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Microwave Devices
At microwave frequencies, the size of electronic devices required for generation of microwave energy becomes smaller and smaller. This results in lesser power handling capability and increased noise levels. Electronic devices such as tubes and transistors will be required even at microwave frequencies. Conventional devices (tubes or transistors) cannot be used for frequencies greater than 100 MHz because of the following effects : i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi) Inter electrode capacitance effect Lead inductance effect Transit time effect Gain bandwidth limitation Effect due to RF losses Effect due to radiation losses.

A two cavity klystron amplifier is basically a velocity modulated tube. Here a high velocity electron beam is formed, focussed and sent down along a glass tube through an input cavity (buncher) a field free drift space and an output cavity (catcher) to a collector electrode/anode. The anode is kept at a positive potential with respect to cathode. The input and output are taken from the tube via resonant cavities with the aid of coupling loops. Performance Characteristics : 1. Frequency : 250 MHz to 100 GHz 2. 3. 4. Power : 10kW - 500 kW (CW), 30 MW (Pulsed) Power gain : 15 dB 70 dB (60 dB nominal) Bandwidth: 10 - 60 MHz - generally used in fixed frequency applications. 5. Noise figure : 15 -20 dB 6. Theoretical efficiency: 58% (30 - 40%)

Klystrons : A klystron is a vacuum tube that can be used either as a generator or as an amplifier of power at microwave frequencies. a) Two cavity Klystron Amplifier :

Applications : 1. As power output tubes : a) In UHF TV transmitters. b) In troposphere scatter transmitters. c) Satellite communication ground stations. d) Radars transmitters 2. As power oscillators ( 5 - 50 GHz) if used as a klystron oscillator.

www.SolvedQuestionPapers.com d) Reflex klystron : b) Multicavity Klystron : The Reflex Klystron is a single cavity variable frequency Gains of about 10 to 20 dB are typical with two cavity tubes. A higher overall gain can be achieved by connecting several two cavity tubes in cascade, feeding the output of each of the tubes to the input of the succeeding one. With four cavities, power gains of around 50 dB can be easily achieved. The cavities are tuned to the same frequency. c) Two cavity Klystron Oscillator : A klystron amplifier can be converted into an oscillator by feeding back a part of the catcher output into the buncher in proper phase so as to satisfy Barkhausen criterion. Oscillations can be obtained over a somewhat wide range if the resonators are over coupled. A critically coupled klystron oscillator has almost a linear variation in frequency with accelerating voltage making frequency modulation possible. High frequency stability of oscillator is obtained by controlling the temperature of the resonators and also by use of regulated power supplies. It consists of an electron gun, a filament surrounded by cathode and a focussing electrode cathode potential. The electron beam is accelerated towards the anode cavity. After passing the gap in the cavity, electrons travel towards a repeller electrode which is at a high negative potential. The electrons never reach a repeller because of the negative field and returned back towards the gap. Under suitable condition, the electrons give more energy to the gap than they took from the gap on their forward journey and oscillations are sustained. This is widely used in applications where variable frequency is desired as : 1. In radar receivers. 2. Local oscillator in microwave receivers. 3. Signal source in microwave generator of variable frequency. 4. Portable microwave links and 5. Pump oscillator in parametric amplifier. microwave generator of low power and low efficiency.

www.SolvedQuestionPapers.com For oscillations to be sustained, the time taken by the electrons to travel into the repeller space and back to the gap called transit time must have an optimum value and is given by : T=n+ Where n is any integer. This depends on repeller and anode voltages. Performance characteristic of Reflex klystron : 1. Frequency range : 4 to 200 GHz 2. Output power : 1.0 mW to 2.5 W 3. 4. Theoretical : 22.78% Practical : 10% to 20% The signal to be amplified is applied to the end of the helix adjacent to the electron gun. The amplified signal appears at the output or other end of the helix under appropriate conditions. The axial phase velocity VP is given by : VP = Vc ( to guide it through the center of the helix. Helix is a loosely wound thin conducting helical wire, which acts as a slow wave structure.

5. Tuning range : 5 GHz at 2 watts to 30 GHz at 10mW Travelling Wave Tube (TWT) : Klystrons are essentially narrow band devices as they utilize cavity resonators to velocity modulate the electron beam over a narrow gap whereas TWTs are broadband devices in which there are no cavity resonators. The interaction space in a TWT is extended and the electron beam exchanges energy with the RF wave over the full length of the tube. TWT consist of an electron gun which is used to produce a narrow constant velocity elector beam. This electron beam is turn passed through the center of a long axial helix. A magnetic focussing field is provided to prevent the beam from spreading and 3. Efficiency

where r is the radius of the helix and is essentially constant over a range of frequencies. Performance characteristics of TWT : 1. Frequency of operation : 0.5 Ghz to 95 GHz 2. Power outputs : 5mW (10 - 40 GHz) (Low power TWT) 250 kW (CW) at 3 GHz (High power TWT) 10MW (pulsed) at 3 GHz : : 5 to 20% (30% with depressed collector). 4. Noise Figure 4 - 6 dB (Low power TWT 0.5 to 16GHz)

www.SolvedQuestionPapers.com 25 dB (High power TWT at 40 GHz) Performance characteristics of BWO : 1. Frequency range : 1 GHz to 1000 GHz 2. Power output Applications of TWT : 1. Low noise RF amplifier in broadband microwave receivers. 2. Repearer amplifier in wide band communication links and coaxial cables. 3. Due to long tube life TWT is used as power output tube in communication satellites. 4. Continuous wave high power TWTs are used in troposcatter links. 5. Airborne and shipborne pulsed high power radars ECM ground based radars uses a TWT. Magnetrons : Backward Wave Oscillator : Magnetron is a type of cross field tube, in which the electric Backward wave oscillator (BWO) is a microwave continous wave oscillator with excellent tuning capability and frequency coverage range. It can be thought of as a short, thick TWT and works on the principle of TWT. The electron beam from the electron gun cathode is focussed by an axial magnetic field. These travel through the helix. Since BWO does not have an attenuator, there will be oscillations due to reflections from as imperfectly terminated collector end of helix. The reflected wave results in a backward wave. Cavity magnetron in a diode usually of cylindrical Cavity Magnetrons depend upon the interaction of electrons with a rotating electro - magnetic field constant angular velocity. These provide oscillations of very high peak power and hence are very useful in radar applications. and magnetic fields are perpendicular each other. Magnetrons provide microwave oscillations of very high peak power. 1. Signal sources in instruments and transmitters. 2. Broadband noise source (for enemy radar confusion) 3. A noiseless oscillator with good bandwidth in the frequency range 3 - 9 GHz. 3. Tuning range : 10mW to 150mW (CW) 20 W (at high frequencies) 250 kW (pulsed) with duty cycle < 1 sec. : upto about 40 GHz.

Application of BWO :

configuration with a thick cylindrical cathode at the center and a co-

www.SolvedQuestionPapers.com axial cylindrical block of copper as anode. In the anode block are cut a number of holes and slots which act as resonant anode cavities. It is a cross field device as the electric field between anode and cathode is radial whereas the magnetic field produced by a permanent magnet is axial. The permanent magnet is placed such that the magnetic lines are parallel to the vertical cathode and perpendicular to the electric field between cathode and anode. Mode jumping in Magnetrons : Performance characteristics : The resonant mode of magnetron are very close to each other, and there is always a possibility of mode jumping. The weaker modes have frequencies differing very little from the dominant mode and the purity of vibrations may be lost. Hence, mode jumping must be avoided. A magnetron in which no effort is made to separate the dominant mode (mostly the mode) from other mode is said to be unstrapped. Frequency pushing and pulling : It is possible to change the resonant frequency of magnetron by changing the anode voltage. This process is known as frequency pushing is due to the fact that the change in anode voltage results in a change orbital velocity of electrons. Applications of Magnetron : 1. Pulsed radar is the single most important application with large pulse powers. 2. Voltage tunable magnetrons (VTMs) are used in sweep oscillators in telemetry and in missile applications. (200 MHz to X band with CW, powers upto 500W, Efficiency of 70%) 2. Frequency 3. Duty cycle 4. Efficiency : : : 1. Power output : In excess of 250 kW (Pulsed mode) 10 mW (UHF band) 2mW (X band) 8 kW (at 95 GHz) 500 MHz to 12 GHz 0.1 % 40% to 70% Frequency pushing is prevented by using a circulator which does not allow backward flow of electro magnetic energy. Magnetrons is also susceptible to frequency variation due to changes in load impedance. Magnetron frequency variations are more severe for reactive variations. These frequency variations are known as frequency pulling caused by load impedance variations reflected into cavity resonators.

