE THE SOLUTIONS FOR THE PRESSURE DISTRIBUTIONS.
113
CALL B E S I ( A r 1 v X r I E R ) J 10 X I ( 2 1 ) = X I F (ICHART *EO, 3) GO TO 60 G O TO ( 2 0 1 3 0 1 4 0 ) f N S O L N C C C SOLUTION FOR I N F I N I T E OUTER HOUNUARY
20 D E N O M = S f ( X K ( l ~ l ) S S ~ I N I S l t X K ( 2 r l ) ) I (DENOM .ER. o I ) GO 'ro 7 0 F F'D::XK ( 1I 2 )/DENOM n~I=Sl*XK(2rl)/DENOM GO T O 50

C C C SOLUTION FOR NO-FLOW OUTER BOUNlJARY
30 D
Values for the required Bessel functions were obtained.-through use

of BESKO and BESKl from the FUNPACK PACKET and the internal routine,
BESI, available on the IBM 360 168 at the Stanford Computer Facility,
Stanford University.
SIJHROUTINE SPHU ( NI M ) I M P L I C I T REAL88 ( A-H I 0-Z) COMMON/PARA/SKINIK~IM,REFF,TFLOW
COMMON/'TSOLN/ICI.;AKTINSOLNrITYPEI 1 x 6 1I X H
C O I I M O N A J R R / R D ( 1 000)). ' T u ( 1000)I DTIS ( 100 ) I AMODES ( 100) DOURLE F'FZECISION T F O R M ~ 7 F O ~ M ~ r T F O ~ M E ~ a E S K O I B E S K l EXTERNAL TFORMITFOHM~ITFORMB
C
C
C C C
SPBU COMPUTES PRESSURE BUILDLJP SOLUTIONS FOR A WELL PHODUCEn A T A CONSTANT PRESSURE PRIOR TO SHUT- IN USING SUPERPOSITION OF CONTINUOUSLY WARY I N G CONSTANT RATE SOLUTIONS. THE TECHNIQUE F O R APF'KOXIMATING THE RESULTING INTEGRAL I S TO DETERMINE TIME
L
114
c
C C C C C
I N l E R U A L S LIURING WHICH THE R A T E ONLY CHANGES BY A SET AMOUNT,
A N D THEN APPROXIMATE THE RATE I N EACH SUCH INTERVAL BY A CONSTANT KATE OVER THE: INTERUAL+ 1 H I S RESULTS I N A SUM OF TERMS CONSISTING O F A R A T E TIMES A PRESSURE DIFFERENCE. THE SUM IS THEN COMPUTETI 13s 'THE APPROXIMATION O F THE' PRESSURE BUILDUP.
TO=* l f 3 , 1 4 1 6 * R E F F * R E F F Tl=.OS*REFFYREFF~(DLOO0-.75+SKIN) K K 1 ANLf K 1 SPECIFY WHAT SHUT- IN TIMES ARE TO BE EVALUATED* KKl=4 KK-3 I F iNSDLN + E n . 1) GO TO 2 I F ( T F L O W .GT+ T 1 ) GO TO 60 2 DO 1 K l = l r K K l DO 1 K=1 rKK J=Kt(Kl-l)*KK
1 KiTLt(J)=TFLOWtlO.*t(Kl-KKl)*2.Y*~K-l)
C C C C
NLtT=KKI$KK DTF=DTD (NDT ) tTFLOW rtELC4 IS THE MAXIFUM V A R I A T I O N I N I N TIME REF'RESENTED BY A TERM I N AN A R R A Y OF TD A N D R D VALUES A R E DEL.iJ VALUE. rlELiJ=. 00% I l E L ~ ~ X ~ 1 e0YIIELU 00 CALL. RFORM(TF'LOWr01?(1) r N r M r ' T 1 ) CALL L I N V (TFOKMA~TFLOW~CUMINVM) TD(l)=TFLOW C A L L GFORM ( D T F I RD (2) r M r T 1 ) rN IF ( ( R D ( l ) - R D ( 2 ) ) ~ G T I LIELRX) GO TD ( 2 ) =DTF JK- 1 D O 20 J - 2 r l O O O LIII 10 I = l r 8 I F (.J . G T . ( J K t 1 ) ) G O TO 30 IF((RD(J-l)-RD(J)) .LT, DELR) GO JK= J K t 1 DO 5 K = J r J K L=JK-KtJt1 TII ( I_) -TD ( L- 11 C71:t(L)=UD(L-l) TD ( .J ) z: ( TD ( J-1)t T D ( J ) )I 5 CALL. R F O R M ( T r l ( J ) I O D ( J ) r N r M I T 1 ) CONTINUE WRI'TE(6?103) RETURN JK-JKt1 D O 50 r = i,NrtT TT=D'I'D ( I tTFLOW ) 'T=TT-lOOe I F ( T . L T * l i I 3 5 ) T=TT THE RATE FOR EACH SUB- INTERVAL THE SUMMATION, CREA'TELI WITH THE S F E C I F I E D
TO 25
'
TO 20
5 10 20 25
30
.
SUM=1 t
C A L L PFORM ( DTD ( I I P DM I N r M I TO ) ) DO 40 J = l r J K I F ( T * L T . T D ( J ) ) GO TO 4 3 TPtTT-TD ( J ) CALL PFORM(TPIPDP~NIM~TO) I F ( (PDM-PDF) e GT 0 ) SUM=SUM-RD ( J )k (PUM-F'DP 1
4 0 PDM=PDF 43 I ( T T .GE, 1 . ~ 5 ) G D TO 42 F SUM= (SLIM-PDPYRIS ( J-1 ) ) /nD( 1) GO TO 4 4 42 CALL WORM ( T r R D F r N 9 M I T 1 ) JM= J I F (J # N E + 1) J M z J - 1 I F ( ( P U M - 2 + 7 1 ) . G T . 0 , ) SUM=SUM-aD(JM)Y(PnM-2172)
t
115
SUM=(SUM-2.7l*C~UF)/l?D( 1)
4 4 fl TH= ( CUM/RD ( 1) . .LIT D ( I ) ) /DTD ( I 1 ) 50 WR I ( 6 P 100 1 SUM I T D ( I v DTH TE D ) WRITE (6,101) T F L O W ~ R E F F ~ N S O L N WRITEL' ( 6 I1 0 4 ) ( TU ( I 9 Q D ( I v I=l) 1 ) I JK RETurw 60 WRITE (6,102) RETURN 100 FORMAT(' 'r3(E12+4~2X)) 102 FORMAT(' EXPONENTIAL DECLINE IN PROGRESS') 103 FORHAT(' TOO MANY Q EVALUATIONS REQUIRED') 101 F O R M A T ( ' TFLOW =z ' I E ~ ~ + ~ ~ ~ X I ' R E F ' r E 1 2 + 4 9 2 X 9 ' N S O L N = ' ~ 1 1 ) = F 1 0 4 FORMAT ( ' ' 1 2 ( E 1 2 * 4 r 2 X ) ) END IlOUBLE PRECISION FUNCTION TFORMA(8) I M P L I C I T REALaH (A-HPO-2) DOUBLE PRECISION TFORM EX7 ERNAL TFORM
C C C
TFORMA I S THE LAPLACE SPACE SOLUTIONS FOR CUMUL.ATIVE PRODUCTION TFORMA=TFORM(S)/S RET URN
END
DOUBLE PRECISION FUNCTION TFORMH(S1 I m . . I C I ' r REALW ( A - H ~ o - z ) riuuBt.E PRECI I N TFORM S O EX 'F: R N At.. T FORM I. TFORMI( IS THE LAPLACE SPACE SOLUTIONS FOR TRANSIENT WELLBORE PRESSURE WITH CONSTANT KATE PROD(JCTI0N.
TFORMB=l./(StSdTFORM(S))
wrui-w
'END
S ( J H R O I J T 1 N E PFORM(T,P,NrMrTO) I M P L I C I T REALtEL (A-HIO-Z)

