Chapter 1 revision 1. Thallium consists of 29.5% thallium-203 and 70.5% thallium-205.

Calculate the relative atomic mass, Ar, of to 4sf. Answers: (203x29.5%)+(205x70.5) 100 = 204.4 2. A compound has a molecular formula of CH2Br2. Predict the fragmentation pattern of the compound if bromine has two isotopes, 79Br and 81Br. Answers: ONLY the m/z values are required as the relative abundances of bromine isotopes are not given A. Molecular mass of CH2Br2 - 3 possibilities Since therere 2 bromine atoms in the molecule, the chances of Br2 masses are as follow: 79 i. Br-79Br 158 79 ii. Br-81Br 160 81 iii. Br-81Br 162 So, the possible masses for CH2Br2 could be 12 + 2 + 158 = 172 - 12 + 2 + 160 = 174 - 12 + 2 + 162 = 176 B. Fragmentation of CH2Br2 The fragmentation of the molecule may occur by: i. CH2Br2 CH2Br+ + Br+ m/z (14+79) = 93 and m/z (14+81) = 95 ii. CH2Br2 CH2Br+ + Br+ m/z 79 and m/z 81 iii. CH2Br2 CH2+ + Br2 + m/z 14 iv. CH2Br2 CH2+ + Br2 + m/z 158, 160, 162 3. The correct order for the basic features of a mass spectrometer is... A acceleration, deflection, detection, ionization B ionisation, acceleration, deflection, detection C acceleration, ionisation, deflection, detection D acceleration, deflection, ionisation, detection

4. A chlorinated hydrocabon molecule consisted of 37.21% carbon, 7.75% hydrogen and 55.04% chlorine by mass. Deduce its empirical formula. (relative atomic masses, Ar: C = 12, H = 1, Cl = 35.5) Answers: assume that there sis 100g of chlorinated hydrocarbon C 37.21 g 37.21/12 = 3.101 3.101/1.550 = 2 2 H 7.75 g 7.75/1 = 7.75 7.75/1.550 = 4.87 5 5 Cl 55.04 g 55.04/35.5 = 1.550 1.550/1.550 = 1 1

No. of mole Ratio

So, the empirical formula is C2H5Cl 5. 20cm3 hydrocarbon is burnt completely in the presence of 200cm3 of oxygen to produce 160cm3 of gaseous products. The volume of gaseous product reduces to 80 cm3 when passed through soda lime. Deduce the empirical formula for the hydrocarbon. Answers: 160 cm3 of gaseous products decreased to 80 cm3 (amount of O2 remained)when passed over soda lime (160-80)cm3 of CO2 gas produced = 80 cm3 (200-80)cm3 of O2 gas were used in the reaction = 120 cm3 CxHy (g) + (x + y/4) O2 (g) xCO2 (g) + y/2 (H2O) (g) 20cm3 120cm3 80cm3 1 6 4

ratio:

therefore, x = 4, x + y/4 = 6 y=8 So, the empirical formula is C4H8 6. 1.50 g of an alcohol burns completely in the presence of oxygen to produce 3.30g of carbon dioxide and 1.80 g of water. Predict the empirical formula of the alcohol. Answers: Alcohol + O2 CO2 + H2O To find the mass of C, H and O in order to calculate the empirical formula of alcohol 3.30g CO2 = 3.30/44 mol = 0.075 mole if C + O2 CO2 , so, 0.075 mole CO2 is produced from 0.075 mole of C, mass of C = 0.075mol x 12 = 0.9g 2

1.8g H2O = 1.8/18 = 0.1 mole if H2 +1/2 O2 H2O , so, 0.1 mole H2O is produced from 0.1 mole of H2, mass of H = 0.1mol x 1x 2 = 0.2g Mass of O cannot be obtained directly from similar calculation as some of the O in products could be contributed by the presence of O2 in the air during combustion. So, mass of O can be obtained by deducting the mass of C and H from the alcohol, i.e. 1.5g 0.2g 0.9g = 0.4g C 0.9g 0.9/12= 0.075 0.075/0.25 = 3 3 H 0.2g 0.2/1= 0.2 0.2/0.025 = 8 8 O 0.4g 0.4/16 = 0.025 0.025/0.025 = 1 1

