Case Outlines (ADI)

ADI 2008 – Case Outlines
Frap: McLoon/Robisch
Plan: The United States Federal Government should substantially reduce

its agricultural support, at least eliminating nearly all of the
domestic subsidies, for cotton
Advantage I: Brazil – 2 Scenarios

Scenario 1– Trade Wars
First, the collapse of Doha ensures Brazil will seek retaliatory sanctions against the U.S. – without Doha
they feel they have no choice but to demand the remedy the WTO granted
Reuters 7/30 ["Brazil to harden line on U.S. farm aid post Doha"
http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/feedarticle/7689752
Second, If Brazil seeks sanctions the US will retaliate – this could escalate to a larger trade war
BBC 05 [10/07, "US-Brazil Rift on Cotton Deepens" http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/business/4317846.stm]
The US has said it may retaliate against Brazil if it imposes sanctions in a cotton trade dispute.
US Deputy Secretary of State Robert Zoellick said the US could remove trade preferences which are worth more
than $2bn (£1.1bn).
And, Trade war escalates into global nuclear war.

Miller & Elwood 98 [Vincent & James. Founder and Vice-President of the International Society for Individual
Liberty, "Free Trade or Protectionism? The Case Against Trade Restrictions,"
http://www.isil.org/resources/lit/fr...ectionism.html]
Scenario 2 – Food Security

The failure of Doha to end US cotton subsidies signals the beginning of a Brazilian economic downturn and
collapse of the their agricultural sector
Khaleej Times 7-30-08
http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle.asp?xfile=/data/business/2008/July/business_July1191.xml&section=bu
siness
Foods security outweighs all other impacts – it makes every impact inevitable
Trudell, J.D. Candidate 2006, 05 (Robert H., Fall, Food Security Emergencies And The Power Of Eminent Domain:
A Domestic Legal Tool To Treat A Global Problem, 33 Syracuse J. Int'l L. & Com. 277, Lexis)
World Food Summit in Rome said, "Together with terrorism, hunger is one of the greatest problems the
Advantage 2 - WTO Credibility

First, Full implementation of the WTO Dispute Settlement Boards recommendations over cotton is critical to
credibility of the multilateral trading system
Ministry of External Relations 10-15-07 Brazil-US dispute over cotton subsidies.
http://www.brazil.org.uk/newsandmedia/pressreleases_files/20071015.html
Advantage 3 -Doha
First, cotton subsidies are the main reason Doha broke down-repealing subsidies would jumpstart Doha
The Times July 29 2008 (“WTO talks near deadlock over levels of US subsidies”, Lexis Nexis)
And, success in Doha is key to an international climate change and nuclear arms control agreement-the
timeframe for both is by the end of the year
Reuters July 30 2008 (Robin Pomeroy, Staff Writer for Reuters, “Trade Failure Clouds Climate Talks and Beyond”,
http://africa.reuters.com/wire/news/usnL0002832.html)
Unless a global climate change mitigation strategy is implemented in the next 10 years, climate change will
lead to extinction by 2050-we control the most probable timeframe
Joseph Romm June 30, 2008 (“Anti-Science Conservatives Must Be Stopped”,
www.salon.com/news/feature/2008/06/30/climate_act/)
Proliferation causes massive nuclear wars

1
Utgoff in ’02 (Victor, Deputy Director for Strategy, Forces and Resources at the Institute for Defense Analyses,
Survival, “Proliferation, Missile Defense and American Ambitions”, Volume 44, Number 2, Summer, p. 87-90)
SOLVENCY
Brazil is seeking authorization to retaliate using trade sanctions against the US – the only way to prevent
this is if the U.S. FULLY COMPLIES with the WTO rulings
NEW YORK TIMES, 08 [AP. “Brazil to Seek Sanctions Over U.S. Cotton Subsidies”
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/04/business/worldbusiness/04cotton.html?partner=rssnyt&emc=rss]
US is key to cotton subsidies – it’s the only player that matters.

Sumner 06 [Daniel, Consultant to Brazil in their WTO case against US cotton subsidies, Endowed Professor at UC
Davis, Director of UC Agricultural Issues Center. “Reducing Cotton Subsidies: The DDA Cotton Intiative” in
Agricultural Trade Reform and the Doha Development Agenda by Kym Anderson and Will Martin, Pg. 272]
The plan must be unconditional - countries view US subsidies as illegal and won’t bargain
BBC 7/30 [ “China says 'US factor,' other issues hinder Doha round in Geneva” Lexis]
As a matter of fact, there is a US shadow on all the many contentious issues at present. Take cotton, a focal
.
Ending cotton subsidies is a critical first step – litmus test for trade success
Pfeifer, Alpert, and Kripke 2004 [Kimberly, Gawain, and Emily, policy analysts for Oxfam and Senior Policy Advisor
on international trade issues with Oxfam America and policy analyst for Oxfam America, “Finding the Moral Fiber”,
Oxfam Briefing Paper 69, October, p.
http://www.oxfamamerica.org/newsandpublications/publications/briefing_papers/cotton_brief101804/cotton_brief101
804.pdf]
Your generic subsidies links are not unique - The US has already ended Step 2 program and export credit
guarantees –
THOMISEE, NO DATE
[JANE. WORLD VIEW MAGAZINE, AFFILIATED WITH THE NATIONAL PEACE CORPS ASSOCIATION. “THE
COTTON DEBATE: A GLOBAL INDUSTRY ARGUES OVER GOVERNMENT SUBSIDIES.”
http://www.worldviewmagazine.com/issues/article.cfm?id=163&issue=39]
Unilateral and unconditional concessions by the US are key to getting other industrialized nations on board
- China won’t even begin to discuss the matter until the US dramatically cuts cotton subsidies
AFP 2008 [“US cotton subsidies tangle up trade talks’, July 28, p.
http://www.terradaily.com/reports/US_cotton_subsidies_tangle_up_trade_talks_999.html]
The politics and welfare of the first world constantly take priority over indigenous farmers in other nations–
western hypocrisy is grounded in an underlying assumption that they are inherently more valuable than the
people of other countries. The understanding that the “developed” should be protected at the expense of
“other” farmers is the root of unequal economic policies – only the plan is a shift in our political and
economic calculations
Stiglitz 2006 [Joseph, professor of economics at Columbia University and recipient of the Nobel Prize in economics,
“Social Justice and Global Trade”, Far East Economic Review, March, p.
http://www.globalpolicy.org/socecon/trade/2006/0306stiglitzjustice.pdf]
2
FRAPPIER :Sterling/Carr-Lee
Same as 1AC in original cotton aff EXCEPT for the following changes:
- No food security Adv
- Another Poverty impact card:
Poverty is the root of their DA impacts -- we solve disease spread, terrorism, environmental destruction, failed states
and conflicts
RICE, senior fellow at brookings, 06 (Susan "the threat of global poverty," The National Interest,
www.brookings.edu/articles/2006/spring_globaleconomics_rice.aspx)
- Few other cards in solvency:
The refusal to acknowledge the US's role in hurting African farmers is reflective of racism that continues to infiltrate
US politics - we continually refuse to act based off political concerns - that's bad
Loewenberg 2007 [Samuel, staff writer for Politico, "Africans join lobby for lower farm subsidies", Politico, November
15, p. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1107/6906.html
- More "Cotton subs were cut already" cards that are in the "U slayer extension" from the Frapp's cotton aff
will be added
- unilateral cuts are good***

Ikensen, 2007 (Daniel, Associate Director of the Cato Institute, "Is Trade Liberalization a Product of Domestic or
International Processes? Lessons from Doha", Presentation at the Tasman Transparency Group's Conference on
Domestic Transparency at the Lowy Institute, The Cato Institute, July 4, http://www.freetrade.org/node/708)
3
Frappier: Jordan-Atkins
Plan: The United States Federal Government should substantially reduce its agricultural support, at least
eliminating nearly all of the domestic subsidies, for cotton
Advantage I: Brazil Trade Wars

First, the collapse of Doha ensures Brazil will seek retaliatory sanctions against the U.S. – without Doha
they feel they have no choice but to demand the remedy the WTO granted
BBC 05 [10/07, "US-Brazil Rift on Cotton Deepens" http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/business/4317846.stm]
Miller & Elwood 98 [Vincent & James. Founder and Vice-President of the International Society for Individual
Liberty, "Free Trade or Protectionism? The Case Against Trade Restrictions,"

The impact to nuclear war

Copley News Service 12/1/99 “Commentary”
Advantage 3 – Poverty
US cotton subsidies depress global prices and force millions into abject poverty
Karen Halverson Cross, Professor of Law John Marshall Law School, 1-3-06 King Cotton, Developing Countries
and the ‘Peace Clause’: The WTO’s US Cotton Subsidies Decision. Journal of International Economic Law 2006.
http://jiel.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/9/1/14
Cotton subsidies lock in a cycle of poverty and exacerbate debt problems

The Globe and Mail, 08 [“U.S. cotton subsidies rip apart fabric of Malian life; African farmers struggle to cope as
Americans flood the market with crops produced with billions of dollars in government help” Feb. 13. Lexis]
Poverty is equivalent to an ongoing, systemic nuclear war against the poor – it is responsible for a cycle of
violence that kills hundreds of millions of people
Abu-Jamal 1998 [Mumia, award-winning Pennsylvania journalist, A quite and deadly violence.
http://www.flashpoints.net/mQuietDeadlyViolence.html]
SOLVENCY
The politics and welfare of the first world constantly take priority over indigenous farmers in other nations–
western hypocrisy is grounded in an underlying assumption that they are inherently more valuable than the
people of other countries. The understanding that the “developed” should be protected at the expense of
“other” farmers is the root of unequal economic policies – only the plan is a shift in our political and
economic calculations
“Social Justice and Global Trade”, Far East Economic Review, March, p.
Brazil is seeking authorization to retaliate using trade sanctions against the US – the only way to prevent
this is if the U.S. FULLY COMPLIES with the WTO rulings
NEW YORK TIMES, 08 [AP. “Brazil to Seek Sanctions Over U.S. Cotton Subsidies”
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/04/business/worldbusiness/04cotton.html?partner=rssnyt&emc=rss]
4
US is key to cotton subsidies – it’s the only player that matters.