www.SolvedQuestionPapers.com 3. Fixed frequency CW magnetrons are used for industrial heating and microwave ovens. (500 MHz - 2.5 GHz frequency range, 300 W to 10kW power outputs, Efficiency of 50%). 1. Varactor Diodes : Varactor diode is a semiconductor device in which the junction capacitance can be varied as a function of reverse voltage of the diode. Losses in this non linear element will be almost negligible. Therefore, Cj V-2 r (for hyper abrupt junction). It is a semiconductor diode which is reversed biased. The capacitance of the depletion layer varies according to the applied reverse bias. Varacter diodes are made of Gallium Arsenide as GaAs has benefits of higher maximum operating frequency (upto 1000 GHz) and capable of operating at the lowest temperature. The VI characteristics of a typical varactor diode is shown below : 1. Harmonic generation. 2. Microwave frequency multiplication (up conversion) 3. Low noise amplification (Parametric amplifier) 4. Pulse generation and pulse shaping 5. Tuning stage of a radio receiver 6. Active filters 7. Switching circuits and modulation of a microwave signal. Applications of Varacter diode : Vr = Reverse bias voltage = a parameter that decides the type of junction. In general, For, m = 0; abrupt junction. m = 1; linear graded junction. m = - 3/2; hyper abrupt junction. Cj V

where, Cj = Junction capacitance,

We know that,

2. Step Recovery Diode :

www.SolvedQuestionPapers.com Step recovery diode is represented by the symbol : V = Q/C and C = o rA / d Parametric amplifier is a low noise amplifier because no resistance is involved in the amplifying process. There will be no Following points about step recovery diode should be taken into account : Applications of Paramps : i) ii) iii) It is a special form of Varactor diode. Diode works in Forward biased. When it is forward biased snap off energy is stored by this and their capacitors. And in reverse biase it releases this energy. iv) v) vi) Diode uses diffusion constant. Used to generate harmonics. Used as a frequency modulator. Manley and Rowe have derived a set of general equations relating to power flowing into and out of an ideal non - linear 3. Parametric Amplifiers : A parametric amplifier is one that uses a non - linear rectance (capacitance or inductance) or a time vary8ng reactance for its amplification (rather than resistance as in normal amplifier). Parametric devices basically depend on the possibility of increasing the energy of the signal at one frequency by supplying energy at some other frequency. The voltage V and charge Q on the capacitor is given as : Signal generator and pump generator with fs and fp, series resistance and bandpass filters are applied to non linear capacitance C(t). The two frequencies fs and fp generate an infinite number of resonant frequencies given by mfp = nfs. reactance. These relations are powerful tool in predicting whether power gain is possible in a parametric amplifier. Due to the advantage of low noise amplification, parametric amplifiers are extensively used in systems such as long range radar, satellite ground stations, radio telescopes, artificial satellites, microwaves, ground wave communications, radio astronomy etc., Manley Rowe Relations : thermal noise as the active device involved is reactive (capacitive).

www.SolvedQuestionPapers.com The Manley - Rowe relations for any single valued, non linear lossless reactance are given by, If the sum frequency is the sum of the pump frequency and the output frequency, fs = fp + fo. fs Power gain = fp + fs where, m and n are integers varying from 0 to . where, fs = fp and fo = fs - fp Pmn = Average power flowing into the non - linear reactance at frequencies (mfp + nfs). Manley - Rowe can be rewritten as : 4. Pin Diode : The power gain is defined as the ratio of the power delivered by the capacitor at a frequency of fp = fs to that absorbed by the capacitor at a frequency of fs. It is given by : fp + fs Power gain = fs = fs fo (for modulator) i) ii) where, fp + fs = fo and fp + fs > fp > fs The maximum power gain is the ratio of the output frequency to the input frequency and such a parametric device is called the sum frequency par amp or up - convertor. iii) iv) Some important characteristics of a PN diode are : It works as an ordinary diode at frequencies upto 100 MHz Used in switching of microwaves. Above 100 MHz it seizes the operation of rectifier and behaves as a switch or resistance. In reverse bias it acts as a capacitor. PIN diode consists of heavily doped p and n regions separated by an intrinsic (i.e. undoped) region. Intrinsic region offers high resistance to the current through it. This type of parametric device is called the parametric down converter and its power gain is actually a loss. (for demodulator)

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There might be three conditions in PIN diode. 1. Unbiased : When the PIN diode is unbiased there is a diffusion of electron across the junction. Due to different concentration of atoms in the PI and N regions. Depletion layer is produced across PI and IN junctions, with less penetration in the intrinsic region.

Advantage over normal PN junction diode : i) The capacitance between P and N regions decreases because of increased separation between them therefore it can be used of very high frequencies. ii) Even the weak signal can also be process.

Application : 2. Forward Bias : i) With forward bias PIN diode works as a variable resistance and resistance decreases with increase in ward bias. ii) As a.d.c. controlled microwave switch. In attenuator application because its resistance can be controlled by the current. 4. Point Contact Diode : 3. Reverse Bias : In Reverse bias PIN diode works as a fixed capacitor because depletion width becomes constant after some voltage, equivalent circuit in reverse bias is shown below : i) ii) It is called as point contact diode because gold wire is connected only with a point to Silicon. It can have both P and N type material. Important points are : It is a metal semiconductor diode. Figure below shows the construction of a Point contact diode.

www.SolvedQuestionPapers.com iii) iv) v) Material used is Gallium Arsenide (GaAs). It speed is very high. So, it is used at microwave frequencies. Used as a microwave mixer and detector. Greater increase in concentration of impurity will change the complete characteristic of PN junction and give rise to tunnel diode. 6. SHOTTKY BARRIER DIODE: Important points are: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) Applications:1. 2. 3. Due their low cast, simplicity and reliability used as load noise mixers. Balanced mixer in a CW radar. Microwave detectors. Also known as Hot electron diode because electrons flowing from semiconductor to metal have high energy level than the electron and the metal itself. It operates in both forward and reverse bias. It has contact in a plane and not at a point as in point contact diode. This is shown below: It has small resistance. so noise occurs is very less. In it, reverse bias current is equal to zero. v vi Behaves as an amplifier and as an oscillator. In reverse bias. it behaves as a good conductor. v-l characteristic of tunnel diode is shown below; iv For ideal tunnel diode vb or Ip should be very large. iii It has Dynamic negative resistance region. Because when we increase its voltage decreases. ii It has Zero breakdown voltage. (i) Some important characteristics of a tunnel diode are:Doping is very high normally 1000 times of normal diodes. 7. TUNNEL DIODE:

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www.SolvedQuestionPapers.com Important points of characteristic: I ii Between point A and B diode offers negative resistance. For current whose values are between Iv and Ip the curve is triple valued. It means that each current can be obtained at there different points. Therefore it is very useful in pulse and digital circuits. iii iv Shaded region indicate the tunneling currents region. In reverse bias diode acts as an excellent conductor. Applications: Applications: 1. i ii iii iv As ultra high speed switching device. Logic memory storage device. As a microwave oscillator. In relaxation oscillator. Performance Characteristics:1. 2. 3. 4. 1. It conducts better in reverse direction than in forward direction. 9. GUNN DIODE :-M Following points about Gunn Diode are considered: Power: 750 watts Frequency range: upto 100 GHz Tuning range: 1to 4.3 GHz Stability: 1 in 10 (with x band tunnel diode oscillator). 2. 3. 4. As a ultra high speed switching device. Logic memory storage device. As a microwave oscillator. In relaxation oscillator. 4. 3. 2. It is generally used to rectify weak signals whose peak 0.1V to 0.7V. Tunnel rectifier is a special type of tunnel diode in which removed. In Tunnel rectifier, forward current is smaller than reverse current, so it is known as backward diode. negative resistance region is amplitude are between

TUNNEL PECTIFIER: This is just like a zener diode in which doping level is increased to such an extent that its zener effect reverse breakdown occurs near to o V.Some importants points are:

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1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

It is a wide band amplifier. Properties of diode not depend upon junction. properties of this diode depends upon the Bulk of Materials Gunn Diode cannot be used as a diode. Materials used for construction of Gunn Diode is GaAs. Gap Inp, CdTe etc. The v1 characteristics of Gunn diode is shown below : It is possible to make a microwave diode exhibit negative by having a delay between voltage and current in an avalanche together with transit time though the material, Such devices are calkd Avalanche transit time devices. There are there distinct modes of Avalanche oscillators. 10. IMPATTDIODE: Impattdiode points are : AVALANCHE TRANAIT TIME DEVICES:-

6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Due to negative resistance region in Gunn diode. Population inversion occurs. In population inversion electron jumps from completely filled band to the partially filled band. Population inversion starts 2.3kv/m. Population inversion depends upon the length of the crystal. Population inversion also depends upon the gradient of the electric field intensity. Population inversion is observed only in n-type materials. Gunn diode is used as an amplifier and oscillator.

1. It is abbreviated as Impact Avalanche Transit Time diode. 2. It operates in reverse bias. 3. Impact avalanche and transit time results in negative resistance region. 4. Voltage and current have 180 phase difference in which 90 is contributed by avalanche and 90 by transit time. 5. Avalanche is possible at 400.kV/cm. 6. IMPATT diode is a (p-n-n) junction as shown below : 7. Maximum difference between maximum current and maximum voltage is 180 8. It is a narrow band amplifier.

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www.SolvedQuestionPapers.com Applications: 1. In Microwave generators. 2. In modulated output oscillators. 3. In receiver local oscillators. 4. In par amp pumps. 11. TRAPATT Diode :It is abbreviated as Trapped Plasma Avalanche Triggered Transit Device. It is derived from the IMPATT diode and is closely related to it. It is a high efficiency microwave generator capable of operating from several MH2 The basic operation of the oscillator is a semiconductor pn junction diode averse biased operation. It is typically p+ -n n + Si or GaAs structure shown below: to current densities well in excess of those encountered in normal avalanche TRAPATT devices find applications in low power doppler radars or as local oscillators for those of IMPATT diodes. The carrier traversing the drift region of BARITT diodes however are generated by minority carrier injection from forward biased junctions instead to being extracted from the plasma of as avalanche region. Such diode are much less noisy than IMPATTs with noise figures as low as 15 dB. The major disadvantage of BARITT being narrow band width and power output limitations (a few milliwatts). The avalanche zone velocity V2 is given by: V = j qN whee j = Current density q = electron charge 1.6x10/19 Na = doping concentration. And the transit time of the carriers is: L/Vs where, Vs = saturated carrier drift velocity. L = length of the specimen. Since noise figure is greater than 30 dB TRAPATT is also very noisy. TRAPATT pulse is also rich in harmonics. Applications:

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www.SolvedQuestionPapers.com As essential requirement for the BARITT device is there fore that the intermediate drift region is entirely depleted to cause punch through to the emitter base junction without causing available breakdown of the base collector junction. The critical voltage V/c depends on the doping constant N. length of the semiconductor L and the semiconductor dielectric permittivity given by: Vc = qNL2/2es The breakdown voltage V is given by: V = 2Vc = qNL2/es The breakdown electric E is given by: E = V/L = qNL/es The phase velocity and characteristic impedance are given by the following relations. Applications: Vp = BARITTs are primarily used for amplifiers rather than oscillators because of lower efficiencies. 13. PLANER TRANSMISSION LINES: Planer transmission lines are those in which the entire transmission lines components can be fabricated some step by thin film or photolithographic techniques similar to a printed circuit board. Plane transmissions are available in various configurations such as strip lines, micro strip liness, slot lines, coplaner lines etc. Micro strip line is an unsymmetrical stripline that is nothing but a parallel plate transmission line having dielectric substrate. Micro strip line:and Zo = I/VpC Vc = velocity of electromagnetic waves in free space. e1 = relative permittivity of the dielectric medium. Z = characteristic impedance. C = shunt capacitance of a unit length of the line. where. Vp = phase velocity of the wave along the stripline. The width (w) of the strip is normally greater than its thickness (t) as shown n figure below. with two ground planes and the space between ground planes is the dielectric medium. The thickness is normally 1.4 2.8 mils. Strip Lines :Strip lines are essentially modifications of the two wire lines and co-axial lines. It is basically a three conductor TEM mode transmission line consisting of a thin conductor supported on a dielectric sheet with an metallic backing.