No. of mole Ratio

So, the empirical formula is C3H8O 7. Given the symbol equation to show the formation of iron sulphide by heating a mixture of iron and sulphur: Fe + S FeS Calculate the mass in g of iron unreacted when 60g of iron reacts with 32g of sulphur to form 88g of iron sulphide. (Relative atomic masses, Ar: Fe = 56 and S = 32) Answers: From the chem. eq., 1 mole of Fe reacts with 1 mole of S to form 1 mole of FeS, Given that we have 60g of Fe = 1.071 mole 32g of S = 1 mole 88g of FeS = 1mole, Fe is present in excess form, therefore NOT ALL Fe is used in this case. The amount of Fe used in this case is 1mole 56g, So, the unreacted Fe will be 60 56g = 4.0g 8. Given the following symbol equation: CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g) Calculate how many kg of calcium carbonate is needed to make 56 kg of calcium oxide. What mass of limestone in g, on strong heating, will form 6 dm3 carbon dioxide? (Ar's Ca=40, C=12, O=16, 1 mol gas = 24 dm3 at room temp./press.) Answers: 3

From the chem. eq., 1 mole of CaCO3 decomposes to form 1 mole of CaO & 1 mole of CO2, So in order to make 56kg of calcium oxide, which is equivalent to (56 x 1000)/56 = 1000 moles, 1000 moles of CaCO3 is required = 1000 moles x (40+12+48) = 100kg 6dm3 CO2 is equivalent to 6/24 mole= 0.25 mole, So, 0.25 mole of CaCO3 is required = 0.25 mole x 100g = 25g 9. Given the symbol equation to show the formation of calcium chloride by burning calcium in chlorine: Ca(s) + Cl2(g) CaCl2(s) Calculate the mass in g of calcium chloride formed when 20g of calcium combines with 35.5g of chlorine. (Relative atomic masses, Ar: Ca = 40 and Cl = 35.5) Answers: From the chem. eq., 1 mole of Ca reacts with 1 mole of Cl2 gas to form 1 mole of CaCl2, Given that there are 20g of calcium = 20/40 = 0.5 mole 35.5g of chlorine = 35.5/35.5x2 =0.5 mole So, its likely that 0.5 mole of CaCl2 is produced = 0.5 x (40+35.5x2) = 55.5 g 56 g 10. The salt sodium sulphate, Na2SO4, can be made by neutralising sodium hydroxide with sulphuric acid. 2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l) Given the atomic masses: Na = 23, O = 16, H = 1, S = 32, how many g of sodium hydroxide is needed to make 213g of sodium sulphate? Answers: From the chem. eq., 2 moles of NaOH reacts with 1 mole of H2SO4 to form 1 mole of Na2SO4 and 2 moles of water, Given that 213g of Na2SO4 is required = 213/(23x2+32+16x4) = 1.5 mole, So 1.5 x 2 mole of NaOH is required = 3 x(23+16+1) = 120 g 11. The iron ore Haematite consists mainly of iron(III) oxide. In a blast furnace it is reduced to iron with carbon monoxide. Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) 2Fe(l) + 3CO2(g) Given the atomic masses: Fe = 56, O =16, C=12, how g of carbon monoxide are needed to reduce 32g of iron oxide to iron? Answers: From the chem. eq., 1mole of Fe2O3 reacts with 3 moles of CO to produce 2 moles of Fe & 3 moles of CO2, Given that there is 32g of Fe2O3 to be reduced =32/(56x2+16x3)= 0.2 mole, 4