Davis, Director of UC Agricultural Issues Center. “Reducing Cotton Subsidies: The DDA Cotton Intiative” in
The plan must be unconditional - countries view US subsidies as illegal and won’t bargain
BBC 7/30 [ “China says 'US factor,' other issues hinder Doha round in Geneva” Lexis]
on international trade issues with Oxfam America and policy analyst for Oxfam America, “Finding the Moral Fiber”,
804.pdf]
guarantees –
THOMISEE, NO DATE
[JANE. WORLD VIEW MAGAZINE, AFFILIATED WITH THE NATIONAL PEACE CORPS ASSOCIATION. “THE
COTTON DEBATE: A GLOBAL INDUSTRY ARGUES OVER GOVERNMENT SUBSIDIES.”
Unilateral and unconditional concessions by the US are key to getting other industrialized nations on board
- China won’t even begin to discuss the matter until the US dramatically cuts cotton subsidies
AFP 2008 [“US cotton subsidies tangle up trade talks’, July 28, p.
5
FRAP: Rekow/Brimhall
Plan: The United States Federal Government should substantially reduce

its agricultural support, at least eliminating nearly all of the
domestic subsidies, for cotton.
Advantage I: Brazil – 2 Scenarios

Scenario 1– Trade Wars
First, the collapse of Doha ensures Brazil will seek retaliatory sanctions against the U.S. – without Doha they feel
they have no choice but to demand the remedy the WTO granted
BBC 05 [10/07, "US-Brazil Rifton Cotton Deepens" http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/business/4317846.stm]

Miller & Elwood 98 [Vincent & James. Founder and Vice-President of the International Society for Individual Liberty,
"Free Trade or Protectionism? The Case Against Trade Restrictions,"
Scenario 2 – Terrorism
US-Brazil relations key to undermine the possible threat of Venezuelan terrorism

RICE AND AMORIM, 08 [Condoleezza. Secretary of State and Minister of Defense in Brazil. "Remarks with
Brazilian Foreign Minister Celso Amorim" http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2008/03/102228.htm]
Brazil is key to winning the war on terrorism.

Gato & Windrem 07 [Pablo & Robert, writers for Telemundo and MSNBC.com, "Hezbollah builds a Western base"
5/09]
Failure to stop terrorism Leads to Extinction

Alexander 2003
(Yonah, Washington Times, August 28, LN)
The impact is nuclear war

Copley News Service 12/1/99 "Commentary"
Advantage 3 – Poverty
US cotton subsidies depress global prices and force millions into abject poverty
Karen Halverson Cross, Professor of Law John Marshall Law School, 1-3-06 King Cotton, Developing Countries
and the 'Peace Clause': The WTO's US Cotton Subsidies Decision. Journal of International Economic Law 2006.
http://jiel.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/9/1/14
Cotton subsidies lock in a cycles of poverty and exacerbate debt problems

The Globe and Mail, 08 ["U.S. cotton subsidies rip apart fabric of Malian life; African farmers struggle to cope as
Americans flood the market with crops produced with billions of dollars in government help" Feb. 13. Lexis]
6
Poverty is equivalent to an ongoing, systemic nuclear war against the poor – it is responsible for a cycle of violence
that kills hundreds of millions of people
Abu-Jamal 1998 [Mumia, award-winning Pennsylvania journalist, A quite and deadly violence.
http://www.flashpoints.net/mQuietDeadlyViolence.html]
The plan saves a million children a year and pulls millions more people out of poverty
Rizvi 2007 [Haidir, "US Cotton Subsidies Cost W. Africa Millions: Report", June 26, p.
http://www.commondreams.org/archive/2007/06/26/2116/]
SOLVENCY
The politics and welfare of the first world constantly take priority over indigenous farmers in other nations– western
hypocrisy is grounded in an underlying assumption that they are inherently more valuable than the people of other
countries. The understanding that the "developed" should be protected at the expense of "other" farmers is the root
of unequal economic policies – only the plan is a shift in our political and economic calculations
"Social Justice and Global Trade", Far East Economic Review, March, p.
US is key to cotton subsidies – it's the only player that matters.

Davis, Director of UC Agricultural Issues Center. "Reducing Cotton Subsidies: The DDA Cotton Intiative" in
The plan must be unconditional - countries view US subsidies as illegal and won't bargain
BBC 7/30 [ "China says 'US factor,' other issues hinder Doha round in Geneva" Lexis]
on international trade issues with Oxfam America and policy analyst for Oxfam America, "Finding the Moral Fiber",
804.pdf]
guarantees –
THOMISEE, NO DATE
[JANE. WORLD VIEW MAGAZINE, AFFILIATED WITH THE NATIONAL PEACE CORPS ASSOCIATION. "THE
COTTON DEBATE: A GLOBAL INDUSTRY ARGUES OVER GOVERNMENT SUBSIDIES."
Unilateral and unconditional concessions by the US are key to getting other industrialized nations on board - China
won't even begin to discuss the matter until the US dramatically cuts cotton subsidies
AFP 08 ["US cotton subsidies tangle up trade talks', July 28,
7
Frap: Harold/Katzman
Same as 1AC in the Cotton Aff File. Will add a food security impact.
8
Holbrook Eisenberg/Snydor
NCHR 90 (The National Coalition for Haitian Refugees, ) “Harvesting oppression : forced Haitian labor in the
Dominican sugar industry.” New York : Americas Watch : : Caribbean Rights, 1990.
"They put the Haitians in prison. There were lots of guards. The placed smelled of piss. We slept on the cement,
with no mats. There were about 140 of us. There was a bucket for doing what you had to do, but it filled pretty fast
and they never emptied it. “We were there for two nights. They gave us a little to eat. “Before we got on the bus, a
man came, a civilian. Some of the guards called him doctor. He lined us up and gave us shots.The children had to
have shots even though their mothers tried to refuse and all the children were crying. The doctor gave us all the
shot with the same needle. Then they gave us a card. And put us on the bus.
The story you just heard was that of Joachim Saintil. While gruesome, his story is just one of many perspectives of
life in the Dominican Republic, specifically on the sugar plantations. In this country, Haitians are either lured or
kidnapped to work on these plantations, starving and working in slave labor, denied any citizenship or sovereignty.
Haitians lack an identity in this country, for they are a queer population, marginalized in the name of economics.
This next story is that of Barbara Bernier, a woman who was an outsider but explored the bateye as a way to
question her own site of privilege:
Bernier 3. [“GLOBAL HUMAN RIGHTS: Panel Remarks: Sugar Cane Slavery: Bateyes in the Dominican Republic”
Barbara L. Bernier Associate Professor of Law, Roger Williams University School of Law. 9 New Eng. J. Int'l &
Comp. L. 17. 2003. LN]
Like Martine, many of the women … forced into the bateye.
The New York Times explains in 03…

The government does not pay …producers at a disadvantage.
Thirty-five-year-old Frankel Lubin from the Jacmel Hills says:

"So we were in our shorts, our underpants, for five whole days. In the rain, in the sun, cutting cane. The leaves of
the cane are very sharp, and they whip you when you cut thee, and if your back is naked or your chest or your legs,
they rip right into you. For those five days, everyone came back bleeding from the field, and then you had to sleep
naked or in those same shorts, because there was nothing else to wear, and then you had to wear them the next
day.
And this dehumanization of the queer identity inherent in the sugar plantations in the Dominican Republic
is the ultimate impact…we must take a stance to reject it.
Mbembe 3. [“Necropolitics.” Achille Mbembe is a senior researcher at the University of the Witwatersrand. Public
Culture 15.1 (2003) 11-40. Muse.]
Any historical account of the rise….war without end."

As Solange Pierre says,
Martinez 07 (Samuel, Assistant Professor of Anthropology @ University of Connecticut), Decency and excess :
global aspirations and material deprivation on a Caribbean sugar plantation Boulder, CO : Paradigm, 2007.
We are a four-times-exploited group … kick you out of the batey.”