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www.SolvedQuestionPapers.com The one face of which of metallized ground and the other (top) face has a thin conducting strip of thickness this is shown in figure below: The top ground plane is not present in a microstrip as compared to a strip line. Sometimes a is used for shielding effect microstrip field lines. There are certain advantages of microstrip lines over stiriplines, coaxial lines and waveguides. An antenna is a system of elevated conductors which 1. 2. Fabrication cost is substantially lower than stripline coaxial or waveguide circuits. Due to planer nature of microstrip structure, both packaged and unpackaged semiconductor chips be conveniently attached to the microstrip element. 3. Open top surface makes it easy to mount passive and active discrete devices and also for making minor adjustments after the circuit has been fabricated. An isotropic radiator is a fictitious radiator and is defined as Disadvantages of microstrip lines :1. Due to openness of the microstrip structure they have higher radiation losses or interference due nearby conductors. a radiator which radiator uniformly in all directions. It is also called as isotropic source or Omnidirectional radiator or simply Unipole. An isotropic radiator is a hypothetical lossless radiator or antenna. with which the practical antennas are compared. Isotropic Radiators:couples or matches the transmitter or receiver to free space. A transmitting antenna connected to a transmitter by a transmission line which forces electromagnetic waves into free space which travels in space with the velocity of light. Similarly, a receiving antenna connected to a radio receiver. receives or intercepts a portion of electromagnetic waves travelling through space. purposes but it is kept much farther away to the ground plane so as not to certain width w and 3. 4. 2. At the interface the air dielectric interface creates discontinuities in the electric and magnetic fiekk Higher attenuation compared to waveguides. Low resonant impedance is inherent in microstrip structures which limit the magnitude of the obtain able Q.

Antennas
Definition:-

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www.SolvedQuestionPapers.com The power radiated by an isotropic radiator is given by: w1 = p where. w = Total power radiated in watts. p = Radial component of average power density pointing vector inw/m r = radius of sphere i meters. Gain (G) = Maximum radiation intensity Radiation Pattern Lobes:Different parts of radiation pattern are referred to as Lobes. The radiation pattern in shown in figure where = maximum radiation from test antenna, and = radiation intensity from a lossless isotropic antenna. Directive Gain:Directive gain (G) is defined as the ratio of the radiation intensity Major Lobe: - It is also called as main beam and is defined as the radiation lobe containing the direction of maximum radiation In some antenna, the number of major lobes will k be more than one. Directive Gain (G) = Radiation Intensity /Average Radiated power Minor Lobe: It is any lobe except major i.e. all the lobes except the major lobes are called minor lobes. Side Lobes: It is a radiation lobe on any direction other than the intended lobe. Normally a side lobe is adjacent to the main lobe and occupies the hemisphere in direction of the main lobe. Power gain : = average radiation intensity in that direction, i.e. = Wr/ 4 . where = radiation intensity in a particular direction. in that direction in that direction to the average radiated power. The directive gain is a function of angles. from test antenna /Radiation intensity from isotropic with same power input Back lobe: Normally refers to a minor lobe that occupies the hemisphere in a direction opposite to that of the major lobe. Gain is defined as the ratio of maximum radiation intensity in a given direction to the maximum radiation intensity from a reference antenna produced in the same direction with same power input.

av

av

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www.SolvedQuestionPapers.com Power gain is defined as the ratio of two powers and the total power input is taken instead of simply radiated power, The numerical value of directive gain may lie between 0 and whereas that of directivity between 1 and and in case of directivity it cannot be less than 1. Both directive gain and directivity are independent of power input to where, WT = Wr + WP Total power = Radiated power + Power loss in ohmic resistance. Directivity (D) : The maximum directive gain is called as directivity of an antenna and is denoted by D. In a particular direction the directivity D is a constant. Directivity is defined by different definitions which are as follows : Directivity of an antenna is defined as the ratio of Maximum radiation intensity to its average radiation intensity i.e. Power radiated Maximum radiation intensity of test antenna Directivity, D = Average radiation intensity of test antenna or, Key points : For a lossless istropic antenna, directive gain and directivity is same. where, Wt = power radiated, Wt = Ohmic losses Antenna Efficiency, = Total input power The efficiency of an antenna is defined as the ratio of power radiated to the total input power supplied antenna and is denoted by . Thus, Antenna Efficiency : the antenna and antenna losses. The numerical value of directivity of current element and half wave dipole is respectively 1.5 (or 1.76 dB) and 1.64 (or 2.15 dB). Directive gain of half wave dipole over current element = (2.15 - 1.76) dB = 0.39 dB.

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If current flowing in the antenna is I, then,

i.e. Power radiated in desired direction FBR = Power radiated in opposite direction

where, Rr = radiation resistance, RI = Ohmic loss resistance of antenna conductor and Rr = Total effective resistance. It is desirable to have a better radiation characteristics from the antenna and for this loss resistances should be as small as possible. The loss resistances may consist of the following in general. Ohmic loss in the antenna conductor Dielectric loss I2R loss in antenna and ground system. Loss in earth connections Leakage loss in insulation Thus antenna efficiency represents the fraction of total energy supplied to the antenna which is converted into Sometimes, radiation pattern is also described in terms of Front to Back ratio : It is defined as the ratio of the power radiated in desired direction to the power radiated in the opposite direction. angular width between first nulls or first side lobes, known as beamwidth between first nulls and is abbreviated as BWFN or beamwidth 10dB down from the pattern maximum. electromagnetic waves. Antenna beamwidth is an angular width in degrees, measured on the radiation pattern between points where the radiated power has fallen to half its maximum value. This is called Half Power Beamwidth (HPBW) because the power at half power point is just half. It is also known as 3-dB beamwidth because at half power point, the power is 3 - dB down of the maximum power value of major lobe. Obviously higher the front to back ratio better it is. Antenna Beamwidth :

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www.SolvedQuestionPapers.com The directivity D is related as : where, B = (HPBW) in horizontal plane x (HPBW) in vertical plane (radian)2 or, B = E x H (radian)2 their respective axes shown in figure. In broadside array, individual antenna are equally spaced along a line and each element is fed with current of equal magnitude, all in the same phase. This arrangement fires in broadside direction (i.e. perpendicular to the line of array axis) where there are maximum radiations and relatively a little radiations in other directions and hence the radiation pattern is bidirectional.

The factors affecting the beamwidth of an antenna are : The shape of radiation pattern. The wave length. Dimensions (eg. radius of aperture etc., specially in case of horn antenna) etc., Broadside array may be defined as, An arrangement in Antenna Arrays : An antenna array is a system, of similar antennas oriented similarly to get greater directivity in a desired direction. It may also be defined as, A radiating system consisting of several equally spaced and properly phased radiators. Following are the various types of antenna arrays used in practice : 1. Broadside Array : Broadside array is one in which a number of identical parallel antennas are set up along a line drawn perpendicular to The end fire array is nothing but a broadside array except that individual elements are fed with a current of equal magnitude and out of phase usually 180. In end fire array, a number of identical antennas are spaced equally along a line and individual elements are fed with currents of equal magnitude but their phases varies progressively along the line in order to make the arrangement substantially unidirectional. 2. End Fire Arrays : which the principal direction radiation is perpendicular to the array axis and also to the plane containing the array element.

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www.SolvedQuestionPapers.com b) Equal amplitude and opposite phase. a) Arrays of two point sources with equal amplitude and phase : Two isotropic point sources symmetrically situated w.r.t. the origin in the cartesian coordinate system shown in figure. It is also defined as. The arrangement in which the principle direction of radiation coincides with the direction of the array axis. 3. Collinear Arrays : The individual elements are fed with equal in phase currents as is the case in the broadside arrays. A collinear array is a broadside radiators, in which the direction of maximum radiation is perpendicular to the line of antenna. It is also sometimes called as broadcast or omnidirectional arrays. In order to draw the field pattern, the direction of maxima, minima and half power points must be known. Maxima direction : Arrays of point source : Minima direction : The two point sources are separated by a distance d and have the same polarisation. The following cases will be dealt with arrays of two isotropic point sources : Half Power point : a) Equal amplitude and phase
min

The equation of normalized field pattern of two isotropic point sources of same amplitude and phase is given as :

max

= 90 and 270

= 90 and 180

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www.SolvedQuestionPapers.com At half power point power is or voltage current is 1 / 2 times the maximum value of voltage or current. = 60 and 120.
HPPD

= 60 - 120.