So 0.2 mole x 3 of CO is required = 0.2 x 3 x (12+16) = 16.8g of CO 17 g 12. Given the equation: 2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g) Calculate the volume of hydrogen formed in dm3 when 9.2g of sodium reacts with water. (Ar's Na=23, H=1, O=16, 1 mol gas = 24 dm3 at room temp./press.) Answers: From the chem. eq., 2 moles of Na reacts with 2 moles of water to produce 2 moles of NaOH & 1 mole of H2, Given that there is 9.2g of Na =9.2/23= 0.4 mole, So 0.4 mole x of H2 is produced = 0.2 x 24 =4.8 dm3 13. The combustion of propane is given by the equation: C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(l) a. What volume of propane in cm3 can be completely burnt by 200cm3 of oxygen? b. How much CO2 gas will be produced if 20cm3 of propane is burnt in the presence of 50cm3 of oxygen? Answers: C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(l) From the chem. eq, 1 mole of propane reacts with 5 moles of oxygen to produce 3 mole of carbon dioxide. a. So, if there is 200cm3 of oxygen, the volume of propane that can be burnt completely is = 200/5 = 40cm3 b. although there is 20cm3 of propane given is this case, the amount of it being burnt completely is limited by the limiting reactant which is oxygen. 10cm3 propane can be completely burnt in 50cm3 oxygen, so, 20cm3 of oxygen requires at least 100cm3 to burn completely. Since there is only 50cm3 of oxygen, there is NO WAY for all propane to be completely burnt. So, if 10cm3 propane is burnt completely in this case, only 30cm3 of CO2 will be generated 14. Given the neutralisation equation: 2KOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) K2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l) What is the molarity of a sulphuric acid solution, if 15 cm3 of it are neutralised by 20 cm3 of a 0.3 M potassium hydroxide solution? Answers: given that 15 cm3 of sulphuric acid is neutralised by 20 cm3 of a 0.3 M potassium hydroxide solution, we will have to find out what is the no. of mole for KOH

n = MV = 0.3 x 20/1000 = 6 x 10-3 mol From the chem. eq, 2 mole of KOH is neutralized by 1 mole of H2SO4, So, if there is 6 x 10-3 mol of H2SO4, the no. of mole for KOH = 6 x 10-3 mol x = 3 x 10-3 mol n = MV, so M = n/v = 3x 10-3/(15/1000) = 0.2 M 15. Carbon monoxide can be combined with hydrogen to produce methanol, CH3OH. Methanol is used as an industrial solvent, as a reactant in synthesis, and as a clean-burning fuel for some racing cars. If you had 152.5 kg CO and 24.50 kg H2, how many kilograms of CH3OH could be produced?

Answers: CO + 2H2 CH3OH Given that you have 152.5kg CO = (152.5 x 1000)/28 = 5446.43 moles 24.50kg H2 = 24.5 x 1000/2 = 12250 moles In this case, CO is the limiting reagent & therefore 5446.43 moles of CH3OH is produced = 5446.43 x (12+3+16+1) = 174.3 kg 16. A solution made from pure barium hydroxide contained 2.74 g in exactly 100 cm3 of water. Using phenolphthalein indicator, titration of 20.0 cm3 of this solution required 18.7 cm3 of a hydrochloric acid solution for complete neutralisation. [atomic masses: Ba = 137, O = 16, H = 1) a. write the equation for the titration reaction. b. calculate the molarity of the barium hydroxide solution. c. calculate the moles of barium hydroxide neutralised. d. calculate the moles of hydrochloric acid neutralised. e. calculate the molarity of the hydrochloric acid. Answers: a. Ba(OH)2 + 2HCl BaCl2 + 2H2O b. Given that pure barium hydroxide contained 2.74 g in exactly 100 cm3 of water, so, the concentration of Ba(OH)2 = 2.74g/ (137+2x17)/(100/1000)dm3 = 1.60 x 10-1mol dm-3 c. n = MV = 1.60 x 10-1 x 20/1000 = 3.20 x 10-3 mol d. From the chem. eq, 2 mole of HCl is neutralized by 1 mole of Ba(OH)2, So, if there is 3.20 x 10-4 mol of Ba(OH)2, the no. of mole for HCl = 3.20 x 10-4 mol x 2 = 6.40 x 10-3 mol e. n = MV, so M = n/v = 6.40 x 10-3/(18.7/1000) = 3.42 x 10-1 M 17. 50 cm3 of a magnesium hydroxide solution required 4.5 cm3 of sulphuric acid (of concentration 0.1 mol dm-3) for complete neutralisation. [atomic masses: Mg = 24.3, O = 16, H = 1) a. give the equation for the neutralisation reaction. b. calculate the moles of sulphuric acid neutralised. c. calculate the moles of magnesium hydroxide neutralised. d. calculate the concentration of the magnesium hydroxide in mol dm3 (molarity). e. calculate the concentration of the magnesium hydroxide in g cm-3. Answers: a. Mg(OH)2 + H2SO4 MgCl2 + 2H2O b. the no. of mole for H2SO4 = 0.1 x 4.5/1000 = 4.5 x 10-4mol 7