The recruitment of Haitian women to the bateyes signifies the ultimate control of the Dominicans over the Haitian
workers, as women are placed in the role of the male satisfier in order to keep Haitian workers subordinate and
productive. That act of control is the ultimate management of people, akin to the way Europe controlled bodies as
they colonized people across the globe.
The reason the company… satisfy men’s sexual desire.9
9
These discourses lead us to subordinate ourselves, reinscribing dichotomies of male dominance and female
submissiveness, a common element of Eurocentric narratives. This internalization makes sure that oppression,
exclusion, and normativity become either invisible or acceptable. A similar phenomenon happens in debate, when
the reiteration of the “real”, or policy format, of debate as the only valid form becomes so internalized we refuse to
question its normativity.
Gunewardena 2007 (Nandini, Assistant Director of the Center for African American Studies at UCLA) “Gendering
Sugar” from Women’s Labor in the Global Economy, ed. Sharon Hartley, Rutgers University Press, Chapel Hill, NC
Women's responses to these emergent discourses,… sugar economy of Sri Lanka.
We believe that the methodology for this debate should be to queer this debate round, to queer the normative ways
we look at sugar and the policies that manage it, to queer the normative ways we look at debate. We believe this
pedagogy is the best way to access a methodology of the oppressed in order to liberate ourselves from the
normative, colonial mindset.
Our knowledge of the bateye is heteronormative as well as our view of agricultural policy. This is apparent when we
look at the myth subsidies as a tool to support the small family farm, when in actuality the subsidies protect
exploiters, supports big agrobusiness, and create an economy where we profit off of people’s lives.
Frydenlund 6 (John April 3, Farm Subsidies: Myth and Reality, Citizens Against Government Waste, p. online,
http://www.cagw.org/site/DocServer/2007_Farm_Bill-_Issue_Brief_1.pdf?docID=2121
However, the truth is…one percent of sugar farmers.
We can maintain these myths when we create objective types of knowledge about both the market and US
agricultural policies. This creates types of hidden violence that only the 1AC can make visible.
Amy Charlotin in Batey San Jose, says:
NCHR 91 (The National Coalition for Haitian Refugees, ) “Half measures : reform, forced labor and the Dominican
sugar industry.” New York : Americas Watch : : Caribbean Rights, 1991.
“Since I got here, I see that it's a terribly hard thing, the cane we are cutting. People are suffering. We are very
hungry."
People today believe that slavery ended long ago, yet the narratives you just heard are proof of the slavery in sugar-
cane production in the Dominican Republic that continues as a result of the normative agricultural policies of the
United States. By incorporating these perspectives we can begin to break down the dominant Eurocentric ideologies
that continue oppressive binaries and enslavement practices.
Likewise, we believe that debate is a place of Eurocentric binaries, like the divide between performance and policy.
We believe by incorporating multiple narratives from our own community, we can adopt a post-colonial perspective
in debate that can break down the enslavement of our own minds.
Therefore, Stephanie and I are resolved:

The USFG should substantially reduce its agricultural support, eliminating nearly all subsidies for sugar.
Louisne Maitre, a 19 year old from Jacmel, tells us:

"Jako left, and we never saw him again. At Pedernales, they put us into prison. Six of us were in one cell with no
beds and no bedding, and only a gutter down the middle of the room to pee in. We were there two nights.I never
asked them why we were put there. "I have no money, and no change of clothes.No one in my family in Haiti knows
where I am. They think I've run away, or that I have been murdered. They don’t know that I was kidnapped. My
poor mother. I want to go home."
We will defend that adopting a post-colonial perspective via the plan of the 1ac can re-write the sugar narrative,
making visible the multitude of factors that play into the way we view sugar policies:
10
European interpretations dominate the narrative surrounding sugar, however incorporating a post-colonial
perspective into our analysis of sugar can interrupt this narrative, creating a new way of understanding the
widespread effects of imperialism around the globe.
Ahluwalia, Ashcroft, Knight 2000 (Pal, Professor of Ethnic Studies @ UCSD, Bill, Professor of English @
University of South Wales, & Roger, Associate Professor of History & Politics @ Univeristy of Adelaide) White and
Deadly: Sugar and Colonialism, Nova Science Pub Inc: Commack, N.Y.
The study of the history of sugar,…understanding of sugar.
The narrative surrounding sugar is at the heart of the colonial narrative, as it is always referenced in relation to a
strictly European history. The way we talk about sugar is key to examining, analyzing, and breaking down the
dominant discourses of colonialism.
In some respects, therefore,…‘post-colonial’ cultures.
We believe that this post-colonial perspective provides the best pedagogy for understanding our relationship to
sugar.
Unless we authenticate our educational process in this activity through integrating realities, we will be oppressed.
Freire explains (Pg. 24)…
In addition in order to participate in liberation from our social locations as debaters, we have to reject any form of
banking education, Freire explainS (Pg. 25)…
Guillauma Joachim, the 10-year-old boy from Thiotte in Batey Vasca, says:
NCHR 91 (The National Coalition for Haitian Refugees, ) “Half measures : reform, forced labor and the Dominican
sugar industry.” New York : Americas Watch : : Caribbean Rights, 1991.
"I came with my cousin. The Dominican soldier put us in prison for two days. I didn't eat because all there was
was plain white rice. "My parents don't know I'm here. I would like you to tell them. My mother's name is acqueline
Charpentier and my father's name is Moise Joachim. He continues: “I’ve asked permission to return to Haiti, but
the guarda campestre won't let us go."
Comp. L. 17. 2003. LN]
The car horn reminded us…… they had running water and electricity.
11
Holbrook – Franklin/Kirkland
Seventeen-year-old Joachim Saintil, from Baptiste, in the

mountains of Belladere, arrived in the Dominican Republic on
December 25, 1989. He was also living on Batey Lecheria.
"They put the Haitians in prison. There were
lots of guards. The placed smelled of piss.
We slept on the cement, with no mats. There
were about 140 of us. There was a bucket for
doing what you had to do, but it filled
pretty fast and they never emptied it.
“We were there for two nights. They gave us a
little to eat.
“Before we got on the bus, a man came, a
civilian. Some of the guards called him doctor.
He lined us up and gave us shots.
The children had to have shots even though their
mothers tried to refuse and all the children
were crying. The doctor gave us all the shot
with the same needle. Then they gave us a
card. And put us on the bus.
Thirty-five-year-old Frankel Lubin from the Jacmel hills continues,
"So we were in our shorts, our underpants,
for five whole days. In the rain, in the sun,
cutting cane. The leaves of the cane are very
sharp, and they whip you when you cut thee,
and if your back is naked or your chest or
your legs, they rip right into you. For those
five days, everyone came back bleeding from
the field, and then you had to sleep naked or
in those same shorts, because there was
nothing else to wear, and then you had to
wear them the next day.
Louisne Maitre, 19-year-old from Jacmel continues,
"I have no money, and no change of clothes.
No one in my family in Haiti knows where I
am. They think I've run away, or that I have
been murdered. They don’t know that I was
kidnapped. My poor mother. I want to go
home."
People today believe that slavery ended in 1865. The multiple narratives you just heard are first-hand accounts of
individuals enslaved in sugar-cane production in the Dominican Republic as a result of the unjust agricultural
policies of the United States. US sugar policies create artificially high prices, driving sugar plantations in the
Dominican Republic. These policies maintain the incentive to continue the terrible practices at the bateyes.
New York Times 3 [America's Sugar Daddies. November 29, 2003.

http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9901E0DB123AF93AA15752C1A9659C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagew
anted=1]
650,000 Haitians are subjected to slavery for domestic sugar production.
CBC, 2006. [The Sugar Story. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.

http://www.cbc.ca/documentaries/bigsugar/sugar.html]
The dehumanization inherent in slavery must be rejected