HPPD

c) Arrays of two point sources with equal amplitude and opposite phase : It is similar to above, except that point source I is opposite phase (180) to source 2. i.e. if there is maximum at point 2 then there is minimum at point I and vice versa. The equation of normalized field pattern of two isotropic point sources of same amplitude and opposite phase is given as : Maxima direction : Let,
max

Multiplication of pattern : It can be stated as, The total field pattern of an array of nonisotropic but similar sources is the multiplication of the individual source patterns and the pattern of an array of isotropic point sources each located at the phase center of individual source and having the relative amplitude and phase, whereas the total phase pattern, is the addition of the phase pattern of the individual sources and that of the array of isotropic point sources. E = Total field Et( , ) = Field pattern of individual source. Ea( , ) = Field pattern of array of isotropic point sources. Ept( , ) = Phase pattern of individual source. Epa( , ) = Phase pattern of array of isotropic point sources. Then total field pattern of an array of non-isotropic but similar sources is given by :

= 0 and 180

Minima direction : = 90 and - 90

min

Half Power point : At half power point power is 12 or voltage current is 1 / 2 times the maximum value of voltage or current.

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www.SolvedQuestionPapers.com E = [Et( , ) x Ea( , )] x [Ept( , ) + Epa( , )] And normalized field is :

Linear Array with n Isotropic point sources of equal amplitude and spacing :

Case I : Broadside array : An array is said to be broadside, if phase angle is such that

An array is said to be linear, if the individual elements of the array are spaced equally along a line and uniform, if the same are fed with currents of equal amplitude and having an uniform progressive phase along the line.

it makes maximum radiation perpendicular to the line of array i.e. 90 and 270. Now, = d cos + 0 = dcos + = - d =

or

Now, calculate the pattern of a linear array of isotropic point sources in which point sources are spaced equally by d and are fed with phase current of equal amplitude shown in figure above. The total far field pattern at a distant point P is obtained by adding vectorially the fields of individual sources, i.e.

-2 d / Direction of pattern maxima :

Directions of pattern minima :

Beamwidth of Major lobes : Resolving above equation, the total far field pattern is obtained as :

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www.SolvedQuestionPapers.com Emax = cos Tapering of Arrays : The technique used in reduction of side lobes are called as Tapering. Two types of tapering techniques are used. These are : a) Binomial arrays b) Tchebycheff polynomial b) Tchebyshev Arrays : a) Binomial arrays : Antenna arrays of non-uniform amplitudes are designed In this the amplitudes of the radiating sources are arranged according to the co - efficients of successive terms of the following binomial series : Advantages : where n = number of radiating source in the array. The secondary lobes can be eliminated entirely, if the following two conditions are satisfied. i) Spacing between the two consecutive radiating sources does not exceed /2 ii) The current amplitudes in radiating sources (from outer, towards center source) are proportional to the coefficients of the successive terms of the binomial series. High Frequency Antennas : iii) i) ii) It provides minimum beamwidth for a specified degree side iobe reduction. Tapering if not extreme i.e. ratio of current between center element and end element is small which provides easy feeding design. It results in side lobes that are all of the same amplitudes unlike uniform distribution, in which side lobes near adjacent to the main lobe is largest and other progressively decreases as angle decreases from main lobe. using Tchebyshev array method. Dolph Chebyshev arrays produces narrowest beamwidth for given side lobe level and vice versa. Disadvantages of Binomial array : i) ii) HPBW increases and hence the directivity decreased. For design of large array larger amplitude ratio of sources is required.

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High frequency antennas are those antennas which are operating between frequency range of 3MHz to 30 MHz. Rhombic Antenna : The rhombic antenna is based on the travelling wave radiator. By application of return conductors two wires are pulled apart at one point so that diamond or rhombic shape is formed as shown if figure.

where, = Angle and elevation w.r.t. ground. = Half apex angle or tilt angle. h = height of rhombic above ground L = Length of each leg = Wavelength. and,

Advantages : i) Rhombic antenna is horizontally installed over the ground at a height h. In the design of rhombic antenna three independent parameters are considered : iv) i) ii) iii) The tilt angle ( ) The leg length (L) The height above the ground (h) The relative field intensity E in the vertical plane is given by the formula : Disadvantages : i) It requires larger space of its installation. v) iii) ii) The input impedance and radiation pattern do not change rapidly over a considerable frequency range. It is a highly directional broadband antennas with greatest radiated power along the main axis or longer diagonal. It is very efficient and widely employed antenna for radio communication. Simple and cheap to erect. Short wave antennas of this kind require only a low height.

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www.SolvedQuestionPapers.com ii) A single rhombic antenna produces fairly large number of minor lobes of radiation which reduces the transmission efficiency. Turnstile is actually a set of two half wave resonant antennas placed at right angles to each other in the same phase and fed with RF from source 90 degree out of phase with each Loop Antenna : To obtain a radiation pattern in the horizontal plane which is circular and horizontally polarized, we make use of the loop antenna. It is a coil carrying RF current, having several turns according to the frequency. The field distribution of the loop remote from ground is proportional to cos where is the angle made by the point with the plane of loop. Folded Dipole Antenna : No energy is radiated in a direction perpendicular to the loop, because radiation in this direction from any action of the loop is always cancelled by radiation from corresponding section of the diametrically opposite side of the loop, carrying current in the opposite direction. To obtain good antenna efficiency, loop parameters should be of the order of a wavelength. Loop antennas operate best for short waves. If the radii of two conditions are equal, then equal currents flow in both the conductors, in the same direction i.e. currents are equal in magnitude and phase in the two dipoles. Since the total power developed in folded dipole is equal to that developed in the In this two half wave dipoles, one continous and the other split at the center have been folded and joined together in parallel at the ends. The split dipole is fed at the center by a balanced transmission line. The two dipoles, therefore have the same voltages at their ends. This is useful where we want uniform radiation in all directions as in TV broadcast in VHF - UHF band. other. Total radiation in any direction from the system is the square root of the sum of the squares of the radiations from the individual antenna in that direction. We obtain thereby an almost circular pattern in the plane of the turnstile. Turnstile Antenna :

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www.SolvedQuestionPapers.com conventional dipole, therefore, the input or terminal impedance of folded dipole is greater than that of the conventional dipole. It can be proved that the input impedance at the terminals of a folded dipole antenna is equal to the square of number of conductors comprising the antenna times the impedance at the terminals of a conventional dipole. Applications ; i) In wide band operations such as Television. Input impedance when radii are different, Z = 73 (r + r2 /r1)2

Advantage : i) ii) iii) High input impedance Wide band in frequency Acts as built in reactance compensation network.

Yagi - Uda Antenna : Yagi - uda antennas are the most high gain antennas. It consists of a driven element, a reflector and one or more directors Equation of Input impedance ; Input impedance when radii are equal Z = n x 73 where, n is the number of half wave dipoles.
2

i.e. Yagi uda antenna is an array of a driven element (or active element where the power from the transmitter is fed) and one or more parasitic elements (i.e. passive elements which are not connected directly to the transmission line but electrically coupled). The driven element is a resonant half wave usually of metallic rod at the frequency of operation. The parasitic elements of continous

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www.SolvedQuestionPapers.com metallic rods are arranged parallel to the driven element and at the same line of sight level. Helical Antenna : It is the simplest antenna to provide circularly polarized waves and used in extraterrestrial communication in which satellite relays etc are involved. It is a broadband VHF and UHF antenna. It consist of a helix of thick copper wire or tubing wound in the shape General characteristics : 1. If three elements array (i.e. one reflector, one driven and one director) is used, then such type of Yagi - uda antenna is generally referred to as beam antenna. 2. It has unidirectional beam of moderate directivity with light weight, low cost and simplicity in feed system design. 3. With spacing of 0.1 to 0.15 , a frequency bandwidth of the order of 2% is obtained. 4. It provides gain of the order of 8 dB or front to back ratio of about 20 dB. 5. It is also known as super directive or super gain antenna (as sometimes called) due to its high gain and beamwidth per unit area of the area. 6. If greater directivity is desired, further elements may be used. Normally 5 or six elements are used with ease. An array of upto 40 can be constructed. 7. It is essentially a fixed frequency device i.e. frequency sensitive and a bandwidth of about 3% is obtainable. This much bandwidth is sufficient for television reception. Uses : The spacing S, turn length L and pitch angle are related as : L = S2 + ( D)2 = tan-1 (S/ D) C = Circumference of helix ( D) = Pitch angle = tan -1 (S/ D) d = Diameter of helix conductor A = Axial length = NS N = Number of turns L = Length of one turn I = Spacing of helix from ground plane. of a screw thread. The parameters on which the mode of radiation depends are the diameter of helix D and turn spacing S (center to center). The dimensions of the helix are as :

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www.SolvedQuestionPapers.com 1. Single or an array of helical antenna is used to transmit or receive the VHF signal through ionosphere. Its main applications are in space communication, telemetry link with ballistic missiles, satellites etc., 2. The wide bandwidth, simplicity, highest directivity and circular polarisation of the helical beam an tenna have made it indispensible for space communication applications. 3. Because of circular polarisation, helical antenna is capable of receiving signals of arbitrary polarisation. Horn Antenna : This is an open ended waveguide in which the open end is flared so that it looks like a horn as shown in figure below : where, = permissible phase angle variation Sectorial horn can be produced if flaring is done in one direction. If flaring is done in the direction of electric field vector then it is termed as sectoral E - plane antenna. If the flaring is in the direction of magnetic and vector then a sectoral H - plane horn is produced. It may be noted that flaring has the effect of increased directivity, improved efficiency and reduced VSWR. Due to diffraction around the edges, directivity and hence the gain of the antenna is reduced.

