Task-1 Building Services Water supply Sewerage and drainage facility Solid waste management Electricity supply Air-conditioning

tioning Fire protection Home pluming

Some essential points Before details of water supply, sanitary fittings, and drainage of buildings are discussed individually, following are some of the common points which if taken care of whole planning of the building will result in economy of these services:-

All the wicks bath rooms, lavatories and wash basins should be grouped on one side of the building. Wacos bath rooms, kitchen, etc should be located at least one external wall of the building. General slope of terrace, chowk yards etc. Should be towards the side of the building on which drainage pipes have been laid. This facilititates easy drainage of water used for washing the rooms, chowks, verandahs, and also for the drainage of rain water.

Task 1:1 Water supply Water supply pipe fitting provided in all the wicks, bath rooms wash basins, Kitchens etc. This system of water supply pipes is either fed from municipal water mains which run along the streets or fed through an over-head water storage tank. If water supply maintained for 24hours,there is no need of storing water, as water will available at taps for all the 24hours. In case water supply is only for some hours in a day, it is general practice to construct over-head storage tank. Overhead storage tanks are connected to municipal mains through pipes.

Water supply requirements for buildings Water supply for residences:Requirements regarding water supply for residence should be assumed as 135 liters per head per day. But 135 liters per head per day, 45 liters per head per day is assumed as requirements for flushing and remaining for other domestic purposes. Types of cold water supply system The direct cold-water system In this system the incoming water supply system from the service pipe is used to supply all cold-water outlets, including sanitary fittings. This system is economical on pipe work and requires only a small storage cistern, but it is not generally recommended for two reasons: In the event of a supply failure there is no cold-water reserve, and, in times of peak demand on the whole supply network, noticeable pressure reductions occur.

Figure 1 Direct cold-water system

The indirect cold-water system In this system the incoming water rises directly to the cold-water storage cistern, with only one connection, for drinking-water purposes, being taken from, usually to the kitchen sink. This system increases the amount of pipe work required and the storage capacity of the cistern, but provides a small reserve cold-water supply and reduces the risk of contamination. Since all the other sanitary appliances are fed from the cistern, there is generally less pressure on the taps and valves, and therefore less wear.

Figure 2 Indirect cold-water system

Hot water supply Introduction Hot water supply is required for hospitals, certain types of industries and lodging houses in hill stations. Water can be heated by gas, oil, electricity or solid fuel. A heater serving only one fitting is called a multipoint heater. Electric water heaters An electric water heater usually consists of a well insulated storage tank or cylinder with an electric immersion heater placed in it and controlled by a thermostat. The immersion heater usually consists of a metal rod which is heated by an electric element and around which water circulates. It is necessary to insulate the storage tank carefully and prevent circulation in any associated pipe work. Such stronger heaters are availably either as single point heaters directly over the sink or wash basin, or as multipoint heaters to proved the whole hot water system for the house or as cistern type heaters which are especially useful in blocks of flats.

Boiler systems Direct system In the direct system the boiler heats water, this rises in the flow pipe to the cylinder. This water is replaced by cold water from the bottom of the cylinder, passing down the return to the boiler. A circulation is thus set up which keeps the cylinder full of hot water. Hot water is drawnoff from the top of the cylinder by the distribution system to the fittings and is replaced by cold water from the main storage cistern in the roof, via the cold feed pipe connected to the bottom of the cylinder. Indirect system In these systems the hot water available at the fittings has not passed through the boiler, but instead, has been heated by a pipe coil inside the storage cylinder. This type of cylinder is known as a calorifier.the primary flow and return then becomes a closed circuit and has to have a separate cold feed from a separate tank. As this water is continuously reheated, any number of radiators can be put on this circuit. Provided the boiler is of sufficient capacity.

Water supply fitting For water supply to a building always galvanized iron pipe is used. Size of the pipe depends upon factors like, head water, and population to be served etc. under normal conditions, individual residential buildings are provide 15mm diameter pipe. At the start of the building, the pipe should be taken up to plinth level. Using elbows and small lengths of vertical pipes. After this pipe line is maintained at plinth level and connection pipes are taken from to provide necessary water taps in bath rooms,w.cs,kitchens, wash basins and sinks etc. For laying pipe line in a building following attachments are required:-

Sockets They are required to lengthen the pipe line. Sockets have threads inside and they are tightened on the external threads made at the end of the pipes. Full length pipes have threads at their ends. But if pipe length has to be cut as per requirements, threads have to be engraved at the cut ends with the help of the threading. Bends They are also made of galvanized iron pipes. They can be used to give necessary bend to the pipe line. Now-a-days they are not in very common use. Elbow It is made of galvanized iron. It is used to give 90degree turn to the pipe. In water supply pipe lines, elbows are mostly used. Use of bends has almost completely been criminated by elbows. Bib tap or water tap It is the water-tap which is provided at the end of the pipe connection. One end of it is tightened on the pipe and other end remains free to discharge water in atmosphere. Stop tap It is a value which when inserted in a pipe line controls flow of water in the line. The standard size of a bib-tap or stop tap should be designated by the nominal bore of the pipe to which the tap is to be fitted. Bib taps and stops taps shall be of following sizes: 8mm,10mm,15mm,20mm,25mm,32mm,40mm,50mm.

Check nut or union

It is such an attachment by which two pipes which cannot be turned can be connected by sere wing one part of this value on one pipe and other end on the second pipe.