12
Culture 15.1 (2003) 11-40. Muse.]
Therefore, Jaimie and I stand resolved that:

The United States Federal Government should substantially reduce its agricultural support, at least eliminating
nearly all of the domestic subsidies, for sugar.
Solvency:
US action is a necessary first step to ending the slavery in the Dominican Republic
Comp. L. 17. 2003. LN]
The legal protections….from America's shore.
And, Plan action gives us a unique opportunity to use the USFG to break down the ideologies that it has propped
up. The plan rewrites the sugar narrative that has been purveyed by the dominant Eurocentric ideology that
continues to enslave individuals in the Dominican Republic. By breaking the silence and incorporating multiple
perspectives of the oppressed, we challenge the notions of imperialism that allow slavery to exist.
European interpretations dominate the narrative surrounding sugar, however incorporating a post-colonial
perspective into our analysis of sugar can interrupt this narrative, creating a new way of understanding the
widespread effects of imperialism around the globe.
The narrative surrounding sugar is at the heart of the colonial narrative, as it is always referenced in relation to a
strictly European history. The way we talk about sugar is key to examining, analyzing, and breaking down the
dominant discourses of colonialism.
In some respects, therefore,....‘post-colonial’ cultures.
A post-colonial analysis is crucial in this time of neo-colonial capitalism, however they are not limited to any one
static solution or “quick fix”. Instead, a post-colonial approach incorporates political and discursive strategies of
resistance to the dominant narrative of sugar.
One of the most basi….global capitalism.
Unless we authenticate our educational process in this activity through integrating realities, we will be oppressed.
freire explains (pg. 24)…
In addition in order to participate in liberation from our social locations as debaters, we have to reject any form of
banking education, freire explains (pg. 25)…
13
Holbrook – Bridges/Carter
“Behind the store were makeshift shacks with unpaved roads and many children running around. The
people came out to see who the visitors were. When the group discovered that two of us spoke Kreyol they became
very friendly and invited us to come into one of their homes. The one room [*25] shack reminded me of the
housing I had seen at the Wounded Knee reservation back home. n7 We were offered warm Cokes and
sugar cane from people who had so little. We offered to pay for them but they would not hear of it. We
asked them about the conditions on the bateye. They told us that it would be better if we saw the conditions
rather than have them talk. They took us around to the "bathroom" which consisted of a rubber tire that had
been cut in half and a water pump. We visited the graveyard where the mayor told us that the government
had enacted a new property use tax when the dead are buried on bateye ground. This further dissipated
financial resources because the tax was borne by the entire bateye. This was yet another ploy to minimize the
slave wages they were paid. Although they had little, they would all chip in to provide a dignified funeral. This
bateye did have running water (albeit a crude version) and there was electricity and an old black and white
television in one of the houses we visited. After all, this was one of the country's best.” 1
The Dominican Republic is a place where slavery continues to plague oppressed people today. The narrative
provided by Barbara Bernier highlights just some of the conditions Haitians experience while under captivity of
Dominican sugar plantations. It is not uncommon for a family of 10 to share a house, called Bateyes, and share one
meal for the entire day. These conditions have been described as akin to slavery considering the fact the workers
are paid “two dollars for every ton of sugar cane”
Daniel Louis, Batey Consuelito, Ingenio Porvenir explains2:
"Here I live like a slave. I can't leave because the chefs watch us. Some people here have been beaten by the
guarda campesires for trying to leave. Last Sunday night I went out and a chef thought I was trying to escape so he
hit me with his rifle."
Haitians are forced to live in fear everyday. Fear of beatings. Fear of deportation. Fear of being killed, and replaced
by another unlucky Haitian. Haitians are taken from their home for a number of reasons. Financial hardship, political
instability, and overzealous law enforcement contributes to the growing number of Haitian workers. Once they arrive
on the plantation, they are not allowed to leave. Because of this 650,000 Haitian workers now cut sugar for nearly
nothing. In addition sugar subsidies only function to make oppression worse. The Washington Post (2005) explains:
U.S. sugar policy stands for all that's bad about our political system. The government restricts imports through a
series of quotas, pushing U.S. sugar prices to between two and three times the global market rate. As a
result, a handful of sugar producers, notably in Florida, a battleground electoral state, pocket $1 billion a year in
excess profits. To protect this cozy arrangement, the sugar barons plow a chunk of their revenue back into
the political system. During the 2004 election cycle, two Florida sugar companies gave a total of $925,000 to
election coffers. This corruption has victims. Producers' enviable profits come straight out of consumers'
wallets, so that ordinary supermarket visitors are made to subsidize welfare for corporations. At the same time,
efficient foreign sugar producers, many of them in poor countries, are denied a fair chance to export their way
out of poverty. Meanwhile there is an environmental cost: In Florida, sugar cane production has contributed to the
degradation of the Everglades. Sugar-using industries are losers too. As Kimberly A. Elliott notes in a paper for the
Center for Global Development, some candymakers have closed U.S. factories rather than pay crazy sugar prices.
Sugar is then sold for cheap, as workers are exploited. This is the life of a Haitian slave working in the sugar fields.
This style of life is what creates the modern day state of exception within the plantation. The state of exception
manages and controls its subjects in order to maintain social death over the slaves. This state of injury is what
dehumanizes the slave, turning them into tools of production without any capacity for speech and thought. Marvin
and I believe this specific instance of biopolitical control should be rejected. Mebembe (2003) explains:
[“Necropolitics.” Achille Mbembe is a senior researcher at the University of the Witwatersrand. Public Culture 15.1
(2003) 11-40. Muse.]
14
We believe debate is about who can best ethically align themselves with liberation of oppressed people. We will
endorse the plan text that: The United States Federal Government should substantially reduce its agricultural
support, at least eliminating nearly all of the domestic subsidies, for sugar. However, Marvin and I believe that
the issue of slavery goes beyond that of state action. Discourse has a profound effect on politics and how we frame
our reality. We believe that the question of discourse precedes that of the effects or consequences of the plan. We
also believe that the debate round should be about confronting the unjust practices of the United States Federal
Government through the topic specific education that goes on inside a debate round. Affirming the resolution while
not pretending that it happens allows us to use power within us to make the invisible seen and affect change in the
world. Discussions of slavery shed light on the hidden nature of modern day slavery in the Dominican Republic. We
believe that the juxtaposition of our narratives can help create a post-colonial discussion which opens space for
oppressed people to create their own agency. Ahluwalia, Ashcroft, Knight (2000) explain:
A post-colonial analysis of sugar… and shared strategies.4
Guillauma Joachim, the 10-year-old boy from Thiotte, in Batey Vasca, Ingenio Santa Fe explains:
"I came with my cousin. The Dominican soldier put us in prison for two days. I didn't eat because all there
was plain white rice. "My parents don't know I'm here. I would like you to tell them. My mother's name is
Jacqueline Charpentier and my father's name is Moise Joachim. "I cut cane with my cousin and another
guy. Three of us make 19 or 20 pesos [about US$ 1.60] in three days. "The chefs bang on our door at 3:00
a.m. At 4:00 a.m. we start cutting cane until we finish at around 7:00 p.m. There are other kids cutting cane
here. “I’ve asked permission to return to Haiti, but the guarda campestre won't let us go."
Marvin and I believe that UNLESS WE AUTHENTICATE OUR EDUCATIONAL PROCESS IN THIS ACTIVITY
THROUGH INTEGRATING REALITIES, WE WILL BE OPPRESSED. FREIRE EXPLAINS (Pg. 24)…
IN ADDITION IN ORDER TO PARTICIPATE IN LIBERATION FROM OUR SOCIAL LOCATIONS AS DEBATERS,

WE HAVE TO REJECT ANY FORM OF BANKING EDUCATION, FREIRE EXPLAINS (Pg. 25)…
The car horn reminded us that the time had come for us to leave. We bade our hosts farewell and got into
the car. As we drove off, the small group stood in the middle of the road waving to us. I wondered what they
thought of yet another group of people coming to ask the same questions over and over again and receiving very
little in terms of improvements. I wondered about the legal status of the children, the emotional health of the
women who could not work for wages and would be raped by the soldiers who patrolled the bateyes. The
group slowly disappeared from sight. I wondered if any of those people would ever leave the bateye. Would
children be doomed to repeat the lives of their Haitian mothers? I remembered the old man Vincent at the
processing plant and wondered where the concept of [*29] compassion comes from in a government that
sells its people and another who takes those people in only to abuse their labor and their spirits. We rode
off and I knew that the sadness I felt from this experience would leave an indelible mark on my soul. I had
read about the cane trade but I would have never understood the full import until I actually visited a bateye.
I was told this was one of the best bateyes because they had running water and electricity.
15
Holbrook – Lukzajko/Sweeney
US sugar policies create artificially high prices, driving sugar plantations in the Dominican Republic and Haiti.
New York Times 03 [America's Sugar Daddies. November 29, 2003.

http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9901E0DB123AF93AA15752C1A9659C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagew
anted=1]
The United States federal government should substantially decrease its agricultural support by eliminating nearly all
domestic subsidies on sugar.
We offer two perspectives to view the effects of our policy:

First we offer a narrative about Dominican women slaves:
“We are a… owner of the women”
The recruitment of Haitian women to the bateyes signifies the ultimate control of the Dominicans over the Haitian
workers, as women are placed in the role of the male satisfier in order to keep Haitian workers subordinate and
productive.
The reason the company …satisfy men’s sexual desire.
Haitian women experience the effects of oppression at the intersection of ethnicity and gender, and this demarcation
of Haitian women serves not only to reinforce patriarchy but Dominican ethnic superiority as well.
Extended observation reveals….than Haitian women.
These rituals of male domination do more than simply disadvantage women- they maintain an elaborate scheme
whereby lesbianism is rendered invisible in the shadow of compulsive heterosexuality.
Rich 80
(Adrienne,“Compulsive Heterosexuality and Lesbian Experience.” 1980. P 216)
Whatever its origins, …clarity in personal relationships.
Recognizing the constitutions of compulsive heterosexuality is the precursor to radical rebellion- it allows us to
conceive of futures outside of heteronormative narratives and correct the violent erasure of female experience.
Rich 80
(Adrienne,“Compulsive Heterosexuality and Lesbian Experience.” 1980. P 220-221)
If we think of heterosexuality ….of female experience.
Secondly, these narratives describe life in the Dominican plantations:

Daniel Louis, Batey Consuelito, Ingenio Porvenir:
Here I live like a slave. I can't leave because the chiefs watch us.
Some people here have been beaten by the guarda campesires for
16
trying to leave.
"Last Sunday night I went out and a chef thought I was trying to
escape so he hit me with his rifle."
Guillauma Joachim, the 10-year-old boy from Thiotte, in Batey Vasca, Ingenio Santa Fe:
"I came with my cousin. The Dominican soldier put us in prison
for two days. I didn't call because all there was was plain white
rice."My parents don't know I'm here. I would like you to tell them.
My mother's name is Jacqueline Charpentier and my father's
name is Moise Joachim.”
These narratives describe the dehumanizing conditions that plantation owners allow their workers to live under- it
must be rejected at all costs.
Culture 15.1 (2003) 11-40. Muse.]
And because european interpretations dominate the narrative surrounding sugar, incorporating a post-colonial
perspective, like the ones above, into our analysis of sugar can interrupt this narrative, creating a new way of
understanding the widespread effects of imperialism around the globe.
The study of the history…understanding of sugar.
And our post-colonial analysis is crucial in this time of neo-colonial capitalism, however they are not limited to any
one static solution or “quick fix”. Instead, our post-colonial approach incorporates political and discursive strategies
of resistance to the dominant narrative of sugar.
One of the most basic … era of global capitalism.
Legislation to abolish slavery fails in contemporary society. Individual, like the actions steph and I are taking in
round, the resistance to slavery is necessary to challenge the structures that keep slavery in place.
Quirk, 2006. [The Anti-Slavery Project: Linking the Historical and Contemporary. Joel Quirk Ph.D. candidate at the
Department of International Relations, Australian National University. Human Rights Quarterly 28.3 (2006) 565-598.
Muse]
17
Holbrook – Brasch/Wing
Inherency
Despite WTO mandates there is no move to reduce agricultural support for the sugar industry.
Dean 2006 (Adam, Senior Honors Thesis, University of Pennsylvania“ Artificially Sweetened: An Analysis of the
United State Sugar Program” University of Pennsylvania College Undergraduate Research Electronic Journal,
March 27th 2006, http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1028&context=curej)
Therefore Nikole and I present the following plan: the United States Federal Government should substantially
reduce its agricultural support, at least eliminating nearly all of the domestic subsidies for sugar.
ENVIROMENT
Sugar farming in the everglades cause environmental damage including water pollution, soil erosion and
species loss
Friends of the Everglades 6 (Letter to Members of Congress. Friends of the Everglades. 2/05/06
<http://www.everglades.org/sugarletter.html>)
Sugar subsidies are the reason that phosphorus is being pumped into the Everglades
Sands 5 (David G., “Big Sugar’s Sugar Daddy.” Foundation for Research Free Economics and the Environment.
July 6, 2005. <http://www.free-eco.org/articleDisplay.php?id=459>)
Phosphorous in the everglades is destroying biodiversity.

Desai, 2005. (Sonia, University of Miami Prof.) “Phosphorus in the Everglades”
http://viscom.miami.edu/oasis/Phosphorus.html
Phosphorous in the water of the Everglades causes massive biodiversity loss

Desai 5 (Sonia, “Phosphorus in the Everglades.” UM School of Communications. The Water Project: Oasis in Crisis.
10/10/2005. <http://viscom.miami.edu/oasis/Phosphorus.html>)
Biodiversity outweighs other impacts – it is the life support of the planet

Sedjo 2k (Roger, Sr. Fellow, Resources for the Future, Conserving Nature’s Biodiversity: insights from biology,
ethics and economics, eds. Van Kooten, Bulte and Sinclair, p. 110)
Plan reverses damage to Everglades biodiversity caused by current sugar programs

Leal and Meiners 2 (Donald R Senior Associate at PERC., Roger E., professor of economics and law at the
University of Texas at Arlington, research fellow at The Independent Institute, Government Vs. Environment, 2002.
Pg. 79-80)
Current environmental projects to stop the growth of phosphorus discharges in the everglades aren’t
enough- the areas is still heavily polluted.
Grissom 97 (Harriette, Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, “The Environmental, Social Issues Change Florida Cane
Growing” January- March)
GLOBAL POVERTY
Collapse of Doha talks set back anti-poverty programs- trade key to solving poverty.
UN News Center 8/1/08
(“Global anti-poverty goals threatened by breakdown of WTO talks – UN agency.”
<<http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=27557&Cr=&Cr1=>> accessed August 3, 2008.)
Sugar subsidies discriminate against developing countries causing global poverty

Shapiro 2005 (Ira, international trade lawyer “Sweetening the US Trade Agenda” The Global Alliance for Sugar
Trade Reform and Liberalization, http://www.globalsugaralliance.org/resources.php?action=viewResource&id=21. )
Poverty represents a structural violence that outweighs nuclear war.
18
Abu-Jamal 98 (Mumia, award-winning PA journalist, 9/19, http://www.flashpoints.net/mQuietDeadlyViolence.html)
Elimination of sugar subsidies lifts 140 million people from poverty

Virata 4 (Gillian, Executive director for information and research in the Philippines, “Effects of US Sugar Policy on
Developing Countries,” International Economic Studies Center, June,
http://internationalecon.com/virata/The%20Effects%20of%20the%20US%20Sugar.pdf)
US sugar liberalization key to African growth

Dean 6 (Adam, University of Pittsburg, “Artificially Sweetened: An Analysis of the United States Sugar Program,
College Undergraduate Research Electronic Journal, http://repository.upenn.edu/curej/28/.)
Growth key to regional stability

Leaning and Arie 6 (Human Security: A Framework for Assessment In Conflict and Transition, Jennifer Leaning
(M.D., S.M.H.), Sam Arie (Harvard School of Public Health), Human Security Program, December 2006,
http://www.certi.org/publications/policy/human%20security-4.htm
Nuclear War
Deutsch 2 (Dr. Jeffrey, founder of the Rabid Tiger Project, a political risk consulting and related research firm, 11-
18, http://www.rabidtigers.com/rtn/newsletterv2n9.html)
ETHANOL
The US sets high import tariffs on sugarcane ethanol now – repeal is unlikely
Reel 7 (Monte, Washington Post Foreign Service, “US Seeks Partnership with Brazil on Ethanol; Countering Oil-rich
Venezuela is Part of Aim”)
Lifting sugar barriers critical for the US to transition to sugarcane ethanol

St Petersburg times 7 (WES ALLISON, 3-9, “U.S. sugar is too expensive to convert to fuel”,
http://www.sptimes.com/2007/03/09/Worldandnation/US_sugar_is_too_expen.shtml)
US action on alternative energy now is key to avoid coming resource wars that will drive humanity to
extinction
Heinberg 4 (Richard, New College of California Core Faculty, Power Down: Options and Actions For A Post-Carbon
World, p. 111)
SOLVENCY
US should eliminate sugar programs
Edwards 7 (Chris, Director of Tax Policy Studies, Cato Institute, Tax & Budget Bulletin, No. 46 • June,
www.cato.org/pubs/tbb/tbb_0607_46.pdf
Unilateral action is the only way to solve
Clive Crook, 7/30/08 [Senior Editor of The Atlantic Monthly and commentator for The Financial Times,
http://clivecrook.theatlantic.com/]
19
Holbrook – Moczulski/Padrta
CONTENTION ONE: BITTER SWEET POLITICS
FIRST, GOVERNMENT SUPPORT FOR THE SUGAR INDUSTRY IS RISING – RECENT FLORIDA BUYOUTS
PROVE.
Zumbrun 6/30/2008 (Joshua, Staff Writer, “Sugar’s Sweet Deal” Forbes Magazine,
http://www.forbes.com/2008/06/27/florida-sugar-crist-biz-beltway-cx_jz_0630sugar.html)
ADDITIONALLY, THE GOVERNMENT HAS IN PLACE MASSIVE SUBSIDIES – INCLUDING MARKETING LOAN
PROGRAMS.
USDA Economic Research Service 8 (March 3, http://www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/Sugar/Policy.htm#loan)
FINALLY, TARIFF RATE QUOTAS OCCUR IN THE STATUS QUO AS A WAY TO INSULATE SUGAR MARKETS
FROM THE INTERNATIONAL ARENA.
USDA Economic Research Service 8 (March 3, http://www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/Sugar/Policy.htm#loan)
THUS THE PLAN:

THE UNITED STATES FEDERAL GOVERNMENT SHOULD ELIMINATE ALL NONRECOURSE AND MARKET
LOANS AND REDUCE THE TARIFF RATE QUOTA ON SUGAR.
Or
The United States Federal Government should substantially reduce its agricultural support, at least
eliminating nearly all of the domestic subsidies for sugar.
ADVANTAGE ONE: THE EVERGLADES
FIRST, SUGAR FARMING PRESENTED BY SUBSIDIES LEADS TO SOIL EROSION, FERTILIZER RUNOFF
THAT MASSIVELY DAMAGES THE FLORDIA EVERGLADES,
AND, THE EVERGLADES MUST BE SAVED – IT’S A GLOBAL HOT SPOT FOR BIODIVERSITY
Aldridge (Michelle, University of Florida) April 16 2002
http://iml.jou.ufl.edu/projects/Spring02/Aldridge/bibliography.htm
FURTHERMORE, THESE HOTSPOTS ARE CRITICAL TO MAINTAIN OVERALL BIODIVERSITY

Australian Gov. 7 (Department of the environment, water, heritage, and the arts “Australia’s biodiversity”
http://209.85.173.104/search?q=cache:NZQFQtGQVo0J:www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/hotspots/index.html+
hot+spots+biodiversity&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=3&gl=us)
AND, BIODIVERSITY OUTWEIGHS ALL OTHER IMPACTS – IT’S CRITICAL TO SUPPORT LIFE ON THE
PLANET.
Sedjo 2k (Roger, Sr. Fellow, Resources for the Future, Conserving Nature’s Biodiversity: insights from biology,
ethics and economics, eds. Van Kooten, Bulte and Sinclair, p. 110)
FORTUNATELY, THE PLAN CAN SOLVE – REMOVAL OF SUBSIDIES IS CRITICAL TO BEGIN

