Sugar Tech

(An International Journal of Sugar Crops and Related Industries) March, 2006 Volume 8 Number 1 Editor-in-Chief G.P. Rao Sugarcane Research Station, Kunraghat Gorakhpur - 273 008, UP, India E-mail : sugartech@rediffmail.com, editsugartech@rediffmail.com Advisory Board Yang-Rui Li, Nanning, China L.J.C. Autrey, Reduit, Mauritius A. Varma, New Delhi, India R.L. Yadav, Lucknow, India S.S. Grewal, Nairobi, Kenya Raj K. Gupta, New Delhi, India S.B. Singh, Shahjahanpur, India Pirjo Makela, Helsinki, Finland M. Manickam, Coimbatore, India Executive Editor S. Solomon Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research Lucknow - 226 002, India e-mail : presidentssrp@yahoo.co.in Managing Editor Ashok Datta A-155, Weaver Colony Ashok Vihar, Phase -IV, New Delhi - 110 052, India

onal Assoc iat ion nati

sion als in Sug fe s ar ro a fP

IAPSIT
s we eter rou and Pr osp e

nd

e In t
ed Techno grat log ie s

t er In

aS

To

Estd. 2004

Regional Editors
Australia
Robert Magarey

Asia
Ishwar Singh, India

Middle East
Abou Salama, Egypt.

USA
Y. B. Pan

rmagarey@bses.org.au Africa
A.C. Wada, Nigeria

singhishwar@rediffmail.com South East Asia

Yang-Rui Li, China

adsalma@aun.edu.eg Europe
Witold Grzebicz, Poland

ypan@srrc.ars.usda.gov Latin America

T.S.G. Lee, Brazil

acwada@yahoo.com

liyr@gxu.edu.cn

witegr@au.poznan.pl

leetseng@cca.ufscar.br

International Board of Consulting Editors (2006)

M. Matsuoka Kagoshima, Japan C. Marcone Potenza, Italy G. Mantovani Ferrra, Italy Sudama Singh Lucknow, India Mitsunori Sato Okinawa, Japan R. Viswanathan Coimbatore, India J. Larrahando Cenicana, Colombia Jai S. Gawander Lautoka, Fiji A. Svirshchevskaya Minsk, Belarus N. Subramoniam Coimbatore, India P.K. Agarwal Kanpur, India P.D.N. Mirzawan Indonesia Mu-Qing Zhang Fuzhou, P. R. China R.L. Tamak New Delhi, India P. Rott Montpellier, France Robin Limb Suffolk, UK P. Rakkiyappan Coimbatore, India N. Dharmawardene Sri Lanka A.S. Patil Pune, India M.L. Agarwal Lucknow, India Madan Lal Shahjahanpur, India T. Terauchi Hokkaido, Japan S. Saumtally Reduit, Mauritius M.R. Leal Havana, Cuba E.V. Levites Novosibirsk, Russia Pipat Weethaworn Thailand M. Wagih Egypt Manjusha Verma New Delhi, India

EDITORIAL OFFICE Dr. G.P. Rao, Editor-in-Chief (Sugar Tech) Sugarcane Research Station, Kunraghat, Gorakhpur - 273 008, UP, India Tel : +91 551 3298953 (O), 2273189 (R), Fax : +91 551 2330969; Cell : +91-9839293383 e-mail : sugartech@rediffmail.com / editsugartech@rediffmail.com/presidentssrp@yahoo.co.in The complete manuscript (text in MS word, figures in excel and photographs saved as JPEG image) should be sent by e-mail (sugartech@rediffmail.com; editsugartech@rediffmail.com; presidentssrp@yahoo.co.in)

ard Tow

orr ow

Subscription Information
Sugar Tech is published quarterly jointly by the International Association of Professionals in Sugar and Integrated Technologies (IAPSIT) and the Society for Sugar Research and Promotion (SSRP). Current rates for the subscription of Sugar Tech are as follows :
Subscription Individual (Annual) Individual (Life) Govt. Research Organizations/Universities/Libraries Sugar Factories and Private Organizations India (Rs.) 350 3500 1000 2000 US$ 35 350 100 150 Other Countries Euro 30 300 85 125 Pound 20 200 70 100

Advertisement
The journal accepts advertisements from publishers of scientific literature and manufacturers of scientific and factory equipment and advertisment related to conferences, courses, training programmes, etc. on sugar crops and integrated industries. For further information please contact the Editor-in-Chief (e-mail : sugartech@ rediffmail. com, Phone : + 91-9839293383) Current rates for advertisement in Sugar Tech are as follows : Main Inner Cover (Colour) Main Back Cover (Colour) Back Inner Cover (Colour) Full Page Inside (Colour) Half Page Inside (Colour) Rs. 10,000/Rs. 10,000/Rs. 8,000/Rs. 6,000/Rs. 3,000/Main Inner Cover (B&W) Main Back Cover (B&W) Back Inner Cover (B&W) Full Page Inside (B&W) Half Page Inside (B&W) Rs. 6,000/Rs. 6,000/Rs. 4,000/Rs. 3,000/Rs. 1,500/-

All payments should be made by crossed demand draft in favour of

"Society for Sugar Research & Promotion"

payable at Lucknow/Gorakhpur, India

Indexed in
Elsevier Biobase, CAB Abstracts, Indian Science Abstracts, Chemical Abstracts

Acknowledgement
The financial support extended by the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India and Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, P.R. China, towards publication of Sugar Tech is gratefully acknowledged. Copyright 1999 by the Society for Sugar Research and Promotion, New Delhi. All rights reserved. Neither this work nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, microfilming or recording, or by any information storage systems without permission in writing from the Editor-in-Chief. Designed, Composed and Printed by Army Printing Press, 33 Nehru Road, Sadar Cantt., Lucknow, 226 002, India Ph. : +91-522-2481164; e-mail : armyprintingpress@rediffmail.com