c. From the chem. eq, 1 mole of Mg(OH)2 is neutralized by 1 mole of H2SO4. So, if there is = 4.5 x 10-4mol of H2SO4, the no. of mole for Mg(OH)2 = 4.5 x 10-4mol d. n = MV, so M = n/v = 4.5 x 10-4mol/(50/1000) = 9.0 x 10-3 M -3 e. To convert molarity to g cm 9.0 x 10-3 M is expressed as 9.0 x 10-3 mol in 1dm3 If 1 dm3 = 9 x 10-3 mole 1000 cm3 = 9 x 10-3 mole So, 1cm3 = 9 x 10-3/1000 = 9 x 10-6 mol So, 9.0 x 10-3 M is equivalent to 9.0 x 10-6 mol cm-3 = 9 x 10-6 x (24.3 + 17 x 2) g cm-3 = 5.25 x 10-4 g cm-3 18. A 2.00 g sample of ammonia is mixed with 4.00 g of oxygen. Which is the limiting reactant and how much excess reactant remains after the reaction has stopped? 4 NH3(g) + 5 O2(g) 4 NO(g) + 6 H2O(g) Answers: Given that there are 2g of NH3 & 4g of O2, from the chemical eq, it tells us that 4 mole of NH3 reacts with 5 mole of O2 gas, so if 4 mole of NH3 reacts with 5 mole of O2 gas, 2/(14+1x3) mole of NH3 react with 2/17 x 5/4 mole of O2 = 0.1471 mole The reaction requires more O2 to react as 4g of O2 is equivalent to 4/32 = 0.125 mole so, O2 is the limiting reagent so if 5mole of O2 reacts with 4 mole of NH3 gas, 0.125 mole of O2 react with 0.125/5 x 4 mole of NH3 = 0.1 mole The mass NH3 used = 0.1 x (14+1x3) = 1.7g The remaining of the excess reagent, i.e. how much NH3 is left from the reaction= 2g-1.7g = 0.3g 19. Methane, CH4, burns in oxygen to give carbon dioxide and water according to the following equation: CH4 + 2 O2 CO2 + 2 H2O

In one experiment, a mixture of 0.250 mol of methane was burned in 1.25 mol of oxygen in a sealed steel vessel. Find the limiting reactant, if any, and calculate the theoretical yield, (in moles) of water. Answers: Given that there are 0.25 mole of CH4 & 1.25 mol of O2, from the chemical eq, it tells us that 1 mole of CH4 reacts with 2 mole of O2 gas, so if 0.25 moles of CH4 reacts with 0.5 mole of O2 gas, which means that O2 gas is in excess So, CH4 is the limiting reactant. The theoretical yield of water (in mole) = 0.25 mole x 2 = 0.5 mole 20. Chloroform, CHCl3, reacts with chlorine, Cl2, to form carbon tetrachloride, CCl4, and hydrogen chloride, HCl. In an experiment 25 grams of chloroform and 25 grams of chlorine were mixed. Which is the limiting reactant? What is the maximum yield of CCl4 in moles and in grams? Answers: CHCl3 + Cl2 CCl4 + HCl Given that there are 25g of chloroform & 25g of Cl2, from the chemical eq, it tells us that 1 mole of CHCl3 reacts with 1 mole of Cl2 gas, so 25/(12+1+35.3x3) = 0.2092 mole CHCl3 reacting with 25/35.5x2 = 0.3521 mole Cl2, which means CHCl3 is a limiting reactant. Maximum yield of CCl4 in this case will be affected by the amount of chloroform used, so 0.2092 mole x 12+35.5x4 = 32g 21. Aluminum chloride, AlCl3, can be made by the reaction of aluminum with chlorine according to the following equation: 2Al + 3Cl2 2AlCl3 What is the limiting reactant if 20.0 grams of Al and 30.0 grams of Cl2 are used, and how much AlCl3 can theoretically form? Answers: 2Al + 3Cl2 2AlCl3 Given that there are 20g of Al & 30g of Cl2, from the chemical eq, it tells us that 2 moles of Al reacts with 3 moles of Cl2 gas, so 20/27 = 0.7407 mole Al reacting with 30/35.5x2 = 0.4225 mole Cl2, which means Cl2 is a limiting reactant. Theoretical yield of AlCl3 in this case will be affected by the amount of Cl2 used, so (0.4225 x2/3) mole x 27+35.56x3 = 37.6g