PRESERVATION OF THE EVERGLADES.
Schwabach 2002 (Aaron, Professor of Law and Director of the Center for Global Legal Studies at Thomas
Jefferson School of Law at Berkeley, Georgetown University Law Center, Winter 2002, Provided by ProQuest)
ADVANTAGE TWO: FREE TRADE
20
FIRST, US SUGAR PROTECTIONISM IS THE ACHILLES HEEL OF US TRADE POLICY – IT UNDERMINES

NEGOTIATING CREDIBILITY WITH OUR ALLIES. A UNILATERAL REDUCTION IS NECESSARY.
GROOMBRIDGE 1 (Mark, 12-4, research fellow at the Cato Institute’s Center for Trade Policy Studies, “America’s
Bittersweet Sugar Policy”, http://www.freetrade.org/pubs/briefs/tbp-013.pdf.)
ADDITIONALLY, REFORMING THE US SUGAR INDUSTRY IS NECESSARY TO GET OTHER PROTECTIONIST

COUNTRIES ON BOARD WITH FREE TRADE
Jurenas 2006 (Remy, Specialist in Agriculture Policy Resources Science and Industry Division at the Congressional
Research Service, “Sugar Policy Issues”)
https://www.policyarchive.org/bitstream/handle/10207/2914/RL33541_20060906.pdf?sequence=1
FREE TRADE SOLVES NUCLEAR WAR

Spicer, 1996 economist; member of the British Parliament,
[Michael, The Challenge from the East and the Rebirth of the West, p. 121]
And, Free Trade is key to create stability in the Middle East.

Griswold ‘7
(Daniel T., Associate director of the Cato Institute’s Center for Trade Policy Studies, Trade, Democracy and Peace:
The Virtuous Cycle, Peace through Trade Conference, April 20, http://www.freetrade.org/node/681)
MID EAST conflict risks GLOBAL NUCLEAR WAR – involving ALL – including RUSSIA
STEINBACH 02 D.C. Iraq Coalition – Centre for Research on Globalisation –
[John, “Israeli Weapons of Mass Destruction: a Threat of Peace,” Global Peace,
http://www.globalresearch.ca/articles/STE203A.html]
ADVANTAGE THREE: GLOBAL POVERTY

FIRST – SUGAR PROTECTIONISM DISCRIMINATES AGAINST DEVELOPING COUNTRIES BY ARTIFICIALLY
DRIVING UP THE PRICE OF US PRODUCTS ENSURING THAT THEIR SUGAR ISN’T COMPETITIVE ON THE
GLOBAL MARKET.
Shapiro 2005 (Ira, international trade lawyer “Sweetening the US Trade Agenda” The Global Alliance for Sugar
Trade Reform and Liberalization, http://www.globalsugaralliance.org/resources.php?action=viewResource&id=21. )
ADDITIONALLY – POVERTY REPRESENTS A STRUCTURAL VIOLENCE THAT OUTWEIGHS NUCLEAR WAR.
FORTUNATELY – REFORMING THE UNITED STATES SUBSIDIES WILL LIFT 140 MILLION PEOPLE OUT OF
POVERTY.
http://internationalecon.com/virata/The%20Effects%20of%20the%20US%20Sugar.pdf
SCENARIO TWO: AFRICA

FIRST – REMOVING SUGAR POLICY IS CRITICAL TO SUPPORT AFRICAN DEMOCRACY.
Foundation for Democracy in Africa 5 (“Voices for Sugar Reform”, 3-15,
http://www.soursubsidies.org/VoicesforSugarReform-93419v1FHE-DC.PDF.)
AND, AFRICAN DEMOCRACY SOLVES MULTIPLE SCENARIOS FOR CONFLICT.

Siegle 7 – Analyst at the Brenthurst Institute – 07 (Joseph Siegle, “Democratic Divergence in Africa: Lessons and
Implications for Aid,” The Brenthurst institute, 2007,
http://thebrenthurstfoundation.org/a_sndmsg/doc_list.asp?P=0&C=201&M=0&SD=0&R=0)
CONTENTION TWO: THE SWEETEST PART OF THE TOPIC

FIRST – A REDUCTION OF TARIFFS AND LOANS WOULD PROVIDE THE NECESSARY INCENTIVE TO MOVE
AWAY FROM EXPLOITATION OF THE EVERGLADES WHILE STILL BRINGING PROSPERITY TO THE
DOMESTIC ECONOMY.
Schwabach 2002 (Aaron, Professor of Law and Director of the Center for Global Legal Studies at Thomas
Jefferson School of Law at Berkeley, Georgetown University Law Center, Winter 2002, Provided by ProQuest)
AND – THE US SHOULD REDUCE ELIMINATE LOANS AND REDUCE THE TARRIF RATE QUOTA.
21
Dean 2006 (Adam, Senior Honors Thesis, University of Pennsylvania“Artificially Sweetened: An Analysis of the
ADDITIONALLY – LOWERING THE LOAN RATE WOULD PLACE PRESSURE AND COLLAPSE THE SUGAR
INDUSTRY. MEANS THE PLAN RESULTS IN THE CP BUT NOT THE OTHER WAY AROUND.
Dean 2006 (Adam, Senior Honors Thesis, University of Pennsylvania“Artificially Sweetened: An Analysis of the
AND – A UNILATERAL REDUCTIONS IN SUBSIDIES IS CRITICAL TO REVIVE SUPPORT FOR

INTERNATIONAL TRADE.
Rippel and Smith 2006 (Barbara, Consultant to the Sugar Reform Alliance, and Frances is an Adjunct Fellow
Competitive Enterprise Institute and Coordinator of the Sugar Reform Alliance, “Is the US Sugar Problem Solvable?”
April 13th 2006)
22
Farm workers performance aff

Bruschke lab, all teames
Part I: Whiteness
We read excerpts from Brown et al. (Whitewashing race, 2003) to show that there is still racism and sexism in
society, and that color-blind, everyday, and seemingly neutral policies reproduce them. We draw a parallel with
debate by substituting the word “debate” for “America” and re-reading the excerpts. We end with this statement:
“It is our argument that the institutions and normal practices of American society and competitive debate are
characterized by institutional whiteness. Nothing is color-neutral; the “normal” way of doing things is neither normal
nor race-neutral but already white. Focusing on individual guilt will lead us backward; admitting these cultural
biases and critically examining the history that has led to our current unequal structures can move us forward.”
Part II: The history of subsidies

We trace the history of farm labor as it relates to various worker groups (Japanese, Chinese, African-American,
Latino). All these patterns require two identities: That of a landowner wise to the ways of business and contracts,
and an un-educated, migratory labor identity capable of providing manual labor but largely unable to challenge the
landowner. Significantly, these identities were always racially coded, and the uneducated labor identity changed in
color but was never white.
Sharecropping still exists
Jennifer T. Manion* 2001. Copyright (c) 2001 Ohio State Law Journal Ohio State Law Journal 2001 62 Ohio St. L.J.
1665 NOTE: Cultivating Farmworker Injustice: The Resurgence of Sharecropping
Narrative description of how subsidies affect small US farmers and farmers in Africa
Tomissee 05. Jayne Thomisee (National Peace Corps Association Campaign Coordinator) “The Cotton Debate.”
World View Magazine. Fall 2005. Vol. 18, No 3.
Low wages aren’t related to food prices, so workers are subordinated due to identity and not economics
Luke Patton (Ph.D. In political science at Bryn Mawr). “Organizing the Unorganized:The Coalition of Immokalee
Workers and Latino Migrant Farm Labor in the 21st Century.” Thesis under the advising of Steve McGovern. Spring
2008.
Note: Narratives from the sugar aff may be read here
Part III: The value of history
We cannot address the problems of racial identity until we admit that racial identity is the problem. The remedy to
looking at race as a question of individual guilt is to study history and understand it as a structural pattern. If the
exclusion of history in the name of race neutrality is the problem, the study of history with an eye to identity is the
solution.
Jean Comarof. Ethnography and the Historical Imagination. 1992. ISBN: 0813313058
We end with excerpts from Excerpts from a Cesar Chavez speech, November, 1984
(http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/cesarchavezcommonwealthclubaddress.htm
Stuff from the top of the 2AC block:

THIS IS OUR ARGUMENT: Subsidies are bad because they are part of a system of identities and material
conditions that result in the oppression of migrant farm workers.
THIS IS OUR INTERPRETATION: The USFG is us, the people in the room. The topic asks whether we as
individuals should eliminate our support of subsidies, and we should.
23
Russell BW – 1AC
Observation One: Inherency
The US gives fisheries nearly a billion dollars of subsidies each year

Lash in 2006
(Jonathan, President of the World Resources Institute, Destructive Fishing Subsidies,
http://www.peopleandplanet.net/doc.php?id=1985, June 30)
The United States spends nearly a billion dollars on fishing industry subsidies each year, including a $150
million tax rebate on diesel fuel for fishing ships.
US fish stocks down, overfishing up