Sugar Tech
Vol. 8 (1), March 2006

onal Assoc iat ion nati

fP

s fes ro

IAPSIT
m

ion als in Su g ar

a
nd

e In t
ed Techno grat log ie s

t er In

ard Tow

aS To s we eter rou and Prosp e

Estd. 2004

Contents
Letter-to-Editor
Sugarcane Information and Management System for Mitr Phol Sugar Group, Thailand Pipat Weerathaworn, R. Saravanan and Mayura Prabpan 1-2

Country Profile
Sugarcane Cultivation and Sugar Industry in Japan Makoto Matsuoka 3- 9

Review Article
Status and Trends of Sugar Industry in China Yuan-An Wei and Yang-Rui Li Trends in Farm Mechanization by Sugarcane Small Land Holders in Sri Lanka M.W.N.Dharmawardene 16 - 22 10 - 15

Research Article
Microsatellite DNA Marker-assisted Selection of Saccharum spontaneum Cytoplasm-derived Germplasm Y.B. Pan, T. L. Tew, R. J. Schnell, R. P. Viator, E. P. Richard Jr., M. P. Grisham and W. H. White Cellulase Production with Sugarcane Straw by Trichoderma citrinoviride on Solid Bed Gilda Guerra, Miguel Ramos-Leal, Gisela Casado, Juan Arguelles, Ma. Isabel Snchez, Ana Margarita Manzano and Tania Guzman Efficacy of Inundative Release of Trichogramma chilonis in the Management of the Sugarcane Internode Borer, Chilo sacchariphagus indicus (K.) N. Mukunthan Effect of Organic and Clay Material Amendment on Physical Properties of Degraded Sandy Soil for Sugarcane Production Rochana Tangkoonboribun, Sawaeng Rauysoongnern, Patma Vityakon Rambo and Bunyong Tumsan Identification of a New Nitrogen Fixing Endo-bacterium Strain Isolated from Sugarcane Stalk Yong-Xiu Xing, Li-Tao Yang, Si-Liang Huang and Yang-Rui Li 49 - 53 44 - 48 36 - 43 30 - 35 23 - 29

orr ow

Specific Adaptation of Colletotrichum falcatum Pathotypes to Sugarcane Cultivars P. Malathi, R. Viswanathan and R. Jothi Parental Potential of Sugarcane Clones for Drought Resistance Breeding G. Hemaprabha, R. Nagarajan, S. Alarmelu and U.S. Natarajan Molecular Profiling Using RAPD Technique of Salt and Drought Tolerant Regenerants of Sugarcane Patade Vikas Yadav, Penna Suprasanna, Kulkarni Umakant Gopalrao and Bapat Vishwas Anant Sucrose Metabolism in Different Sugar Beet Cultivars S. S. Joshi, S. S. Datir, M. W. Pawar and Y. S. Nerkar Post-harvest Deterioration of Sugarcane and Chemical Methods to Minimize Sucrose Losses S. Solomon, Raman Banerji, Ashok K. Shrivastava, Pushpa Singh, Ishwar Singh, Manjusha Verma, C. P. Prajapati and Anita Sawnani

54 - 58

59 - 62

63 - 68

69 - 73

74 - 78

Short Communication
Distribution of Sugarcane Mosaic and Sugarcane Streak Mosaic Virus in India G.P. Rao, M. Chatenet, J. G. Girard and P. Rott Influence of Spacing on Growth and Yield of Sugarcane Raised through in vitro Micropropagation S. Raghu, S. Jayaram, S. Ramkumar, P. Prabakaran and V. Vekatesalu Plantlet Regeneration through Leaf Callus Culture in Sugarcane Ramanand, N. Kureel, N. Subhanand, M. Lal and S.B. Singh Efficacy of CGA 362 and Ametryn with Pre-emergence Herbicides on Weed Control in Sugarcane A. K. Gana, A. A. Ndarubu and L. D. Busari Nitrogen Management in Sugarcane Seed Crop M. Bharatha Lakshmi, T. Chitkala Devi and D.V. N. Raju 91 - 94 88 - 90 85 - 87 82 - 84 79 - 81

Meetings Calendar

95

Book Review

96

Instructions to Authors

97 - 98

Sugar Tech 8(1) (2006) : 1-2

Sugarcane Information and Management System for Mitr Phol Sugar Group, Thailand
PIPAT WEERATHAWORN*, R. SARAVANAN and MAYURA PRABPAN
Mitr Phol Sugarcane Research Centre, Phukieo, Chaiyaphum, Thailand ABSTRACT
Mitr Phol Sugarcane Research Centre has developed Sugarcane Information and Management System (SIMS) with integrated suitable information technologies viz., Remote Sensing (RS), Geographic Information System(GIS) and Global Positioning System(GPS) to map the cane area and build database of contract farmers fields in the United Farmer and Industry Co. Ltd, Phukieo, Chaiyaphum. The project was initiated to improve administrative and cane management of each field in terms of estimation of cane area, extension, harvesting plan, transportation and yield increase. This project was carried out during 2002-2004 and covered about 50,000 ha of cane area on 25,000 fields in four provinces viz., Chaiyaphum, Khon Kaen, Loie and Nongbualampoo with 3,000 contract farmers. From visual interpretation we could identify each fields boundary in the satellite image and geographic position along with field ownership was confirmed again by field survey using GPS. Then we used GIS to overlay different layers of data. The layers overlay facilitates the results manipulation and performance according to analysis. In future, we will link input data such as soil and fertilizer management, cultural practice, meteorological data, recommended varieties and soil suitability into SIMS for precision agriculture. *Author for Correspondence : Pipat Weerathaworn e-mail : pipatw@mitrphol.com