A = Aperture L = Axial length Horn being an open ended waveguide system under no load condition, there will be maximum reflection and hence high VSWR. Thus it is not an efficient radiation device. If the flare angle is small, the horn becomes shallow and radiates spherical waves rather than plane waves. Directivity is reduced. and, L = h2 / 8 The formula for approximate beamwidth of horn antenna are given by : = Half flare angle

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www.SolvedQuestionPapers.com and Case 1 : Let a perfectly absorbing screen be placed in plane

are half power beamwidths in E and H directions.

S1, then in plane S2, there is a region of shadow. Let the field where, A = h, = area of horn mouth (aperture) Directivity of horn antenna is given by : Case II : Let the first screen SI be replaced by its complementary screen and the field behind it be given by : F2 = fx (xyz) Power gain of horn antenna is given by : Case III : Let there is no screen present, then the field is given by : F3 = f3 (xyz) Babinets principle states that at the same point (xyz) F3(xyz) = F1(xyz) + F2(xyz) F3 = F1 + F2 If the field in the above three cases are E1, E2 and E3 respectively, Babinets principle : Babinets principle states that, When the field behind a screen with an opening is added to the field of a complementary structure, the sum is equal to the field when there is no screen. Let us consider an example to understand the Babinets principle : ZsZc =
2

behind this screen be a function of f1(x y z) i.e. F1 = f1(xyz)

The horn antennas are extensively used at microwave frequencies where moderate power gains are efficient. For large power gains the horn dimensions becomes large so that lens or parabolic reflectors would be preferred.

Then according to Babintes principle, E1 + E2 = E3 or E1 / E3 + E2 / E3 = 1

Using Bookers extension, if a screen and its complement are immersed in a medium with an intrinsic impedance and have a terminal impedances of Zs (screen) and Zc (complementary) respectively, then impedances are related as : /4

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www.SolvedQuestionPapers.com Slot Antenna : Slot antenna makes use of the fact that energy is radiated when a high frequency field exist across a narrow slot in a conduction plane. According to Bookers theory, ZsZc = 2 / 4 The only differences in the slot antenna and its complementary antenna are : A parabolic reflector produces a parallel beam of circular 1. Polarisation are different i.e. electric fields associated with the slot antenna are identical with the magnetic field of the complementary wire antenna. 2. Radiation from the back side of the conducting plane has the opposite polarity from that of the complementary antenna, because of the way in which the fields are directed. Log periodic Antennas : The antenna for which the impedance and pattern (and hence the directivity) remains constant as function of the frequency. General Characteristics : Assuming the circular aperture is large, the beamwidth between first null is given by : cross - section, because the mouth of the parabolid is circular. The radiation pattern of parabolic reflector has a very sharp major lobe accompanied by a number of minor lobes which are of smaller in size. A parabolic reflector is shown below : 1. Log periodic antenna or array is excited from the shorter lenth side or high frequency side for one active region log periodic antenna and the center for two active region log periodic antenna. They are fed by balanced two wire transmission line. 2. For unidirectional log periodic antenna the structure fires in backward direction (towards shorter element) and forward radiation is very small or zero (towards right) 3. For bidirectional LP antenna the maximum radiation is in broadside direction i.e. normal to the surface of antenna. Parabolic reflector :

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www.SolvedQuestionPapers.com where = free space wavelength, D = diameter of aperture in m. The beamwidth between first nulls for a large uniformly illuminated rectangular aperture is given by : where L = length of aperture. Also width between half power points for a large circular aperture is given by : Further the directivity of a large uniformly illuminated aperture is : D = diameter of the aperture. The power gain of circular aperture paraboloid w.r.t. half wave dipole is given by : Key points : The gain of antenna is independent of its wavelength. Front to back ratio is desired to be as high as possible, for better performance of an antenna. The range of directivity is 1 D Field pattern of broadside array is bi-directional. In broadside array, the direction of maximum radiation is parallel to the array axis. Field pattern of endfire array is uni-directional. In endfire array, the direction of maximum radiation is perpendicular to the array axis. In collinear array, the direction of maximum radiation is perpendicular to the array axis. When we use binomial array HPBW increases and hence directivity decreases. A parabolic reflector produces a parallel beam of circular cross section. And for a circular aperture, Helical antenna provides circularly polarised waves. Yagi Uda antennas are the most high gain antennas. Parabolic antennas are highly directional. A loop antenna is commonly used for direction finding. The polarisation of electromagnetic wave is in the direction of electric field. The gain of parabolic antenna increases with increase in antenna diameter.

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The frequency range for satellite communication is 3GHz to 30GHz. For low frequencies (below 500kHz), the transmission antenna is vertical grounded type. A vertical earthed antenna is resonant when its physical height is equal to /4. In log periodic antennas, input impedance varies periodically with the logarithm of frequency. Side lobes of an antenna causes reduction in gain of an antenna. Cassegrain feed is used with a parabolic reflector in order to allow the feed to be placed at convenient point. Antenna arrays are used to obtain the desired radiation pattern. The current distribution of half wave dipole is sinusoidal. At very high frequencies earth acts as a dielectric. Antenna is synonymous to a transformer. Yagi antenna is used mainly for Television reception. Top loading in an antenna will increase the antenna radiation efficiency. Wave velocity in antenna is less than that of free space. Therefore the effective height of antenna is greater that that of physical height.

In case of grounded antenna the effective size of the actual antenna is just double. Resonant antennas are bidirectional due to incident and reflected waves. Non - resonant antennas are unidirectional and are called as travelling wave antennas. Rhombic antenna is based on travelling wave radiator. Rhombic antenna is non-resonant antenna. The electron density N increases as we move up in the atmosphere. The temperature decreases as we move up in the atmosphere at the rate of 6.5 C per km. Refractive index decreases as we move up in the atmosphere. Maximum usable frequency is dependent on the electron density of ionospheric layer. The polarisation for ground wave propagation is always vertical because horizontal component of electric field is absorbed or short circuited by he earths surface.

Ground waves are used for medium wave broadcasting. Virtual height is always greater than actual height. MUF of a layer is greater than critical frequency by a factor of sec i. Optimum working frequency (OWF) is always 85% of the Maximum Usable frequency (MUF). Diplexer : It is a two way microwave gate that permits received carrier signals from the antenna and transmitted carrier signals

Antenna used in RADAR is parabolic dishes. Helical antenna gives circular polarisation. A unipole is also known as unidirectional radiator.

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www.SolvedQuestionPapers.com of the antenna to be independently coupled into and out of the antenna cabling. Apogee : Highest point attained by the satellite while moving round the earth in elliptical orbit. Perigee : It is the lowest point of the satellite on its path round the earth. Magneto ionic splitting : The phenomena of splitting of wave into two components : i.e. ordinary waves and extraordinary waves by the earths magnetic field. The two waves have elliptical polarisation and rotates in opposite direction. 6. A step recovery diode is best suited for : a) low order frequency multiplication b) high order frequency multiplication c) frequency addition d) None Microwave Devices 1. An amplifier uses step recovery diode for low level noise performance in the : a) S- band b) C - band c) X - band d) L - band 7. Diode which uses a high doping level to provide a narrow junction : a) Gunn diode c) IMPATT diode b) Tunnel diode d) None 5. Material in which transferred electron bulk effect is observed is: a) Germanium c) Gallium Arsenide b) Silicon d) Metal semiconductor junctions 4. For very low power oscillators, the diode suited is : a) Gunn b) Avalanche c) Tunnel d) IMPATT c) backward diode d) PIN diode

Objective Questions

2. Negative resistance region is not found in : a) Tunnel diode c) Impatt diode b) Gunn diode d) Backward diode

8. Diode in which negative resistance occurs due to the transfer of electrons to a less mobile energy level is : a) Gunn diode c) IMPATT b) Tunnel diode d) None

3. Diode which is used for microwave power switching, limiting and modulation is : a) crystal diode b) schottky barrier diode

9. Gunn diodes are made of gallium arsenide because it : a) has a suitable empty energy band

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www.SolvedQuestionPapers.com b) has a lower noise c) has a higher ion mobility d) is capable of handling power densities 10. Snap off varactor is another name of : a) PIN diode c) Avalanche diode b) Step recovery diode d) Schottky barrier diode 16. Highest pulsed power output is obtained by : a) Varactor b) Gunn c) RIMPATT d) Schottky barrier 15. The diode which has high efficiency than IMPATT is : a) TRAPATT diode c) Gunn diode b) Tunnel diode d) None

11. One of the following is called hot electron diode : a) Schottky barrier diode c) PIN diode b) Varactor diode d) None

17. For operating at the highest frequencies a microwave transistor does not require : a) high collector voltage c) thin base b) high collector current d) large emitter area

12. The noise performance of parametric amplifier is improved by: a) cooling c) heating b) using low value of resistance d) None 18. The idler frequency of a non degenerate parametric amplifier having an input frequency of ft and pump frequency of fp is a) fp - ft 13. Cooling is done in a ruby maser amplifier : a) as it generates a lot of heat b) to increase bandwidth c) it cannot work at room temperature d) to improve noise performance 14. Advantage of BJT over FET at high frequencies is that : a) BJT are less noisy b) BJT lend themselves more readily to integration c) BJT are capable of high gains d) None 20. A circulator is sometimes used with a parametric amplifier to : a) prevent noise feedback b) separate the signal and idler frequencies 19. For providing a greater bandwidth in parametric amplifiers one can use : travelling wave parametric amplifier degenerate amplifiers Non-degenerate amplifiers None b) ft c) 2ft d) ft - fp