COMMLJN/PARA/SKIN9 RDIM,REFFr TFLOW
CDHhON/TSOLN/ICMART~~~DLNrITY~E~IX~~IXB
DOUbl..E PRECISION TFnRM,TFORMRr'TFORMH, BESliOr NESK1 E x w K N A t . TFORM TFORMA TF-ORMEI
F F O R M USES L I M I T I N G FORMS OF THE WELLBORE PRESSURE SOLUTION F O R CONSTANT RATE PRODUCTION WHENEVER POSSIBLE.
L
. NCASE=J
I F ( T + L T + 0.01) GO TO 30 ,LT. 100.) NCASE=l I F .m+ T O ) N C A S E = ~ GO TO ( 1 0 v 2 0 r 2 2 ) , N C A S E 20 GO TO ( 2 2 1 2 4 r 2 6 ) v N S O L N 27, P = . 5 f ( D L O G ( T ) t , 8 0 9 0 7 ) + S K I N RETtJRN 24 P = D L O G ( R E F F ) - r 7 5 $ 2 ~ f T / ( R E F f t R E F F ) t S ~ I N RETURN 26 P=DLOG(REFF)SSKIN HETIJRN 10 CALL L I N U ( T F O R M F P T ~ P I N ~ M ) RE 'I Ui' iN 30 P = D S O R T ( 4 . * T / 3 r 1 4 1 6 ) RETURN
. I F (T
('r
END
SUBROUTINE RFORM ( T v R f N I M r T l ) I M P L I C I T REALX8 (A-HrO-Z) COMMON/PARA/SKIN~H~~IM,KEFFITFLOW
COMMON/TSOLN/ICHART~NSOLN~ITYf'E~IXA~IXB
116
DOUBLE PRECISION T F O R M , ' I F ~ K M A , . ~ F O R M B ~ ~ E S K O ~ H E S K ~ EXTERNAL TFORMITFORMAPTFORMB