Sugar Tech 8(1) (2006) : 3-9

Sugarcane Cultivation and Sugar Industry in Japan
MAKOTO MATSUOKA
Sugarcane Breeding Laboratory, National Agricultural Research Center for Kyushu Okinawa Region (KONARC), Anno 1742-1, Nishino-omote, Kagoshima, 891-3102, Japan ABSTRACT
In Japan, sugarcane is grown only in the South-western Islands, at the southern most end of the Japanese Archipelago. Most of these islands are in the subtropics, natural and environmental conditions are fairly severe to sugarcane cultivation because of frequent typhoons, droughts in summer, low temperatures in winter and poor soil fertility. In recent years, sugarcane production has been sluggish due to the lack of labour caused by the aging of farmers, a delay of mechanization in cultivation and unfavorable weather conditions. However, since sugarcane is still a major crop and plays a key role that supports the livelihood of the region, the network of sugarcane technologists is continuing the united efforts to improve sugarcane production in the region. This paper reviews the outline of current situation of sugarcane production, sugar industry, general cultivation practices and sugarcane breeding outline in Japan, and also discusses about new approaches to breed new types of sugarcane, as a energy use and cattle feed through inter-specific and inter generic cross. e-mail: m19597@affrc.go.jp

Sugar Tech 8(1) (2006) : 10-15

Status and Trends of Sugar Industry in China
YUAN-AN WEI1 and YANG-RUI LI2*
1

Guangxi Key Laboratory for Subtropical Bioresource Conservation and Utilization, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P.R. China 2 Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Lab, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 44 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, P.R. China ABSTRACT

The sugar industry in China is becoming increasingly important both domestically and internationally because of its rapid development. Significant progress has been achieved not only in sugar production, but also in the integrated utilization, developments and as productions of sugar-based products cane by-products, and environment-friendly management of vinasse. These developments are the result of the combined impact of governmental policies, management creativity, and technological innovations. *Author for Correspondence : Yang-Rui Li

E-mail : liyr@gxu.edu.cn

Sugar Tech 8(1) (2006) : 16-22

Trends in Farm Mechanization by Sugarcane Small Land Holders in Sri Lanka
M.W.N.DHARMAWARDENE
Sri Lanka Sugarcane Research Institute Uda Walave, Sri Lanka ABSTRACT
The mechanization of farm power is becoming extremely important day by day for the survival, efficiency and competitiveness of all field and plantation crops of the country. Sugarcane crop grown in the dry zone is no exception. In fact in these areas the available manpower is low due to low population densities and harsh climatic conditions and remoteness of locations from major cities. Thus scarcity of labour is common in sugarcane areas for manual work. Furthermore, labourer manual work get easily tired while working in the dry zone compared to the hills due to higher temperatures, harder soils, insolation and dry desiccating winds. Thus output of these workers is low compared to workers in the hills. In addition, cane fields tend to have a high population of poisonous snakes, which also make worker to be careful and slow in the cane fields. Thus timely agricultural operations get neglected causing crop losses while labour wages keep rising day by day especially during planting, weeding and harvesting/loading periods of sugarcane growing. Analysis of the cost components of sugarcane cultivation shows that harvesting of loading of cane comprise 35% of the costs followed by land preparation(21%), planting(16%), weeding(10%), fertilizer application(10%) and irrigation(8%).It is evident that harvesting and loading of cane is the highest cost component in sugarcane cultivation, while weeding ,fertilizer application ,stubble shaving, earthing up, off baring in the ratoons are neglected by small land holder farmers as manual methods are labour intensive leading to considerable losses in crop production. Thus, small holder sugarcane farm mechanization to improve the productivity and ease strain on human labour has become crucial in order to improve sugarcane productivity in Sri Lanka. Some of the smallholder farm tools and implements developed by the Sugarcane Research Institute which can be powered by a two-wheeled tractor such as the SRI tyne cultivator, Fertilizer applicator, Disc ratooner, Furrow opener, and the new design sugarcane harvesting knife as well as the implements for animal drought technology are described in this review. *E-mail : nandesiri_d@yahoo.com

Sugar Tech 8(1) (2006) : 23-29

Microsatellite DNA Marker-assisted Selection of Saccharum spontaneum Cytoplasm-derived Germplasm
Y.B. PAN1*, T. L. TEW1, R. J. SCHNELL2, R. P. VIATOR1, E. P. RICHARD, JR. 1, M. P. GRISHAM1 and W. H. WHITE1
1 USDA-ARS, Southern Regional Research Center, Sugarcane Research Unit, 5883 USDA Road, Houma, LA 70360-0470, U.S.A. 2 USDA-ARS, Subtropical Horticulture Research Station, Miami, FL 33158, U.S.A.

ABSTRACT
New lines of Saccharum hybrids with an array of S. spontaneum cytoplasm backgrounds are reported. To expand the genetic base of sugarcane, we made eleven bi-parental crosses between ten S. spontaneum (S) and six commercial-type sugarcane (C) clones during the 2001 crossing season. Prior to crossing, all the maternal S. spontaneum inflorescences were emasculated by immersion in a 50oC circulating water bath for 5 minutes. Analysis of microsatellite fingerprints between parents and progeny allowed us to classify 1,952 progeny grown out from these crosses into four genotypic classes. Class H progeny inherited microsatellite alleles from both the S. spontaneum and the commercial-type parents and were, therefore, considered being F1 hybrids. Class S and Class C progeny inherited microsatellite alleles only from one parent and were considered to be either selfs of either parent or F1 hybrids that only inherited allele(s) from one parent. Class X progeny inherited non-parental microsatellite allele(s) in addition to the allele(s) from the maternal S. spontaneum parent and were considered to be contaminants. With the exception of one cross, eight to ten Class H progeny were pre-selected from each cross while still in seedling greenhouse and were backcrossed with commercial-type sugarcane clones. The remaining progeny were transplanted into a breeding nursery for phenotypic evaluation that concurred with the molecular classification. Pearson Correlation Coefficients between molecular and phenotypic classifications were inconsistent that justified the need of molecular markers in the selection process. This study demonstrated that the molecular approach of fingerprinting progeny to confirm parentage prior to field planting even with only one microsatellite marker might substantially increase selection efficiency. e-mail : nandesiri_d@yahoo.com