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www.SolvedQuestionPapers.com c) permit more efficient pumping d) None 21. A high ratio of pump to signal frequency is a must in non degenerate one port parametric amplifier because this : a) yields a low noise figure b) reduced the pump power c) permits high frequency operation d) permits low frequency operation 22. An axial magnetic field and a radial electric field is used in : a) coaxial magnetron b) Reflex klystron c) CFA - cross field amplifier d) Travelling wave magnetron 23. Which one of the following cannot be used as a pulsed device: a) CFA b) BWO c) TWT d) None 26. The TWT ....... than multicavity klystron : a) has a greater bandwidth b) is more efficient c) has a higher number of modes d) produces a higher output power 27. Strapping is used in magnetron to : a) prevent mode jumping b) ensure bunching c) improve the phase focussing effect d) prevent cathode back heating 28. Helix is used in a travelling wave tube to : a) ensure broadband operation b) reduce the noise figure 24. Vaccum tubes fail at microwave frequencies because : a) noise figure increases b) transit time becomes too short c) shunt capacitive reactances become too large d) series inductive reactances become too small 25. In microwave tubes the transit time will increase if : a) the electrodes are brought closer together 29. In the TWT the attenuator is used to : a) prevent saturation c) prevent oscillation b) increase gain d) help bunching c) reduce the axial velocity of the RF field d) None b) a higher anode current is used c) multiple or coaxial leads are used d) None

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www.SolvedQuestionPapers.com 30. Electronically adjustable oscillating frequency over wide range is possible in : a) coaxial magnetron c) VTM b) dither - tuned magnetron d) None 34. The semiconductor diode which can be used in switching 31. In a TWT glass tube aquadag is used to : a) help focussing c) improve bunching b) provide attenuation d) increase gain circuits at microwave range is : a) PIN diode c) Tunnel diode b) Varactor diode d) Gunn diode d) 3 A 3 4 B 1 1 C 4 2 D 2

32. Which is not a TWT slow wave structure : a) coupled cavity c) ring bars b) helix d) periodic permanent magnet

35. In a TWT, the phase velocity of the axial component of the RF field on the slow wave structure is kept : a) equal to the velocity of the electrons b) slightly less than the velocity of electrons c) slightly more than the velocity of electrons d) equal to the velocity of light in free space 36. The amplification in parametric amplifier used in microwave communication system is limited by : a) type of biasing c) pump energy b) a maximum limit of 10 d) frequency of operation

33. Match lise - I (Microwave devices) with List - 2 (application) and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists : List - 1 A. Reflex klystron B. TWT C. 2-cavity klystron D. MASER Codes : a) b) c) A 1 A 4 A B 2 B 3 B C 3 C 2 C D 4 D 1 D List - 2 1. Wide band amplification 2. Very low level amplification 3. Low Powe FM wave generation 4. Frequency multiplication

37. Schottky diodes are used in wave sharing circuits because : a) they have a small recovery time b) they have a large reverse resistance c) they have a large forward current d) their peak inverse voltage is small

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www.SolvedQuestionPapers.com 43. A TRAPATT diode is preferred to an IMPATT diode because 38. The modes in a reflex klystron : a) give the same frequency but different transit time b) result from excessive transit time across the resonator gap c) are caused by spurious frequency modulation d) are just for theoretical considerations 39. To overcome difficulties with strapping high frequencies the type of cavity structure desired for magnetron is : a) hole and slot c) rising sun b) slot d) vane of : a) its higher efficiency b) its lower noise c) laser sensitivity of harmonics d) its larger bandwidth 44. Gallium arsenide is preferred to silicon for use in Gunn diode because it has : a) lower noise at high frequencies b) high ion mobility c) suitable empty energy band which silicon does not have 40. TWT is at times preferred to magnetron for used in RADAR transmitter because it : a) is more efficient amplifier c) is less noisy b) has broader band d) is capable of larger duty cycle 45. Gallium antimonide is prefered to germanium for use in tunnel diode since it permits : a) lower noise 41. Backward wave oscillator is based on : a) cross field amplifier c) travelling wave tube b) coaxial magnetron d) rising sun magnetron b) larger voltage swing c) better frequency stability d) simpler fabrication process 46. Which one of the following can be used for amplification of microwave energy : a) Travelling wave tube c) Reflex klystron b) Manetron d) Gunn diode d) better frequency stability

42. The most serious drawback of IMPATT diode is its : a) low efficiency b) higher noise c) low power handling capacity d) inability to provide pulsed operation

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www.SolvedQuestionPapers.com 47. A microstrip line of alumina substrate with r = 9 has a zero thickness strip of width. w = 3mm. Substrate thickness h = 0.5mm. Assuming TEM wave propagation and negligible fringing field, the characteristic impedance of the line will be approximately : a) 10 ohm b) 21 ohm c) 26 ohm d) 50 ohm 3. For a frequency of 30 MHz the wavelength will be : a) 10m b) 1m c) 0.1m d) 0.01m 2. 30 to 300 MHz frequency is catagorized as : a) MF b) VHF c) UHF d) SHF

48. In a Gunn oscillator where the diode is operated in a tunable resonant circuit most of the sample length of the Gunn device is maintained in the negative conductance stae during most of the RF cycle for : a) delayed domain mode c) LSA mode b) quenched domain mode d) hybrid mode

4. The range of audio frequency is : a) 20kHz to 15 MHz c) 20 Hz to 15MHz b) 20 kHz to 150 MHz d) 20 Hz to 15 kHz

5. The unit of electric field intensity E is : a) Volts/metre c) Coulombs/metre b) Ampere/metre d) Henry/metre

49. For using as a local oscillator for frequency measurements, the most suitable microwave source would be : a) TWT c) reflex klystron b) Double cavity klystron d) magnetron 7. For a very high frequencies earth acts as a : 50. An IMPATT diode has a drift length of 4 m. The drift velocity of Si is 105m/s. The operating frequency of the IMPATT diode is: a) 25GHz Antenna 9. An antenna is synonymous to a : 1. Which of the following will have least wavelength a) VHF b) EHF c) HF d) UHF a) generator b) transformer C) regulator d) reflector b) 20GHz c) 12.5 GHz d) 125 MHz 8. A wavelength of 15mm could be expected in : a) VHF b) HF c) EHF d) SHF a) conductor b) dielectric c) resistor d) None of these 6. The current distribution on a half wave dipole is : a) uniform b) sinusoidal c) triangular d) complex

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www.SolvedQuestionPapers.com 10. Free space is the : a) region outside the antenna region b) region within the antenna region c) region around the antenna tower d) None of these 11. Magnesium is alloyed with conducting materials for antenna primarily with the purpose of a) increasing efficiency b) improving radiative power c) reducing weight d) increasing density d) c) b)

12. The material having directional properties are known as : a) homogenous c) anisotropic b) isotropic d) oriental 15. The gain of an antenna : a) varies inversely as wavelength 13. A short vertical grounded antenna is required to radiate at 1 MHz. The effective height of the antenna is 30m. The calculated value of radiation resistance is : a) 1.58 b) 158 c) 15.8 d) None of these 16. The near field of an antenna varies as : 14. If a vertical dipole antenna is used in conjunction with a loop antenna for direction finding, then the field pattern obtained will be : a) a) 1/r2 b) 1/r c) r d) 1/r4 b) varies inversely as square of wavelength c) is independent of wavelength d) varies directly as wavelength

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www.SolvedQuestionPapers.com 17. Yagi antenna is used for : a) television c) medium wave broadcasting b) radar d) None of these 21. An antenna is considered to be in free space when the height above the ground is : a) > b) >2 c) > /2 d) > 5

18. A broad side array is shown in the figure below, in which the elements are placed at equal distances. The direction of maximum radiation is represented by :

22. If short circuited and open circuited impedances are 5 ohms and 20 ohms, then characteristic impedance is : a) 1 ohm b) 10 ohms c) 25 ohms d) 100 ohms

23. The director in a Yagi antenna : a) is longer than the radiating element b) is shorter than the radiating antenna a) AA b) BB c) CC d) DD c) can be longer or shorter than the radiating element d) does not exist. 19. Which of the following will increase the antenna radiation efficiency? a) Use of larger section of conductor b) providing insulation on conductor c) top loading of antenna d) any of the above 20. The effective height of an antenna is slightly greater than physical height be cause : a) wave velocity in antenna is less than its velocity in free space. b) wave velocity in antenna is more than that of free space. c) resistance of antenna is less than that of free space. d) None of the above. a) the phase of current in antenna B lags behind that of antenna A by /2 radians. 25. For two identical antennas A and B spaced /4 apart as shown in the figure, it is possible to have null radiation along the array axis on the right side of B by having an excitation arrangement such that : 24. An antenna receives twice as much signal power from the front as from the back. What is the front to back ratio in dB : a) 2 dB b) 4 dB c) 6 dB d) 3 dB

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www.SolvedQuestionPapers.com b) currents in the antenna are in phase c) the phase of current in antenna A lags behind that of antenna B by /2 radians d) current in the antennas are out of phase by radians 26. If a current element of a very small length and carrying a current Ioejust radiates a total average power Pr into free space, then Pr will be proportional to : a) Io b) I2o c) I3o d) I 1-2 o 31. Antenna used in radar is : a) dipoles c) parabolic dishes 27. A dipole antenna of /8 length has an equivalent total loss resistance of 1.5 . The efficiency of the antenna is : a) 0.89159% b) 8.9159% c) 89.159% d) 891.59% 32. Television receiver antenna is usually : a) rhombic antenna c) parabolic dishes 28. Which of the following is the radiation pattern of Rhombic antenna ; 33. Induction and radiation fields are equal at a distance equal to : a) 6/ b) 6 c) /6 d) 6/
2

30. A short dipole and a half-wave dipole have radiation resistance of 0.4 and 72 respectively. If the former requires 10A rms current for certain total output power radiated, what would be the current required (approx) by the latter for the same output? a) 0.25 A b) 0.50 A c) 0.75 A d) 1.0 A

b) yagi antenna d) None of these

b) yagi antenna d) turnstile antenna

34. Which of the following antennas gives circular polarization : a) yagi - uda a) A b) B c) C d) D c) dipole b) parabolic d) helical

29. Which of the following is the radiation pattern of Yagi - uda antenna :

35. The gain of a parabolic reflector antenna is given by : a) 6(D/ )2 b) 6( /D)2 c) 70 /D d) 140 /D

36. If l1, l2, l3, l4 ............ are length of different elements of a log a) A b) B c) C d) D periodic antenna, then which of the following is true.