PEW 8 (Marine Fish Conservation Network, http://www.oceanlegacy.org/pdfs/ocean-conservation-2008.pdf)
Scientists estimate that fish stocks in U.S. waters have been declining for at least 30 years, and two blue
ribbon panels, the Pew Oceans Commission and the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy, recently concluded that
our oceans and fisheries are in crisis. In the United States, problems began in the mid-1950s with the
increased mechanization of commercial fishing. The decades of the ’80s and ’90s followed with the high-
profile collapse of key stocks, including Atlantic bluefin tuna and New England cod. Some stocks may
have plummeted beyond recovery and others may be nearing collapse. Similar miscalculations resulted
in the severe depletion of several species of Pacific rockfish and red snapper in the Gulf of Mexico. In
some cases, fishing resumed prematurely when a species was thought to be recovering, only to plunge it back
into decline. In addition to the environmental damage, this repeated boom-or-bust cycle disrupted lives and
livelihoods in coastal communities. In its 2007 Status of U.S. Fisheries Fourth Quarter Report, NMFS
reported that 41 fish stocks were subject to overfishing, nearly a fifth of our most important commercial
fish stocks.7 However, NMFS has not conducted scientific assessments on the majority of fish stocks.8
Overfishing may be depleting many of these “unknown” fisheries.
Advantage One: Overfishing
Overfishing has depleted over 90 fish species and the list grows longer
NCMC 8
(National Coalition for Marine Conservation, 2/4/08
http://www.savethefish.org/about_ocean_fisheries_overfishing.htm)
Most everyone is familiar with the plight of the great whales, efforts to save endangered sea turtles, and the tragedy
of dolphins dying in nets set for tuna. Less well known is that tuna and many other species of marine fish are in
deep trouble, too. In fact, an alarming decline in fish populations poses a more disturbing and potentially more
dangerous threat to life in the ocean. As fish decline, so does the sea, into a biologically unproductive and unstable
environment. Strong conservation measures, and broad-based public support for implementing them, are badly
needed. Once man thought the seas held an endless supply of fish and couldn’t be destroyed. We may no longer
believe that, but we continue to behave as if it were true. For decades now we’ve been taking fish from the sea
much faster than it can replace them, with dire consequences. According to the National Marine Fisheries Service
(aka NOAA Fisheries), 90 fish species found off the shores of the U.S. have been depleted. Many are in danger of
being wiped out. Fish and shellfish at risk include bluefin tuna, cod, flounder, swordfish, blue marlin, Atlantic lobster,
red snapper, salmon and a number of sharks, to name just a few from a long list that grows longer every year.
24
Russell BW – 1AC
Subsidies are the sole cause of overfishing

Saunders 7
(Doug, the chief of the Globe and Mail's London-based European Bureau, “A dose of global cod-liver oil”, May 26th)
To find out, Mr. Sumaila spent a decade building up two huge databases, using hordes of research
assistants travelling the world. One database showed the price of each type of fish in every nation since
1955; the other showed exactly what each country's fishermen were being paid for. This, combined with Mr.
Pauly's fish-stocks databases, allowed him to see why the fish were disappearing. What he discovered,
and documented in a series of fascinating research reports last year, is that the self-balancing nature of
fishing is thrown out of kilter by the widespread government practice of giving fishermen subsidies for boat
building and, especially, fuel. This money, which he described as "bad subsidies," are exactly equivalent to
the scale of overfishing - the subsidies make the difference between a renewable resource and a dying
resource. Not only that, but fuel subsidies, he discovered, are responsible for the continuation of the most
devastating practice in fishing, bottom trawling, which tears up the sea and destroys species. Countries
pay $152-million a year in fuel subsidies to trawlers, which accounts for 25 per cent of their income. And the
profit they make is only 10 per cent. "Without subsidies," he concluded, "the bulk of the world's bottom-
trawl fleet [would] operate at a loss, thereby reducing the current threat to ... fish stocks." Without "bad"
subsidies, which amount to $20-billion a year worldwide, there would be fewer people in the fishing
business around the world. But Mr. Sumaila concluded that this process would actually give the world more
fish. "There is a potential to actually increase the catch if we can agree to reduce the scale in the short
term," he said, "and avoid subsidizing the industry too much in the long term." It seems like an ideal
solution. Governments don't like paying taxpayer subsidies to industries - they do it because they believe
that without them they'll lose the industry and its political support.
Even conservation subsidies increase overfishing
Cox 3
[Anthony, Senior Analyst at OECD, http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/10/27/24320313.PDF]
Subsidies for vessel decommissioning are often viewed as one mechanism for overcoming the excess capacity
problem. In general, these subsidies are payments for permanent vessel withdrawal through buyback programs,
permanent licence withdrawal and transfer of vessels to other fisheries (either domestically or internationally). It is
one of the largest items of government financial transfers in OECD countries after expenditure on management,
research, enforcement and infrastructure (Figure 2). The design and implementation of decommissioning and
licence schemes varies significantly both between and within countries. For example, some countries require that
decommissioning payments be tied to the physical scrapping of vessels while others allow vessels to be shifted to
another fishery (in which case the payment is for the removal of capacity from a particular fishery rather than
reducing the overall capacity in the country or globally). Other schemes are intended to remove latent capacity
instead of capacity that is currently engaged in fishing. There has been significant debate about the efficacy of many
of these schemes in achieving their objectives both from an environmental and economic perspective (Arnason
1999; Holland, Gudmundsson and Gates 1999; Munro and Sumaila 1999). If there are no controls in place in a
fishery, then such subsidies will have no effect on fish stocks as new vessels will enter the fishery to replace the
scrapped vessels.10 If there are catch controls, the effect on fish stocks will be zero as, in the absence of barriers to
entry, the vessels being decommissioned would be replaced by new vessels. If the fishery is initially over-fished,
then the subsidies will have no effect on stocks unless the allowable catch is also reduced. Such a combination of
policy changes would have the effect of reducing capacity, reducing catches and increasing stocks. In the case of
rights-based regimes, the effects of vessel decommissioning schemes on fish stocks would be negligible. The
owners of the quota or effort rights would primarily benefit from capacity leaving the fishery. The provision of
decommissioning subsidies also has an impact on the risk faced by fishers in their investment and production
25
decisions. The existence of vessel and licence buy-back programs can create expectations in the industry that the
government will cover losses that may arise from excess investment in vessels, thereby reducing the risk-adjusted
discount rate used in making investment decisions. Munro and Sumaila (2001, p. 25) conclude that subsidies used
in vessel buyback schemes, if they come to be widely anticipated by industry, “can, and will, have a decidedly
negative impact” on resource management and sustainability.
Russell BW – 1AC
Scenario 1: Marine Biodiversity
Overfishing destroys marine biodiversity which is key to human survival – outweighs every other threat to
biodiversity
Nuttall 6
Nick, Head of Media Services, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Nairobi, Kenya
[Overfishing: a threat to marine biodiversity,
http://www.un.org/events/tenstories/06/story.asp?storyID=800#]
Despite its crucial importance for the survival of humanity, marine biodiversity is in ever-greater danger, with the
depletion of fisheries among biggest concerns. Fishing is central to the livelihood and food security of 200
million people, especially in the developing world, while one of five people on this planet depends on fish as the
primary source of protein. According to UN agencies, aquaculture - the farming and stocking of aquatic
organisms including fish, molluscs, crustaceans and aquatic plants - is growing more rapidly than all other
animal food producing sectors. But amid facts and figures about aquaculture's soaring worldwide production
rates, other, more sobering, statistics reveal that global main marine fish stocks are in jeopardy, increasingly
pressured by overfishing and environmental degradation. “Overfishing cannot continue,” warned Nitin Desai,
Secretary General of the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development, which took place in Johannesburg.
“The depletion of fisheries poses a major threat to the food supply of millions of people.” The Johannesburg Plan
of Implementation calls for the establishment of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), which many experts believe
may hold the key to conserving and boosting fish stocks. Yet, according to the UN Environment Programme’s
(UNEP) World Conservation Monitoring Centre, in Cambridge, UK, less than one per cent of the world’s oceans
and seas are currently in MPAs. The magnitude of the problem of overfishing is often overlooked, given the
competing claims of deforestation, desertification, energy resource exploitation and other biodiversity depletion
dilemmas. The rapid growth in demand for fish and fish products is leading to fish prices increasing faster than
prices of meat. As a result, fisheries investments have become more attractive to both entrepreneurs and
governments, much to the detriment of small-scale fishing and fishing communities all over the world. In the last
decade, in the north Atlantic region, commercial fish populations of cod, hake, haddock and flounder have fallen
by as much as 95%, prompting calls for urgent measures. Some are even recommending zero catches to allow
for regeneration of stocks, much to the ire of the fishing industry. According to a Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO) estimate, over 70% of the world’s fish species are either fully exploited or depleted. The
dramatic increase of destructive fishing techniques worldwide destroys marine mammals and entire ecosystems.
FAO reports that illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing worldwide appears to be increasing as fishermen
seek to avoid stricter rules in many places in response to shrinking catches and declining fish stocks. Few, if any,
developing countries and only a limited number of developed ones are on track to put into effect by this year the
International Plan of Action to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Unreported and Unregulated Fishing. Despite that
fact that each region has its Regional Sea Conventions, and some 108 governments and the European
Commission have adopted the UNEP Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment
from Land based Activities, oceans are cleared at twice the rate of forests.
26
Russell BW – 1AC
Scenario 2: Poverty
Fish stock necessary to fight poverty