Sugar Tech 8(1) (2006) : 30-35 Cellulase Production with Sugarcane Straw by Trichoderma citrinoviride on Solid Bed
GILDA GUERRA*, MIGUEL RAMOS-LEAL GISELA CASADO, JUAN ARGUELLES, MA. ISABEL SNCHEZ, ANA MARGARITA MANZANO and TANIA GUZMAN
Dept. Microbiologia, Facultad de Biologa, Universidad de la Habana, Cuba. 25 y J, Vedado C. Habana, Cuba ABSTRACT
A locally soil- isolated strain of Trichoderma citrinoviride produced cellulase activity levels quite similar to the overproducing mutant T. reesei (T. longibrachiatum) QM 9414 when grown in homogeneous cultures containing sugarcane straw. It was confirmed than the crude enzymatic extracts (filter paper enzyme, carboxymethylcellulase and -glucosidase) have similar traits to the reference strain. Both strains utilized more efficiently the ground substrate in relation to other pretreatments assayed. Kinetics of growth in solid beds containing sugarcane straw showed than the fermentation stopped around 96-120 hours, obtaining the highest enzyme production (filter paper enzyme: 16 U/g ), and released a minimum of residual sugar (glucose and xylose, 5.032 mg/g1 ). The final product is characterized by a reduction in fibre content of the substrate (40.4 %) and an increase in cell protein (6.2 7.9 %). *Author for Correspondence : Y.B.Pan e-mail: ypan@srrc.ars.usda.gov

Sugar Tech 8(1) (2006) : 36-43

Efficacy of Inundative Release of Trichogramma chilonis in the Management of the Sugarcane Internode Borer, Chilo sacchariphagus indicus (K.)
N. MUKUNTHAN
Section of Entomology, Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore - 641007, Tamil Nadu, India ABSTRACT
This paper analyses the factors governing the efficacy of Trichogramma chilonis and the basis for its popularity as a management tool for sugarcane internode borer. Published evidences were taken as the basis for the analysis. The factors taken in to consideration in the analysis are, the capabilities of egg parasitoids as prime tool to manage pests, attributes in the biology and innate abilities of T.chilonis as a candidate for inundative release and, the influence of sugarcane plant characters, the aspects in commercial production and the field release procedures in influencing its efficiency. Taking all the favourable attributes of T.chilonis and reinforcing it with assumptions favouring at various stages of its parasitisation, the impact of inundative release on the suppression of internode borer damage was extrapolated based on the literature information on the biology, life table studies and damage potential of internode borer. The theoretical prevention of intensity of internode borer damage through the current recommended dose of inundative release ranged from 3.2 to1.93 per cent between the first and 6th release. The fortnightly release procedure, the limitation of T.chilonis to parasitise eggs for the first day of release only, its selective preference within the egg stage rendering 17 per cent of the eggs that would be in black head stage in a given time unsuitable for it coupled with the daily egg laying of internode borer due to intra and inter brood overlappings rendered this prevention insignificant and transitory. The principle of inundative release and the term natural enemy assumed for bioagents is also discussed to reveal it as being unscientific. *Author for Correspondence : Gilda Guerra e-mail : ggr@fbio.uh.cu

Sugar Tech 8(1) (2006) : 44-48

Effect of Organic and Clay Material Amendment on Physical Properties of Degraded Sandy Soil for Sugarcane Production
ROCHANA TANGKOONBORIBUN1*, SAWAENG RAUYSOONGNERN2, PATMA VITYAKON RAMBO2 and BUNYONG TUMSAN3
Department of Land Resources and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand 2 Department of Land Resources and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand 3 Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand ABSTRACT
Degraded sandy soil in Northeast of Thailand is a main problem for crop production due to low water holding capacity, low organic matter, low cation exchange capacity and poor soil fertility. The present experiment was established to identify the type and rate of amending materials for improving physical soil properties in Korat soil serie (Kt, Oxic Paleustults) at Kuchinarai district, Kalasin province. The trial was done with completely randomized design with 4 replications and planted with K 88-92 variety. Soil samples were collected in 0-30 cm and 30-60 cm depths before land preparation and at harvest with undisturbed and composite disturbed samples. It was found (1) cattle manure @ 25 tons/ha decreased bulk density in both soil depth (P<0.01), aggregate stability did not differ and increased clay particle content at 0-30 cm depth (P<0.05). (2) Filter cake @ 50 tons/ha, bagasse @ 12.5 tons/ha, clay soil @ 25 tons/ha, conventional chemical fertilizer and control treatments showed non significant effect on bulk density, aggregate stability and particle size distribution. (3) Application of clay soil @ 50 tons/ha did not significantly change the soil bulk density and particle size distribution but significantly increased aggregate stability at 30-60 cm depth (P<0.01). (4) Application of clay soil @ 75 tons/ha significantly decreased bulk density in both soil depths (P<0.01) but showed no significant effect on aggregate stability and particle size distribution. We recommended that the most appropriate methods to improve soil for cane production was through application of cattle manure @ 25 tons/ha or clay soil @ 50 and @ 75 tons/ha.