C
C C
C
OF'ORM USES LIMITING FORMS FOR THE RATE PRESSURE F'ROOUCTION WHENEVER F'OSSIHLE.
IlEdLINE FOR CONSTANT
NCASE=l IF('I' +LTe 5 l 1 4 NCASEZ1 ..0) IF (T .ET. n)N C A S E = ~ 20 GO TO (Pi3126t28)rNE~6H 22 u=2 * / ( (TILOG ( ' T ) t 80Y07) tSKIN) RETIJKN
2 4 O=DEXP(-.l*T/Tl)/(rlLOG(REFF)-.75+SKIN)
F'ETUKN
26 ~ 2 . ~ 2 . IF ( T *LT. T 2 )
GO TO 10 n=l,/(DLOG(REFF)tSKIN) RETURN 10 CALL LINU(TFORMpTrL2,NvM) RETURN

ENIl
SLJHROUTINE OU'TFORM IMPLICIT REALt8 ( A - H v O - Z )

CDMMf~lN/PARA/SKIN9R~~IMIKETF,TFLOW C O M M O N / T S O L ~ N / I C H A ~ I I N ~ ~ L N ~ IXAi IXE~ I'~Y~E C O M R O N / H B / G ~ P G G 3 I G 4 I G5 I ~ COMMUN/VAR/QD( 1000)rTD( 1000)rTDX(100) vRMODES( 100) IF (NS0L.N ,Ea. 1 ) WHITE (69100) IF (NSCJI-N * E n * 2 ) WRITE (6,101) IF ( N S O L N + E O + 3) WRITE (6,102) G O TO ( 1 0 1 2 0 1 1 0 ~ ~ 3 0 ~ 4 0 ) r I C H A R T 10 WRITE (61103) SKINrKDIM IF' ( N S O L N .NE* 1 ) WRITE (6,110) REFF IF ( R D I M .EO* 1 ) WRITE (6,104) I F (RDIM + N E * 1) WRITE (6,105)
RETURN WRI'IE ( 6 1 103) SKINvRDIM I F (NSOLN .NE. 1 ) WRITE (61110) REFF IF (ri-i:lIH 1 ) WRITE ( ~ ~ 1 0 6 ) IF (RDIM +NE. 1) WRITE (61107) RETUF: N 30 WAI'I'E (6r108) S.KXNITFLOW RETURN 4 0 WRITE (69103) SKINIRIIIM RE 'r URN 100 FORMAT ( '1UNBOUNDED RESERVOIR' ) 101. FORMAT ( ' 1 C L O S E D BOUNDED RESERVOIR' ) 102 FC1SMA.T ( '1CONSTANT PRESSURE BOUNI!EII RESERVOIR' ) 103 FORMAT ( ' SKIN = ' I F ~ . ~ I ~ X I ' R D '~E12.4) = 104 FORMAT (/I~XI'TD'~~IXI'OD') 105 FClRMAT (/I~XI'TD',S~XI'PD') 106 FORMA'T (/~SX~'TDA'rllX9'QD8) 107 FORMAT ( / I 5X I 'TDA' I 1 1 X I 'PD' ) 'rF6.313Xr'TD ' ~ E ~ ~ . ~ I / ~ ~ X I ' R ~ ~ ' I ~ ~ X , ' P D " 108 FORMAT ( ' SKIN 110 F O R M A 1 ( ' OUTER RADIUSI R D = '1E12.4) END
20
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Well Test Analysis Thesis

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W E L L T E S T A N A L Y S I S F O R W E L L S PRO1)UCED AT A CONSTANT PRESSURE

To Michael and Alexander

STANFORD GEOTHERMAL PROGRAM STANFORD UNIVERSITY

WELL TEST ANALYSIS FOR WELLS PRODUCED AT A

BY Christine Anna Ehlig-Economides

The m e t i c u l o u s d r a f t i n g of t h e f i g u r e s and e q u a t i o n s by M s . T e r r y Ramey and M s . Evelyn M o r r i s a r e g r a t e f u l l y acknowledged. Thanks a l s o

t o M s . Connie Rieben and M s . Susan Boucher f o r . t h e i r h e l p w i t h t h e

y To Michael, whose encouragement and u n d e r s t a n d i n g i n s u r e d m s u c c e s s , I owe t h e g r e a t e s t a p p r e c i a t i o n . And through h i s s h e e r

p r e s e n c e , m son, Alexander, provided a new j o y i n m l i f e . y y

BAPCEIN XPH TAXAYPION ECCETAI AMEINON

test a n a l y s i s has been

m a r i l y f o r c o n s t a n t flow rate p r o d u c t i o n . production r e s u l t s i n a buildup after constant

