Institute for Communication Networks and Satellite Communications

Software Defined Radio

Digital mixer and numerical controlled oscillators

Wolfgang Kogler Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005

Software Defined Radio

Digital mixer and numerical oscillators

Institute for Communication Networks and Satellite Communications

Block diagram

Wolfgang Kogler Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005

Software Defined Radio

Digital mixer and numerical oscillators

2

Institute for Communication Networks and Satellite Communications

Complex mixer

(Re +

j Im ) e jt = (Re + j Im ) (cos t + j sin t ) = (Re cost Im sin t ) + j (Re sint + Im cos t )

Software Defined Radio Digital mixer and numerical oscillators
3

Wolfgang Kogler Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005

Institute for Communication Networks and Satellite Communications

Spectrum

Wolfgang Kogler Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005

Software Defined Radio

Digital mixer and numerical oscillators

4

Institute for Communication Networks and Satellite Communications

Real up mixer

Real ((Re + j Im ) e jt ) = Real((Re + j Im ) (cos t + j sin t )) = Re cost Im sin t

Wolfgang Kogler Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 Software Defined Radio Digital mixer and numerical oscillators
5

Institute for Communication Networks and Satellite Communications

Spectrum

Wolfgang Kogler Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005

Software Defined Radio

Digital mixer and numerical oscillators

6

Institute for Communication Networks and Satellite Communications

Real down mixer

Re e jt = Re (cos t + j sin t ) = Re cost + j Re sint

Wolfgang Kogler Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005

Software Defined Radio

Digital mixer and numerical oscillators

7

Institute for Communication Networks and Satellite Communications

Spectrum

Wolfgang Kogler Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005

Software Defined Radio

Digital mixer and numerical oscillators

8

Institute for Communication Networks and Satellite Communications

Hardware implementation
FPGA state of the art
Multiplier are available in silicon structure (DSP blocks) Memory are available in silicon structures (true dual port memories)

Needed components for complex mixer

Multiplier Look up table for sine / cosine Address counter

Wolfgang Kogler Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005

Software Defined Radio

Digital mixer and numerical oscillators

9

Institute for Communication Networks and Satellite Communications

The Numerical controlled Oscillator (NCO)

Advantages
Frequency, Phase, and Amplitude can be manipulated precisely Changes are phase continuous No settling time after changes Extremely fine frequency resolution No thermal drift No aging No influence of parameter variations of analog components

Wolfgang Kogler Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005

Software Defined Radio

Digital mixer and numerical oscillators

10

Institute for Communication Networks and Satellite Communications

Principles of the NCO

s(t ) = sin (2 f c t )
Main blocks
Phase Accumulator Phase to Amplitude converter D/A converter Antialiasing filter

Wolfgang Kogler Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005

Software Defined Radio

Digital mixer and numerical oscillators

11

Institute for Communication Networks and Satellite Communications

Phase Accumulator

Wolfgang Kogler Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005

Software Defined Radio

Digital mixer and numerical oscillators

12

Institute for Communication Networks and Satellite Communications

Frequency Resolution
f clk M 2m f f c_res = clk 1 2m 200 MHz f c_res = 1 = 0,0466 HZ 232 High Frequency resolution requires high number of bits in the phase accumulator High number of bits in the phase accumulator requires a giant LUT Truncation is necessary Spurious fc =
Wolfgang Kogler Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 Software Defined Radio Digital mixer and numerical oscillators
13

Institute for Communication Networks and Satellite Communications

a) 2

Phase to Amplitude Converter

0 2P

b)

2m

0 2P

Wolfgang Kogler Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005

Software Defined Radio

Digital mixer and numerical oscillators

14

Institute for Communication Networks and Satellite Communications

Digital Direct Synthesizer (DDS)

Reference clock fclock m Digital direct sequence DDS Phase-toP Phase amplitude accumulator converter P

DA converter

Tuning word M

Digital representation of the signals

Approximated sine wave

s(t ) = sin (2 f NCO t );

Wolfgang Kogler Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005

f NCOmin =

f clock f clock = m ; N 2

f NCOout =

f clock f M = clock M N 2m
15

Software Defined Radio

Digital mixer and numerical oscillators

Institute for Communication Networks and Satellite Communications

Q F4

Truncation error
F2 F1 I

F3

Accumulator m Phase word p bin (dec) bin (dec) 00000000 (0)

m MSB 0 X P LSB X X X X m-P X

Phase error e bin (dec) 000 (0) 110 (6) 100 (4) 010 (2) 000 (0)
16

0000 (0) 0000 (0) 0001 (1) 0010 (2) 0011 (3)

00000110 (6) 00001100 (12) 00010010 (18) 00011000 (24)

Wolfgang Kogler Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005

Software Defined Radio

Digital mixer and numerical oscillators

Institute for Communication Networks and Satellite Communications

Spur ratio
terror terror 2mP = M mod(2m P ) if M mod(2 m P ) 2m P 1

2mP = m P 2 M mod(2m P ) if M mod(2 m P ) > 2m P 1

s(t ) = sin (2 f NCO t FP(t ) ) 2m P t FP(t ) = terror Carrier amplitude 2m 1 SPR = = m P 2 = 21+ P Spur amplitude 2
Wolfgang Kogler Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 Software Defined Radio Digital mixer and numerical oscillators
17

Institute for Communication Networks and Satellite Communications

Sources of NCO spurious

Digital domain
Truncation of the phase accumulator word Finite precision of the sine values in the LUT

Analog domain
DA converter errors:
Differential non linearity Integral non linearity Missing codes

Anti aliasing filter Phase noise of the clock source

Please note, that a frequency offset of the clock does not introduce spurious, but an corresponding frequency error!
Wolfgang Kogler Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005 Software Defined Radio Digital mixer and numerical oscillators
18

Institute for Communication Networks and Satellite Communications

Thank you for your attention

Wolfgang Kogler Professor Horst Cerjak, 19.12.2005

Software Defined Radio

Digital mixer and numerical oscillators