Author for Correspondence : N. Mukunthan E-mail : krishnamukunda@yahoo.com

Sugar Tech 8(1) (2006) : 49-53

Identification of a New Nitrogen Fixing Endo-bacterium Strain Isolated from Sugarcane Stalk
YONG-XIU XING
1 2

1 ,2

, LI-TAO YANG 2, SI-LIANG HUANG1 and YANG-RUI LI1,2*

Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, China Agricultural College, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530005, China ABSTRACT

A bacterial strain B8S, with nitrogen fixation ability, was isolated from the stalk of sugarcane variety RB867515 introduced from Brazil. This strain was identified based on morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that the fragment sequence length was 1403bp. When compared with Agrobacterium tumefaciens (AY51349, AB116668.1 and AJ1307119) in GenBank, the homology of the nucleotides was 100%. Certain physiological and biochemical characteristics of new bacterium strain B8S were almost the same as that of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Based on its nitrogen fixation ability, the strain B8S was named as Agrobacterium diazotrophicus *Author for Correspondence : Yang-Rui Li e-mail: liyr@gxu.edu.cn

Sugar Tech 8(1) (2006) : 54-58

Specific Adaptation of Colletotrichum falcatum Pathotypes to Sugarcane Cultivars
P. MALATHI, R. VISWANATHAN* and R. JOTHI
Division of Crop Protection Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore-641007, Tamil Nadu, India ABSTRACT
Colletotrichum falcatum pathotypes exhibit distinct differential host interaction where certain pathotypes specifically infect their adapted host cultivars. This adaptation phenomenon was tested with two distinct pathotypes, viz. Cf1148 and Cf7717 isolated from cultivars Co 1148 and Co 7717, respectively. The results revealed that pathogenicity of both the pathotypes was influenced by their respective/host specific parental cultivars and not vice versa. Cane juice from the host cultivars influenced cultural characters of the pathogen including mycelial growth and conidial germination and they were also varied depending on juice from position of cane stalk. Adaptability of Cf1148 and Cf7717 was tested by cross inoculation on their incompatible hosts viz. Co 7717 and Co 1148, respectively. On cross inoculation, restricted symptoms were produced. Reisolation from such canes yielded fungal activity with changes in growth pattern as compared to original cultures was noticed. After repeated inoculations the dark isolates at initial phases become light with increased sporulation on their adapted hosts. Development of light isolates and reduced latent period for symptom expression by repeated inoculations on incompatible hosts indicated the increased virulence or pathogenicity of that pathotype for adaptation on a particular cultivar. *Author for Correspondence : R. Viswanathan e-mail : rasaviswanathan@yahoo.co.in

Sugar Tech 8(1) (2006) : 59-62

Parental Potential of Sugarcane Clones for Drought Resistance Breeding
G. HEMAPRABHA*, R. NAGARAJAN, S. ALARMELU and U.S. NATARAJAN
Division of Crop Improvement, Sugarcane Breeding Institute Coimbatore-641 007, Tamil Nadu, India ABSTRACT
In order to identify parents for drought resistance breeding, performance of 645 Co selections derived from sixteen parents grown under water deficit conditions was assessed for thirteen characters governing early growth at 150 days and cane yield and juice quality at 360 days after planting at Coimbatore (India). Maximum survival under drought was observed in the derivatives of Co 449, while Co 312 and Co 6304 produced more selections with early vigour. However, at 360 days, a distinct superiority of the parents Co 7201 and CoC 671 was observed for cane yield parameters, while the derivatives of Co 312, Co 421, Co449 and Co 1158 were inferior. CoC671 and Co 740 with better mean performance of juice quality traits would serve as useful parents for quality improvement under drought situations. Significantly better performance of derivatives of CoC 671, both for cane yield and juice quality, revealed the high parental value of this clone. Co 740, Co 775, Co 6304, Co 6806, Co 7201 and Co 775 were the other useful parents. Utilization of these potential parents in breeding could lead to evolving drought resistant varieties for improving sugarcane productivity in the drought prone regions of India. *Author for Correspondence : G. Hemaprabha Fax : 91-2422-2472923, e-mail : hemaprabha@sify.com

Sugar Tech

8(1) (2006) : 63-68

Molecular Profiling Using RAPD Technique of Salt and Drought Tolerant Regenerants of Sugarcane
PATADE VIKAS YADAV, PENNA SUPRASANNA*, KULKARNI UMAKANT GOPALRAO1 and BAPAT VISHWAS ANANT
Plant Cell Culture Technology Section, Nuclear Agriculture & Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, Maharasthra, India 1 Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Marathwada Agricultural University, Parbhani 431402, Maharasthra, India

ABSTRACT
Radiation induced and somaclonal variants of sugarcane cv. CoC671 were selected in vitro on different sub-lethal doses of salt (NaCl) and polyethylene glycol 8000 (PEG). The genetic variability among the variants was analyzed using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique with decamer oligonucleotide primers. RAPD analysis resolved 72 scorable bands out of nine primers screened. Primers produced between 6 and 10 amplification products, which ranged 0.1 to 2.0 Kb. The RAPD profile revealed genetic polymorphism between the selected salt and drought tolerant lines from the control plant. Interestingly, the dendrogram also separated SLT (regenerates on salt selection), DRT (regenerates on PEG selection medium) and irradiated regenerants horizontally into two groups suggesting that SLT regenerants completely delineated from others. SLT 171.1 (10 Gy) and SLT 171.1 (20 Gy) were placed together depicting the high similarity between them. The SLT regenerants were placed away from the control supporting the polymorphism revealed by RAPD profiles. This suggests that the irradiated and salt stressed regenerants are better for the selection of mutants. The DRT regenerants were placed close to the control depicting that these did not accumulate much variation as compared SLT and SLT Gy. *Author for Correspondence : Penna Suprasanna e-mail : prasanna@barc.ernet.in