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www.SolvedQuestionPapers.com a) b) c) d) 39. A plane electromagnetic wave travels in dielectric medium of relative permittivity 9 relatie to free space, the velocity of propagation in the dielectric is : a) increased by a factor of 9 b) increased by a factor of 3 c) unchanged d) reduced by a factor of 1/3 40. A unipole is also known as : a) omnidirectional radiator b) unidirectional radiator 37. Which of the following statement is false? a) A grounded /4 antenna is one half the length of a /2 dipole. horizontal plane. c) A grounded vertical antenna transmits ground waves and sky waves. d) A counter poise must be a good insulator. 38. Which of the following can make the antenna electrically longer? a) Series capacitor b) capacitive top loading c) vertical polarisation d) Circular polarsation 42. The numerical value of directivity of current element and half wave dipole is respectively 1.75 dB and 2.15 dB. The directive gain of half wave dipole over current element will be : a) 3.96 dB b) 1.22 dB c) 0.4 dB d) 0.81 dB b) A vertical antenna transmits in all directions, in a circle in a 41. Radiation intensity does not depend upon : a) the antenna direction b) distance from the radiator c) both (a) and (b) above d) None of the above c) line radiator d) None of the above

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www.SolvedQuestionPapers.com 43. In case of antenna, the ratio of the power radiated in the desired direction to the power radiated in the opposite direction is known as : a) transmission efficiency b) front to back ratio c) loss coefficient d) None of the above 44. In case of antenna decreasing Q : a) increases bandwidth b) decreases bandwidth c) independent of bandwidth d) None of the above 49. The total field produced by an antenna array ststem at a great 45. The directional pattern of loop antennas : a) depends on shape of antenna loc b) is independent of shape of the loop c) depends on number of turns of loop d) None of the above 46. The ratio of radiation intensity in a particular direction to average radiated power is called : a) directive gain b) power gain c) directivity d) DIRP 50. The statements at the left are to be matched with the statements at the right : 1. Rhombic antenna 2. folded dipole 3. SWR of 1 a) flat line b) 292 radiation resistance c) non resonant distance from it is : a) sum of the field produced by the individual antennas of the array system b) directional gain of antenna c) linear antenna gain d) vector sum of the field produced by the individual antennas of the array system. 48. For large cross - sectional antennas like horn, parabolic reflector etc., if Ap is the physical aperture and Ae the effective aperture than : a) Ae < Ap c) Ae = Ap b) Ae > Ap d) Any of the above 47. EIRP is defined as : a) Input power X Max gain b) Input power/Max. gain c) Input power + Max gain d) Max gain/input power

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www.SolvedQuestionPapers.com 4. HF band d) 3 to 30 MHz a) 1 b) 2 c) 4 d) None

which of the following represents the matching pairs : a) 1 (a) 2 (d) 3 (c) 4 (d) b) 1 (d) 2 (c) 3 (b) 4 9a) c) 1 (c) 2 (b) 3 (a) 4 (d) d) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (a) 4 (d) 57. A loop antenna is a commonly used for : 51. The radiation pattern of Hertzian dipole in the plane perpendicular to dipole is a : a) null c) figure of eight b) circular d) none of the above 58. The beamwidth between nulls of 140 cm parabolic reflector used at 6 GHz is : 52. An isotropic antenna is radiating a power of 1 watt. At a distance of 1 metre, the power per unit area will be : a) 1 watt/m
2

56. Microwave antenna aperture efficiency depends on : a) feed pattern c) surface losses b) antenna aperture d) low side lobe level

a) radar c) satellite communication

b) direction finding d) all of the above

a) 2.5 degrees c) 10 degrees

b) 5 degrees d) 7.5 degrees

b) 4 watt /m

c) watt/m2 53. The parabola antenna is : a) omnidirectional c) a figure of eight

d) 2 watt/m2

59. Five isotropic element placed along the x - axis are fed by inphase currents of equal amplitudes. The spacing between successive elements is /4. Consider the following statements about the directivity pattern of the array : 1. The array will have a maximum in the direction of Y - axis 2. The field strength in the X - axis direction will be zero 3. The directivity pattern will have minor lobes. Of the statements given above : a) 1, 2 & 3 are correct b) 1 and 2 are correct c) 2 and 3 are correct d) 1 and 3 are correct

b) non resonant d) highly directional

54. The intrinsic impendance of free space : a) increases with increase of frequency b) decreases with increase of frequency c) does not depend on frequency d) behaves randomly 55. How many parasitic elements are used in a driven array?

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60. A parabolic dish has a diameter of 10m. The maximum possible (ideal) gain of the antenna at = 314 cm will be : a) 18 dB b) 40 dB c) 50 dB d) 60 dB

65. The polarization of electromagnetic wave is in : a) the direction of electric field b) the direction of magnetic field c) the direction of electric and magnetic fields d) None of the above 66. The frequency range for satellite communication is : a) 3 to 30 kHz b) 300 to 3000 kHz c) 3000 to 30.000 MHz d) 30.000 to 300.000 MHz

61. The electric field strength produced by an antenna varies : a) directly as the square root of the radiated power b) directly as the radiated power c) directly as the square of the radiated power d) inversely as the square root of the radiated power

62. The horn antenna is typically used at : a) 100 kHz c) 1000 MHz b) 100 MHz d) 100 Hz 67. The transmission antennas for lower frequencies (below 500 kHz) are generally : a) vertical grounded wire type 63. The service range of a TV transmitter is largely determined by: a) height of the antenna b) gain of the antenna c) frequency of the transmitter d) Any of the above 64. The gain of a parabolic antenna increases with : a) increase in antenna diameter b) reduction in antenna diameter c) decrease in frequency d) None of the above 69. In a vertical earthed antenna the base input impedance will be capacitive for a height : a) less than /4 b) between /4 and /2 68. A vertical earthed antenna is resonant when its physical height is equal to : a) b) /2 c) /4 d) /8 b) horizontal suspended wire type c) parabolic reflector type d) any of the above

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www.SolvedQuestionPapers.com c) between /4 and 3 /2

d) more than 3 /2 75. A thin dipole antenna is /15 long. Its radiation resistance will be : a) 3.5 b) 0.35 c) 35 d) 7

70. Capacitance hats are installed on low frequency antenna to : a) increase the effective length b) reduce the effective length c) protect against lightening d) protect against corona effects 71. An antenna is : a) inductive b) capacitive c) resistive above its resonant frequency d) None of the above 72. The parabolic and lens antennas are used extensively at : a) SW c) microwaves b) Medium wave d) None

76. The directivity of small current element of length /20 s : a) 0.05 b) 20 c) 1.5 d) 1

77. An isotropic antenna is radiating 1 kW. The field at a distance of 1 km from it will be : a) 173m V/m b) 242m V/m c) 122m V/m d) 1m V/m

78. A transmitting antenna having an effective height of 61m takes a current of 50 Amp (rms) at a wavelength of 625 metres. The radiation resistance of the antenna is : a) 15 b) 7.5 c) 30 d) 3.75

73. The bandwidth of an antenna is : a) directly proportional to Q b) inversely proportional to Q c) directly proportional to Q
2

79. In the above question, the power radiated will be : a) 37.5 kW b) 18.75 kW c) 75 kW d) 9.3 kW

d) directly proportional to I/Q2 74. The maximum effective aperture of a microwave antenna which has a directivity of 800 will be : a) 63.69
2

80. An antenna of input resistance 73 ohm is connected to a 50 ohm line. If losses are ignored, then its efficiency will be nearly : a) 0.19 b) 0.81 c) 0.97 d) 1.19

b) 633.9

c) 6.369

d) 0.639

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www.SolvedQuestionPapers.com 81. Consider the following statements about log - periodic antennas : a) They operate over a wide frequency range b) Input impedance varies periodically with the logarithm of frequency. c) Logarithm of input impedance varies periodically with frequency. d) For single frequency operation only a portion of the antenna radiates. Of these statements : a) 1,2 and 4 are correct b) 3 and 4 are correct c) 1 and 4 are correct d) 1 alone is correct. 82. Match List - I with List - II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists : List - I A. End fire array B. Half wave dipole C. Broadside array D. Hertzian List - II 1. inefficient radiation 2. in -phase excitation 3. quadrature excitation 4. broadcast antenna 85. Large antenna is used in radar because : a) it gives higher gain b) it gives less side lobes c) increase the beamwidth d) None of the above Codes : A a) 3 B 2 C 4 D 1 86. Antenna commonly used for microwave links are a) Yagi - uda antenna b) log periodic antenna 84. Side lobe of an antenna causes : a) Reduction in gain of antenna b) reduces beam width of antenna c) ambiguity in direction finding d) All of the above 83. Helical antenna are often used for satellite tracking at VHF because of : a) super refraction b) troposcatter c) ionospheric refraction d) the Faraday effect b) c) d) 3 1 1 4 4 2 2 2 4 1 3 3