Constant pressure Pressure by t h e

t r a n s i e n t rate response. p r e s s u r e f l o w is c o m p l i c a t e d Thus,

t r a n s i e n t rate p r i o r t o shut- in.

down a n d b u i l d u p a n a l y s i s d e s i g n e d f o r c o r r s t a n t r a t e p r o d u c t i o n a r e n o t v a l i d for c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e p r o d u c t i o n . Some t r a n s i e n t r a t e a n a l y s i s m e t h o d s l i t e r a t u r e but a thorough study

analytical solutions for determination

b i l i t y and p o r o s i t y and w e l l b o r e s k i n f a c t o r a r e provided i n t h i s study. Reservoir l i m i t t e s t i n g and i n t e r f e r e n c e analy-

c o n s t a n t w e l l h e a d p r e s s u r e is s h o w n t o b e a s i m p l e e x t e n s i o n of t h e e x i s t i n g duction. theory f o r constant wellhore p r e s s u r e pro-

for pressure buildup analyp r e s s u r e f l o w h i s t o r y a r e em-

t h e method of s u p e r p o s i t i o n i n time used t o g e n e r a t e an exact pressure

of c o n t i n u o u s l y c h a n g i n g rates is solution for pressure buildup

W e l l b o r e s t o r a g e a n d s k i n efand b o t h bounded and Buildup s o l u t i o n s are analysis.

fects are incorporated i n t o t h e theory,

plotting buildup after variable

rates are a l s o included.

TABULATED SOLUTIONS COMPUTER P R O G R A M S

t h e development of w e l l test a n a l y s i s methods,

into a constant pressure separator or pipeline; p r e s s u r e flow p e r i o d of

maintained during Wells i n

r e s e r v o i r s are o f t e n by n e c e s s i t y produced a t c o n s t a n t pressure. In geothermal reservoirs, p r o d u c e d f l u i d s may d r i v e a open

back- pressured t u r b i n e . a r t e s i a n water w e l l s ,

flow at constant atmospheric pressure.

p r e s s u r e drawdown a n d b u i l d u p a n a l y s i s m e t h o d s s h o u l d n o t b e a p p r o p r i a t e for wells p r o d u c e d ever,

analogous w e l l test methods have been proposed. t h i s s t u d y is t o

review t h e e x i s t i n g methods for buildup a n a l y s i s and t o i n order t o produce a

t r a n s i e n t rate d e c l i n e and p r e s s u r e c o n t r i b u t e new s o l u t i o n s w h e r e n e e d e d comprehensive w e l l test a n a l y s i s

p a c k a g e for wells p r o d u c e d this s e c t i o n is a l i t e r a t u r e and

t h e basic a n a l y t i c a l solutions for t r a n s i e n t rate The f i r s t s o l u (1933)

d e c l i n e h a v e been a v a i l a b l e f o r some t i m e . t i o n s were

and Hurst form for

bounded and unbounded d i a l and t h e

T h e s e s o l u t i o n s were n o t t a b u l a t e d , h o w e v e r . mensionless flow

by T s a r e v i c h a n d Kuranov ( 1 9 5 6 ) cular reservoir.

T s a r e v i c h and Kuranov a l s o p r o v i d e d t a b u p r o d u c t i o n from a c l o s e d developed t h e type

lated solutions f o r t h e cumulative

c u r v e s f o r t r a n s i e n t rate v s t i m e i n t h e c l o s e d bounded c i r cular reservoir. exponential F e t k o v i c h was t h e the final

first t o determine the

pressure production., bounded reservoirs

Type c u r v e s f o r rate d e c l i n e i n c l o s e d s e n s i t i v e rock and f l u i d

p r o p e r t i e s were d e v e l o p e d b y S a m a n i e g o a n d C i n c o ( 1 9 7 8 ) . method f o r determining t h e s k i n effect

curves f o r t h e tranconstant pressure

production with e l l i p t i c a l flow.

problems have n o t been d i s c u s s e d .

One s u c h p r o b l e m i s t h e pressure at t h e wellhead

Constant wellhead p r e s s u r e prowellbore pressure because the

pressure drop due on t h e t r a n s i e n t

These problems a r e d i s c u s s e d i n S e c t i o n 2 of t h i s work. receivedl a thorough t r e a t -

Another s u b j e c t which h a s n o t ment i n t h e

after constant pressure production. two m e t h o d s f o r d e a l i n g w i t h t o shut- in. calculations.

Hornar (1951) suggested

variable rate production p r i o r but required long

T h e f i r s t m e t h o d was e x a c t , The s e c o n d method

flow rate. fied at the