Sugar Tech 8(1) (2006) : 69-73

Sucrose Metabolism in Different Sugar Beet Cultivars
S. S. JOSHI, S. S. DATIR* , M. W. PAWAR and Y. S. NERKAR
Plant Physiology, Agricultural Science and Technology Division, Vasantdada Sugar Institute, Manjari (Bk.), Pune-412 307, MS, India ABSTRACT
Sucrose metabolism is essential for growth, development and sucrose partitioning in sugar beet roots. The functions of individual sucrose metabolizing enzymes and the sucrose contents are poorly understood. In view of this, an experiment was conducted to determine the sucrose accumulation and the activities of different sucrose metabolizing enzymes at maturity. The variety, Felicitia showed maximum pol %, juice purity and total sugar content. Sucrose synthase was found major sucrose degrading enzyme. Among the enzyme activities, var. Dorotea was higher in sucrose synthase activity while var. Esperenza was higher in sucrose phosphate synthase activity. Overall studies indicated that, sucrose content and enzyme activities vary as per the cultivars. *Author for Correspondence : S.S. Datir e-mail : datirsagars@rediffmail.com

Sugar Tech 8(1) (2006) : 74-78

Post-harvest Deterioration of Sugarcane and Chemical Methods to Minimize Sucrose Losses
S. SOLOMON*, RAMAN BANERJI, ASHOK K. SHRIVASTAVA, PUSHPA SINGH, ISHWAR SINGH, MANJUSHA VERMA, C. P. PRAJAPATI and ANITA SAWNANI Division of Plant Physiology & Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Lucknow-226 002, India ABSTRACT
Sucrose losses after the harvest of sugarcane and during subsequent milling operation are one of the most serious problems in many sugar processing units in sub-tropical India. The field losses in commercial cane sugar were 0.35, 1.0 and 1.32 units per day during early, mid-season and late-crushing periods, respectively. A small study revealed 13 kg sucrose loss per ton cane milled due to the biological agents. Some approaches, like pre-harvest foliar application of divalent cations (Zn++ and Mn++) and post-harvest application of anti-bacterial formulations have shown reduction in sucrose loss after harvest.
*

Author for Correspondance : S. Solomon Email: drsolomonsushil@rediffmail.com

Sugar Tech 8(1) (2006) : 79 - 81

Distribution of Sugarcane Mosaic and Sugarcane Streak Mosaic Virus in India
G.P. RAO1, M. CHATENET2, J. G. GIRARD2 and P. ROTT2
2 1 Division of Plant Pathology, Sugarcane Research Station, Gorakhpur-273008, UP, India MR 385, CIRAD-ENSAM-INRA Biologie et Genetique des Interaction Plante-Parasite, Centre de Cooperation International Agronomique pour le Development, Campus international de Baillarquet, TA 41/K, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France

ABSTRACT
Seven (sugarcane and sorghum) leaf samples exhibiting mosaic symptoms and that originated from (Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu ) were characterized through RT-PCR assays with specific designed primers for Sugarcane mosaic virus, SCMV (F4 and R3), Sugarcane streak mosaic virus, SCSMV(ST2 and P1) and Sorghum mosaic virus, SrMV (F3 and R3). SCMV was detected by RT-PCR in 3 sugarcane varieties. The expected 0.9 kbp SCMV fragment was amplified by RT-PCR with the SCMV F4 and SCMV R3 primers with mosaic samples from Maharashtra (cv.VSI-9-20 and CoM 9086) and Tamil Nadu (cv. Co740). However, ca 0.5 kbp fragment was amplified from six of the samples out of seven tested using primers SCSMV-ST2 and SCSMV-P1. RT-PCR reactions were negative with SrMV primers pair in all the tested samples. Our results suggested that SCSMV is found more commonly associated with sugarcane mosaic samples in India in comparison to the SCMV . Interestingly, mixed infection of SCMV and SCSMV was also detected in sugarcane mosaic infected leaf samples from Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu. Author for Correspondence : G.P. Rao e-mail : gprao_gor@rediffmail.com

Sugar Tech 8(1) (2006) : 82-84

Influence of Spacing on Growth and Yield of Sugarcane Raised Through in vitro Micropropagation
S. RAGHU1, S. JAYARAM2, S. RAMKUMAR2, P. PRABAKARAN2 and V. VEKATESALU1
Department of Botany, Annamalai Universiy, Annamalai Nagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India 2 Research and Development Centre, E.I.D Parry (India) Limited, Pugalur 639 113, Tamil Nadu, India ABSTRACT
The role of quality seed in improving the productivity of sugarcane both in terms of quality and yield, is well recognized. At Parrys Sugarcane Research and Development Centre, sugarcane micropropagation methods have been standardized and the three-tier seed production system is being followed for the introduction of new varieties and also ruling varieties. Field experiments were conducted at Parrys research farm by planting sugarcane variety Co 86032 raised through micropropagation with different spacing viz., 90 x 60 cm, 90 x 90 cm, 120 x 60 cm and 120 x 90 cm during 2002-03 planting season. Among the four spacings, 90 x 60 cm recorded the highest tiller number of 1.88 lakh/ha, 203.93 cm stalk length, internode length of 12.59 cm and cane yield of 105.90 t/ha. Thus, a spacing of 90 x 60 cm was found suitable for raising tissue culture raised Co 86032 variety. Author for Correspondence : S. Raghu e-mail : raghus@parry.murugappa.com
1