General requirements for the pipe work The water supply mains may be classified into following categories Mains Communication pipes Consumer pipes Mains They are also known as municipal water mains. They consist of large-sized pipe carrying wholesome water for drinking and other used, for various localities of the city. These mains are laid along the roads leading to locality to be served by them. Communication pipes It is part of the service pipe extending from the water main up to and including the stop cock, which is under the control of the municipal author and not the consumer. Consumer pipes The portion of service pipe used for supply of water and which is the property of the owner of the house is known as consumer pipe. Water meters Water meters are installed for all the connection given by the municipality. These are used to measure the amount of water that has flown through it. Occupants are charged according to the reading of the water meters. Evaluation Here we cant use direct system because our building has 4 stories therefore we used indirect system for our building. Here main incoming supply is directly connected to break tank and sump gets water from main incoming supply due to gravitation flow in main incoming line. Then after water is pumped to over head storage tank from the sump by an external also capacity of pump should be approximately 15 minutes to pump out the total water from the sump, nowadays continuously running pump systems are popular in modest rise building.

Over head tank

3rd floor 2nd floor 1st floor Ground floor

Figure 3- Elevation of building Conclusion Sufficient knowledge has been gained on, different types of water supply systems and pipe works. What are the types of pipe lining method carried out in my site and its useful, different kinds of water supply methods also I was able to understand. In this task I have gained a lot of knowledge through my site visit.

Sanitary fittings Various types of sanitary fittings are required to be fitted in the building. All these fitting should as far as possible is fitted against an external wall, so that the apartment in which they are situated can have free natural light and air. This aspect also facilitates easy drainage of connections. The floors of the rooms where any of the sanitary fittings should be provided with non absorbent floor. Such floors can be cement floors, clay tile floors, mosaic floors, and terrazzo floors. Wash basin Views of wash basin are shown in fig 5 and wash basin may be ordinary or pedestal type. The wash basin should be so fixed that the height from the floor to the top of the rim of the basin is 78.5 mm. wash basins are used for washing hands, tooth brushing, face washing,etc. Sinks

They are rectangular basins made from glazed earthen ware or stone-ware. They have flat bottom and all their internal angles are made round for easy cleaning. They are used for washing in kitchen or laboratories. They should be fixed in such a way that height of the top of the sink from floor is 900mm. Water closet It is used receive human excreta directly from person using it. The appliance is connected to the soil pipe by means of the trap. The water closets (w.c) may be Indian type i.e.squating type and wash down pedestal or European type. Both these w.cs have an arrangement of flushing the discharged excreta by the persons with the help of water. Urinals They are used to discharge urine. Contents of urinals are collected and discharged into the soil pipe through floor. Urinals are generally provided with automatic flushing cisterns which operate at intervals of 10 to 15 miniutes.urianals should be the designed to allow a minimum clear width of 60 cm between partitions. Task- 1:2 Drainage and sewerage disposal system In our building, each apartment has one wash basin & shower in bathroom sewerage disposal system has following methods:1) One stack system 2) One pipe system 3) Two pipe system

One stack system In this system, all waste water was collected by a single down word pipe

One pipe system All foul water was collected by a single pipe and soil water was collected by another single pipes but this pipes not going to down word, and this pipes was connected with a main down word pipes

Foul water

Soil water

Two pipe system All soil water and foul water was collected by separate pipes

Foul water

Soil water

To septic drainage

To septic tank Ventilation pipe

Drainage of house

Figure-5

Drainage of locality can be divided into two heads public and private. Public drainage includes facilities provided municipalities or corporations. Under the category of drainage municipal sewers are laid along the road and are properly maintained in a well organized way houses and other buildings. Constructed along both the sides of the all road, lay their own sewer lines insides their premises. These server lines collect sewage and the waste water from kitchens baths ,W.cs urinals wash basins etc.fitted in the building and convey it to the municipals or corporation sewer running in front the line of houses along the road system of sewer lines or drains laid in the premises of an individual private or public building is called the house drainage.

Principles of house drainage Design and the construction of house drainage system is controlled by the following general principles

1) House sewers or drainage should be laid as far as possible by side of the building rather than below the building. 2) The size of the drain should be adequate .this will avoid flooding of the drains when handling the maximum discharge from the house. 3) The drain should be laid at such as level that the lowest level of the building may drain in it. 4) Drains should be laid at proper gradient so that self cleaning velocity is developed in them. 5) Drain should be non absorbent type, laid on good foundation and protected against external loads. 6) As far as possible drains should be laid in straight lines between successive inspection chambers. All sharp bends and junctions should be avoided except through chambers or manholes. 7) The entire system should be properly ventilated from the starting point to the final point of disposal. 8) Ample means for inspection and access should be provided. 9) The house drain not be connected to the public sewer directly but through an intercepting trap .this provision prevents the entry of foul gases. From the public sewer into the house. 10) All the joints of the sewers should be made water-tight and should be properly tested before putting the drainage.

11) The house drainage should have enough number of traps at suitable points for its proper and efficient working. 12) The house drain be connected to the public sewer only the level of public sewer the public sewer is lower than the level of the house sewer at that point .if this condition is not properly appreciated, the flow in reverse director (from public sewer to house drainage )may take place. 13) Drainage system should be such that sewage is immediately conveyed to the public sewer

14) Possibilities of formation of air locks siphon age under deposits etc.should be carefully studied and measures adopted in design to avoid them. 15) Rain water from roofs and chows is allowed to be drained along with waste water through the house drains. But water from lawns and other open spaces is allowed to flow out freely and drained through public sewers. This water enters the public sewer through the catch basins and inlets provided in the kern drain in the road along which public sewer line runs.

Evaluation We must joint ventilation pipe with sewerage pipe because all bad gas will go to atoms put through ventilation pipe. Normally we used PVC pipes for sewerage. In this sewerage we used two pipe system because near the building has a canal therefore we can dispose the foul water to the canal so two pipe system better than other two system.

Conclusion Lot of knowledge has been gained by, different types of Drainage and sewerage disposal systems and its construction methods. In this task I have gained a lot of knowledge through my site visit.