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www.SolvedQuestionPapers.com c) paraboloidal dishes d) rhombic antenna 87. A hertzian dipole has a radiation pattern with : a) a null in the direction of the dipole b) a null in the plane perpendicular to the dipole c) a peak in the direction of the dipole d) none of the above 92. To produce given radiation attern, a Marconi antenna need be: a) double the size of the hertz antenna b) half the size of the Hertz antenna 88. A rhombic antenna is a : a) resonant antenna b) omnidirectional antenna c) non - resonant antenna d) None of the above 89. Cassegrain feed is used with a parabolic reflecter to : a) increase the gain of the system b) increase the beamwidth of the system c) reduce the size of the main reflector d) allow the feed to be placed at a convenient point 90. Multiple wire conductors are used for Rhombic antenna to ; a) increase strength b) reduce capacitance c) reduce characteristic impedance d) All of the above 94. An antenna has an effective height of 50m and the current at the base is 450 Amp (rms) at 40 kHz. The power radiated is : a) 14 kW b) 28 kW c) 42 kW d) 56 kW 95. At what distance from a 100 Hz circuit is the radiation field approximately equal to the induction field : a) 477 km b) 954 km c) 18000 km d) 238 km 93. Antenna arrays are used : a) to obtain a desired radiation pattern b) to obtain an increased radiation efficiency c) to increase the effective length of the antenna d) to reduce the side lobes. c) of some size as he Hertz antenna d) four times the size of the Hertz antenna 91. A helical antenna is used for satellite tracing because of its : a) Circular polarisation b) manevarability c) broad bandwidth d) good front to back ratio

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www.SolvedQuestionPapers.com 96. A linear broadside array consists of four equal isotropic in phase point source with /3 spacing (overall length of the array -= ). The half power beamwidth is : a) 51 b) 115 c) 25.6 d) 102 101. The required phase difference between the feeds of successive elements in an end fire array : a) is zero b) is 180 degrees c) depends upon the distance between the elements 97. A thin dipole antenna /15 long has a beam solid angle given by : a) 8 32
r r

d) depends upon the number of elements 102. Increase in the number of radiators in a large - sized broadside array with fixed inter-element spacing leads to : a) increased side lobes b) widening of the main lobes c) narrowing of the main lobes d) None of the above 103. A linear end - fire array of isotropic elements has : a) maximum radiation along the c) of the array b) maximum radiation normal to line of the array maximum radiation in a direction which depends on the length of the array d) is isotropic 104.The actual gain if a parabolic antenna diameter D = 10 can be approximated by G = 2 (D/ )2 what is the effective aperture area of the antenna? a) 100m2 b) 75 m2 c) 50m2 d) 25m2

b) 16

c) 24

d)

98. The beamwidth between first nulls of a 2m paraboloid reflector operating at 6 GHz is : a) 1.9 b) 3.8 c) 5.7 d) 7.6

99. Cassegrain feed : a) eliminates aperture blocking b) increases the gain of the paraboloid reflector c) reduces the long runs of transmission line to primary feed d) reduces the power in the side lobes. 100. The problem of aperture blocking in a cassegrain feed can be eliminated by using : a) offset reflector b) trans - reflector c) rear feed d) dipole feed

105. One of the following is a of non - resonant antenna

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www.SolvedQuestionPapers.com a) the rhombic antenna b) the folded dipole c) the end fire - array d) the broadside array 106. One of the following is very useful as multiband HF receiving antenna. This is the : a) conical horn b) folded dipole c) log - periodic d) square loop 107. Which of the following antennas is best excited from a waveguide ? a) biconical b) horn c) helical d) discone 111. In end fire array the principle direction of radiation : a) is perpendicular to the array axis b) is perpendicular to the array axis and also to the plane containing the array elements c) same as the direction of the array axis d) is at 45 to the direction of array axis 112. In binomial arrays the elimination of secondary lobes takes place : a) at the cost of directivity b) at the cost of gain c) at the cost of beamwidth d) All of the above 113.In a broadside array of 20 isotropic radiators, equally spaced at a distance of /2, the beamwidth between first nulls is : a) 51.3 degrees c) 22.9 degrees b) 11.46 degrees d) 102.6 degrees 110. Top loading is sometimes used with an antenna in order to increase its : a) effective height b) bandwidth c) beamwidth d) input capacitance d) half wave dipole

108. Which one of the following term is in-correct for Yagi - Uda array? a) good bandwidth b) parasitic elements c) folded dipole d) high gain 109. The standard reference antenna for the directive gain is the : a) infinitesimal dipole b) isotropic antenna c) elementary doublet

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www.SolvedQuestionPapers.com a) a useful direction - finding antenna 114. In a broadside array maximum radiation occurs : a) at 90 to the line of the array b) used as a radar receiving antenna c) circularly polarized like other circular antennas d) useful as a UHF receiving antenna 119. One of the following is not an omnidirectional antenna : a) half wave dipole b) log - periodic c) discone 115. Radiation resistance of a Hertzian dipole of length dl is : a) 80 (dl/ )2 ohms 120. Microwave antenna aperture efficiency depends on : a) feed pattern b) antenna aperture c) surface losses d) low side lobe level 121. The direction of radiation in the collinear array shown below will be : d) marconi

b) at 45 to the line of the array c) along the line of the array d) at 60 to line of the array

b) 80 (dl / ) ohms c) 80 ( dl/ ) ohms

d) 80 ( dl / )2 ohms 116.In a turnstile antenna, the crossed dipoles are excited with voltage such that the phase shift between the voltage is : a) zero b) 45 c) 90 d) 180

117. A helical antenna is used for satellite tracking because of its : a) circular polarisation b) maneuverability c) broad bandwidth d) good front to back ratio 118. The discone antenna is : a) AA upon : a) the wavelenth of incoming signal b) the angle of loop orientation b) BB c) CC d) DD

122. The differential loop signal voltage in aloop antenna depends

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www.SolvedQuestionPapers.com c) the loop area d) all of these 123. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists : A. Cassegrain antenna B. Yagi antenna C. Parabolic reflector D. Loop antenna Codes : A a) b) c) d) 1 3 2 3 B 4 1 4 2 C 2 4 3 4 D 3 2 1 1 C. Hoghorn antenna 124. Polarisation of radio waves is determined by : a) the directivity of the antenna b) the direction of the magnetic flux lines with respect to the surface of earth c) the direction of electric flux lines with respect to the surface of the earth d) the efficiency of the antenna. a) b) c) d) Codes : A 1 4 2 1 B 2 3 1 2 C 3 2 4 4 D 4 1 3 3 D. Parabolic dish with horn feed. 1. Large bandwidth 2. Direction finding 3. Radar antenna 4. Directional transmission 126. Which of the following is the correct angular aperture for a paraboloidal reflector antenna for which the aperture number is 0.25? a) 45 b) 90 c) 120 d) 180 125.An antenna is to cover the VHF freq., range from 54 to 216 MHz. If the radiated is required to be 25W for an input current of 0.5 A the effective length of antenna will be a) 0.988 m b) 0.629 m c) 0.4943m d)n 0.5 m

127. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists : List I (types of antenna) A. Helical antenna B. Horn antenna List II (Features) 1. circular polarization 2. simplicity and compactness 3. low noise 4. high directivity

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www.SolvedQuestionPapers.com 128. T.V. broadcasting in India is done in : a) VHF bands c) microwave bands b) UHF bands d) HF bands b) cannot have their beamwidths equal because they are dissimilar antennas c) may not necessarily have their maximum power gains equal d) must have their effective aperture areas (capture areas) also 129. A radio station works at 800 kHz and uses AM. If this is a public broadcast system, it should transmit using : a) parabolic reflector to transmit all round b) turnstile antenna for the required band c) half - wave long horizontal wire d) a vertical antenna less than quarter for practical reasons. 130. In order to receive a vertically polarized wave, the conductor of the dipole should be mounted : a) horizontally c) at an angle of 45 b) vertically d) None of these 134. Match List I (Microwave band) with List II (frequency used in satellite communication) and select the correct answer using 131. The absorption of electromagnetic waves by the atmosphere depends on : a) the frequency in use b) the polarization of waves c) distance from the transmitter d) all of the above 132. Two dissimilar antennas having their maximum directivites equal : a) must have their beamwidths also equal a) b) Codes : A 4 2 B 2 1 C 1 3 codes given below the correct answer using codes given below the list : List I A. C - band B. Ku - band C. Ka - band List II 1. 12GHz to 14 GHz 2. 24 GHz to 26 GHz 3. 20 GHz to 30 GHz 4. 4GHz to 6 GHz 133. While determining antenna height for terrestial microwaves links, the effect of refraction from the atmosphere is taken care of by considering the effective curvature of the earth to be : a) 2/3 times the radius of earth b) times the radius of earth c) 4/3 times the radius of earth d) 3/2 times the radius of earth equal.

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www.SolvedQuestionPapers.com c) d) 4 3 1 4 3 2 139. The wave radiated by a helical antenna is : a) linearly polarized 135. A 1 km long microwave link uses two antennas each having 30dB gain. If the power transmitted by one antenna is 1W at 3HGz, a) 98.6 /W the power received by the other antenna is approximately : b) 76.8 W c) 63.4 W d) 55.2 W 140. The half power beamwidths (HPBW) of an antenna in the two orthogonal planes are 100 and 60 respectively. The directivity of the antenna is approximately equal to : 136. The advantage of microwave over lower frequency signals is : a) increased bandwidth b) ability to use high gain c) increased secrecy d) all of the above 137. When the peak power is 100.000 watts and the average power is 800 watts then the duty cycle is a) 0.008 percent c) 0.8 percent b) 0.08 percent d) 8 percent a) 2 dB b) 5 dB c) 8 dB d) 12 dB b) right circularly polarized c) left circularly polarized d) elliptically polarized

138. For frequencies upto 1650 kHz, the transmitting antenna used is a : a) parabolic dish b) vertical antenna c) yagi antenna d) turnstile antenna

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