Sugar Tech 8(1) (2006) : 85-87

Plantlet Regeneration Through Leaf Callus Culture in Sugarcane
RAMANAND, N. KUREEL, N. SUBHANAND, M. LAL* and S.B. SINGH
U.P. Council of Sugarcane Research, Shahjahanpur-242 001, Uttar Pradesh, India ABSTRACT
The young meristematic leaf sheath explants of sugarcane genotype S-3807/99 were aseptically inoculated on agar (7.5 g/l) gelled Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 20 g/l sucrose and NAA, IBA and 2,4-D for callus formation. Maximum 67.3% explants showed callus initiation within 10-14 days at 4.0 mg/l 2,4-D. The actively growing calli were transferred on agar solidified MS medium fortified with different concentrations of BAP, Kn and NAA. Shoot regeneration was recorded in 58.3% callus cultures in presence of BAP and Kn (1.0 mg/l each) along with NAA (0.5 mg/l). Maximum shoot multiplication alongwith vigorous shoot growth was observed on medium containing BAP, Kn and GA3 (1.0 mg/l each) along with NAA (0.5 mg/l). Well grown shoots were rooted on strength MS liquid medium containing NAA (5.0 mg/ l) and sucrose (50 g/l). The rooted plantlets were hardened in polythene bags containing soil mixture under green house condition where about 85% survival was recorded. The hardened plantlets (somaclones) were transplanted in the field for evaluation. *Author for Correspondence : M. Lal e-mail : upcsr@sancharnet.in

Sugar Tech 8(1) (2006) : 88-90

Efficacy of CGA 362 and Ametryn with Pre-emergence Herbicides on Weed Control in Sugarcane
A. K. GANA*, A. A. NDARUBU and L. D. BUSARI
National Cereals Research Institute, P. M. B8 Bida, Niger State, Nigeria ABSTRACT
Field trials were conducted at Cereals Research Institute Badeggi, Nigeria to compare the effectiveness of CGA 362+Ametryn at 3.0kg/ha pre-emergence on weed control in sugarcane with the conventional recommended pre-emergence herbicides : Diuron at 4.0kga.i./ha, atrazine 3.0kga.i./ha, including the hoeweeding at 3,6 and 9 WAP and weedy check all laid out in a randomised complete block design. From the results in both years, the application of weed control treatments did not have any significant effect on the % germination count at 21 days after planting (DAP) and crop vigour score but was significant on weed parameters (weed cover score at 3,6 and 9 WAP and weed dry matter production at 8 WAP and sugarcane growth parameters (Stalk length and number of millable stalks/plot) and yield (ton/ha). Among the treatments, weedy check gave the poorest weed control, sugarcane growth parameters and yield. However, the best weed control was recorded in the plots treated with CGA362+Ametryn at 3.0kg a i/ha, and also its effectiveness on weed control resulted in higher sugarcane growth and yield above the recommended conventional pre-emergence herbicides treatment. Author for correspondence : A. K. Gana

Sugar Tech 8(1) (2006) : 91-94

Nitrogen Management in Sugarcane Seed Crop
M. BHARATHA LAKSHMI*, T. CHITKALA DEVI and D.V. N. RAJU
Regional Agricultural Research Station, Anakapalle - 531 001, AP, India Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500 030, AP, India ABSTRACT
A field experiment was conducted for three consecutive years from 1997 98 to 1999-2000 at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Anakapalle to study the effect of nitrogen levels and its time of application on yield and quality of sugarcane seed crop and its impact on performance of succeeding commercial crop. The study indicated that application of nitrogen at 100% recommended dose in two equal splits at 45 and 90 DAP was more advantageous for realizing higher seed cane yield. Extending nitrogen application up to 135 days had favourable influence on seed quality with lower sucrose and higher glucose content in seed cane. The yield and quality of commercial crop raised with recommended nutrients application was not influenced by the seed crop which received different nitrogen levels applied at specified growth stages of the seed crop. *Author for Correspondence : M. Bharatha Lakhmi e-mail : murali_rars@yahoo.com

onal Assoc iat ion nati

fP

s fes ro

IAPSIT
m

ion als in Su g ar

a
nd

e In t
ed Techno grat log

t er In

ard Tow

aS To s we eter rou and Prosp e

Estd. 2004

Sugar Tech
Instructions to Authors for Preparation of Manuscripts
The "Sugar Tech" publishes original research papers, short communications and critical reviews in english on all aspects of sugar crops research and integrated industries. Sugar Tech is published quarterly in four issues per year jointly by the International Association of Professionals in Sugar and Integrated Technologies (IAPSIT) and Society for Sugar Research and Promotion (SSRP), India. All contributions to this Journal are peer reviewed and published free of charge.

MANUSCRIPT ORGANISATION Title

The title should consist of a concise and specific designation of the topic to be discussed. Abbreviations should not be used. Type the title, capitalizing the first main letter of all the main words. This should be followed by the name(s) and addresses of the author(s) flush left. E-mail address of the corresponding author should be given in foot note.

Invited reviews
Authors interested in writing a review article should contact the Editor-in-Chief in advance by submitting a summary of the intended manuscript.The Editor-in-Chief may then send an official letter of invitation with further instructions.

Abstract
The abstract should indicate concisely (normally in less than 250 words) the scope and main conclusions of the paper. Please provide up to six additional key words below the abstract.

Original Papers
Original papers should not exceed 25 double-spaced pages with 2.5 cm margins including tables and figures.

Main text
The main text must be divided onto the following sections : Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results and Discussion, Conclusion (if necessary), Acknowledgements and References. These major headings should be separated from the text by 2 line spaces above and 1 line space below. Each heading should be in capital letters and flush left. Secondary headings should be flush with the left margin and have the first letter of all main words capitalized.

Short Communications
Short Communications should not exceed 10 doublespaced pages with 2.5 cm margins including tables and figures.

SUBMISSION
Authors are requested to submit their manuscripts preferentally electronically. The complete manuscript (text in MS word, figures in excel and photographs saved as JPEG images) should be sent to the Editor-in-Chief on the following e-mail(s). sugartech@rediffmail.com editsugartech@rediffmail.com presidentssrp@yahoo.co.in If authors wish to submit the manuscript as hard copy or original figures and plates are required, they may send on following address : Dr. G.P. Rao, Editor-in-Chief, Sugar Tech, Sugarcane Research Station, Kunraghat, Gorakahpur - 273 008, UP, India.

Introduction
A brief review of the background to be researched with a listing of important references and views based on the most recent literature on the topic(s). This should provide, the current state of work in the relevant field and the reasons for carrying out the experiments, as well as clear statements of the objectives.

Materials and Methods

A concise but complete presentation of the techniques employed to conduct the research, listing reference to previous work that describes the various techniques employed should be discussed.

Statement of Corresponding author

In a seperate letter addressed to the Editor-in-Chief, the corresponding author should state that: All authors have agreed submission in Sugar Tech. The manuscript has not been submitted for publication or is under consideration for publication elsewhere. The writer permission has been obtained by the authors for used material from other copy right sources.

Results and Discussion

This section should focus on the fulfillment of stated objectives as given in the Introduction, Figures and Tables should be used to clarify and amplify obtained results without duplication. Sufficient statistical verification should be provided to identify differences in significance.

References
References should be included within the body of the text as they appear. Insert the author(s) name and year of

orr ow

ie s

publication date in parentheses after the citation, i.e., (Rao, 1999). If the author is the subject of the sentence, then only place the year in parentheses, i.e., Rao (1999). If the reference cited has two authors, use the world and to join them; do not used an ampersand, i.e., (Solomon & Singh, 2003). If the reference cited has more than two authors, use (Rao et aI., 1999) or Rao et al. (1999). The initials and names of all authors must be supplied. The year, article title, journal title, volume number, and page number(s) should follow. If references by the same author(s) within the same year are cited, they are then identified by letters a, b, c, etc. placed after the year of publication. The following are acceptable reference formats:

Monograph in a series
Allen, P.J. (1976). Control of spore germination and infection structure formation in the fungi. In: R. Heitefuss & P.H. Williams (eds.), Physiological Plant Pathology. Springer- Verlag, Berlin, Germany. pp 51-78.

Agency publication
Harway, J.M. and Pentzer, W.T. (1960). Market Diseases of Grapes and Other Small Fruits. Washington, USA: United States Department of Agriculture: USDA publication no. 189. (Agriculture Handbook Series).

Dissertation or thesis
Singh, M. (1999). Studies of the Biology and Taxonomy of Colletotrichum Species. Ph.D Thesis, Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, India. pp.238.

Journal
Standard journal article
Solomon, S. (2002). Post-harvest cane deterioration and its milling consequences. Sugar Tech., 2: 1-18. Singh, I. and Solomon, S. (2003). Post-harvest quality loss of sugarcane genotypes under sub-tropical climate : Deterioration of whole stalk and billets. Sugar Tech, 5: 285-288. Rao, G.P., Tosic, M. and Ford, R.E. (1998). Tween 20 shortens and protocol for purification of sugarcane mosaic and maize dwarf mosaic potyviruses. Sugar Cane, 6: 19 - 22.

Tables and Figures

The tables (numbered and with a heading) and figure legends should be typed on sepearate sheets of paper and should be self-explanatory without reference to text. Units, dimensions, terms, symbols, abbreviation etc., recommended by the Systme International d' Units (SI) should be used. Line drawings may be produced using computer graphics with laser printing, or should be drawn with black India Ink on white paper. As far as possible, different figures should be labelled individually. Figure caption should be typed in single space and should extend across the width of the figure. The quantity measured should be given alongside the ordinate and abscissa followed by appropriate dimensions in SI units in brackets. Locally used units and measures are not acceptable.

No author given
Anonynous (1974). The measurement of potato blight. Transactions of the British Mycological Society, 31: 140 - 144.

Journal supplement
GryuIls, N.E. and Waterford, C.J. (1976). Transmission of the causal agent of chloris striate mosaic disease by insect injection and membrane feeding. Australian Plant Pathological Society Newsletter, 5 (Suppl.) 89.

Photographs
All photographs should be saved as JPEG image with a range of tone and good contrast. If necessary photographs should be supplied as clear black and white prints on glossy paper. Reproduction in colour will have to be approved by the editor. The extra cost fo colour reproduction will be charged to the author(s).

On-line journal
Gibbs, M.J., Ziegler, A., Robinson, D.J., Waterhouse, P.M. and Cooper, J.I. (1996). Carrot mottle mimic virus (CMoMV): a second umbravirus associated with carrot motley dwarf disease recognized by nucleic acid hybridization. Molecular Plant Pathology On-line [http://www.bspp.org.uklmppolJ 1999/ 1111gibbs.

Proof
Galley proofs will be sent to the corresponding author for final correction via e-mail as pdf-file. Alterations other than the correction of printing errors will be charged to the author(s).

Books and other monographs

Personal author(s)
Shrivastava, A.K. (2006). Sugarcane at a Glance. International Book Distribuition Co., Lucknow, India.pp. 291.

Reprints
An electronic reprint (PDF) will be sent to the corresponding author free of charge. However, for print version, a nominal fee will be charged on per page basis. For India Rs 75 and for abroad US$ 5.00 will be charged per page for reprints upto a maximum of 20 reprints.

Chapter in a book
Jones, C.S., Smith, N. and Brown, R.S. (1979). Biology of diseases caused by Botrytis spp. In: N. Smith & R.S. Brown (eds.), Diseases of Vegetables. Blackwell Scientific Publications. Oxford, UK. pp. 40 - 49.