Kourous 7
(George, FAO Kourous is head of media relations for the FAO 4-27
http://www.fao.org/newsroom/en/news/2007/1000544/index.html)
The rights of poor fishermen to harvest and manage local fish stocks need to be strengthened in order
to fight poverty and reduce overexploitation of threatened coastal and inland fisheries, FAO said today.
"While fishing's role in helping people in the world's poorest communities feed themselves and stave off
destitution cannot be understated, our studies reveal that despite the food and income that fishing provides
many fisherfolk still live in poverty, while social ills and health problems are disturbingly prevalent in
their communities," said Ichiro Nomura, Assistant Director-General of FAO's Fisheries and Aquaculture
Department.
"Stronger efforts to tackle the diverse factors underlying this reality are needed, or else these
communities will simply continue to tread water, surviving from day to day, living in poverty, and not
managing local fish stocks as well as they might," he added.
27
Russell BW – 1AC
Overfishing leads to poverty- with no fish, countries can’t lease their waters
Canberra Times 6
(4/12/06, Australia, l/n)
It’s common knowledge that we are running out of oil. What's not so well known is that we are also running out of
big fish. The harsh realisation that catches of big fish - marlin, shark, swordfish and tuna - are declining rapidly is
beginning to sink in. The UN Food and Agriculture Organisation considers about 75 per cent of all fish fully
exploited, over-exploited or depleted. The crisis can be seen most extremely across the Pacific, the world's largest
source of tuna, where catches are shrinking along with the average size of the fish. Today a 32kg swordfish - which
is too young to have even reproduced - is considered "a good-sized fish" and can be legally landed in the United
States. Just a few short decades ago, the same fish averaged 136-180kg and could be caught close to shore with a
harpoon. In the past two years, the Pacific has seen quotas, restrictions on catches, freezes on effort and even
moratoriums. The US longline fleet had to shut down for the second half of 2005 in the Eastern Pacific. Japan and
China were not far behind. Just last December, the new international body with the unwieldy name Western and
Central Pacific Fishery Commission imposed a freeze on further efforts to catch bigeye and albacore. Throughout
the Pacific, it is widely documented that these two species have recently joined the lucrative southern bluefin tuna
on the "overfished" list. In fact, southern bluefin already has a step up on its cousins and is considered an
endangered species by the World Conservation Union. Shameful shark finning has also caused numerous shark
species to plummet as well, and a few sharks - such as the great white - to be considered vulnerable to extinction.
All told, recent scientific reports document that the biomass of these large fish has declined by about 90 per cent in
the Pacific since 1950 - about the time that new technologies allowed us to fish further from shore for longer and
catch more fish. Since then, technology has eviscerated the last areas of the ocean that were safe from us only
because we were unable to reach them and stay there. The recent announcement last month by the US
Government that yellowfin tuna is also being overfished in the Pacific will undoubtedly send a shockwave
throughout the US and the Pacific. We are now faced with incontrovertible evidence that the lions and tigers of the
sea - the ones we feed our children for lunch - are disappearing fast. Imagine the day when cans of tuna, a staple
food source for millions of Americans, can no longer be found. According to the warning signs, that day may already
be here. That's bad news for the dozens of impoverished Pacific island nations that have leased their national
waters for pennies on the dollar to foreign industrial longline vessels to catch and export their fish primarily to the
US, Japan and the European Union. For some of these nations, these meagre licensing fees contribute as much as
70 per cent of their GDP. When greed and waste finally leads to the collapse of these fish populations, millions of
people throughout the Pacific will sink even further into poverty
28
Russell BW – 1AC
Poverty is the equivalent of an unending thermonuclear war against the poor and is the root cause of all other forms
of violence
Gilligan 96
(James, Professor of Psychiatry at the Harvard Medical School and Director of the Center for the Study of Violence, and a
Member of the Academic Advisory Council of the National Campaign Against Youth Violence, “Violence: Our Deadly Epidemic
and Its Causes,” p191-196)
The deadliest form of violence is poverty You cannot work for one day with the violent people who fill our prisons and mental
hospitals for the criminally insane without being forcible and constantly reminded of the extreme poverty and discrimination that
characterizes their lives. Hearing about their lives, and about their families and friends. you arc: forced to recognize the truth in
Gandhi's observation that the deadliest form of violence is poverty. Not a day goes by without realizing that trying to understand
them and their violent behavior in purity individual terms is impossible and wrong-headed.- Any theory of violence, especiallya
psychological theory, that evolves from the experience of men in maximum security prisons and hospitals for the criminally
insane must begin with the recognition that these institutions are only microcosms. They are not where the major violence in our
society takes place, and the perpetrators who fill them are far from being the main causes of most violent deaths. Any approach
to a theory of violence needs to begin with a look at the structural violence in this country. Focusing merely on those relatively
few men who commit what we define as murder could distract us examining and learning from those structural causes of violent
death that are far more significant from a numerical or public health. or human, standpoint. By "structural violence" 1 mean the
increased rates of death. and disability suffered by those who occupy the bottom rungs of society, as contrasted with the
relatively lower death rates experienced by those who are above them Those excess deaths (or at least a demonstrably large
proportion of them) are a function of class structure: and that structure is itself a product of society's collective human choices.
concerning how to distribute the collective wealth of the society. These are not acts of God. 1 am contrasting "structural" with
"behavioral violence," by which I mean the non-natural deaths and injuries that are caused by specific behavioral actions of
individuals against individuals, such as the deaths we attribute to homicide, suicide, soldiers in warfare, capital punishment, and
so on. Structural violence differs from behavioral violence in at least three major respects. *The lethal effects of structural
violence operate continuously, rather than sporadically. whereas murders, suicides, executions. wars, and other forms of
behavioral violence occur one at a time. *Structural violence operates more or less independently of individual acts;
independent of individuals and groups (politicians, political parties, voters) whose decisions may nevertheless have lethal
consequences Cor others. "Structural violence is normally invisible. because it may appear to have had other (natural or violent]
causes. [Continued... (9 Paragraphs Later...)] The finding that structural violence causes far more deaths than behavioral
violence does is not limited to this country. Rohler and Alcock attempted to arrive a[ the number of excess deaths caused by
socioeconomic inequities on a worldwide basis. Sweden was their modal of the nation that had come closes to eliminating
structural violence. It had the least inequity in income and living standards, and the lowest discrepancies in death rates and life
expectancy; and the highest overall life expectancy in the world. When they compared the life expectancies of those living in
the other socioeconomic systems against Sweden, they found that 18 million deaths a year could be attributed the "structural
violence" to which the citizens of all the other nations were being subjected. During the last decade, the discrepancies between
the rich and poor nations have increased dramatically and alarmingly. The 14 to I8 million deaths a year caused by structural
violence compare with about 100,000 deaths per year from armed conflict. Comparing this frequency of deaths from structural
violence to the frequency of those caused by major military and political violence, such as World War I1 (an estimated 49 million
military and civilian deaths, including those by genocide-or about eight million per year, 1939-1945), the Indonesian massacre
of 1965-66 (perhaps 575,000) deaths), the Vietnam war (possibly two million, 1954-1973), and even a hypothetical nuclear
exchange between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R . (232 million), it was clear that even war cannot begin to compare with structural
violence. which continues vear after year. In other words, every fifteen years, on the average, as many people die because of
relative poverty as would be killed by the Nazi genocide of the Jews over a six-year period. This is, in effect. the equivalent of
an ongoing, unending~ in fact accelerating. thermonuclear war, or genocide. perpetrated on the weak and poor every year of
every decade. throughout the world. Structural violence is also the main cause of behavioral violence on a socially and
epidemiologically significant scale (from homicide and suicide to war and genocide). The question as to which of the two forms
of violence-structural or behavioral-is more important, dangerous, or lethal is moot, for they are inextricably related to each
other, as cause to effect.
29
Russell BW – 1AC
Scenario 3: Famine
More and more poor people are becoming reliant on fish for sustenance – especially in developing
countries
Tibbets 4
(John, Environmental Health Perspectives 112.5 (April): pA282, “Eating away at a global food source: the state of
the oceans, Part 1”)
Seafood has long been a primary source of protein, vitamins, minerals, and essential fatty, acids for the world's
poor. Human populations have risen significantly in many developing countries where fish consumption patterns
have historically been high, says Nikolas Wada, a senior research assistant at the Washington, D.C.-based
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and coauthor of the October 2003 report Outlook far Fish to
2020: Meeting Global Demand. As populations become increasingly urbanized, per capita fish consumption tends to
rise because of exposure to new markets and dietary patterns. Moreover, Wada says, FAO and IFPRI studies have
shown that as incomes rise, people consume more fish on average. "Since the past several decades have seen
tremendous growth in the urban populations of poor countries with traditional fish diets, along with income growth in
these populations," he says, "it is no surprise that fish consumption has exploded." And in wealthier nations--where
heart disease, obesity, and other "diseases of affluence" run rampant--people are seeking healthier sources of
animal protein. But with this explosion in consumption has come an explosion in environmental health
consequences. Among these are exhaustion of many wild fish stocks, pollution associated with aquaculture, marine
habitat destruction, spread of seafood-borne diseases, exposure to pollutants that bioaccumulate in fish, and
growing disparity between who in the world can afford to eat fish and those who cannot.
Starvation kills billions –We have a moral obligation to act

Andre 92
(Claire and Velasquez, Manuel Markkula Center for Applied Ethics Andre and Velasquez are professors at
SCU http://www.scu.edu/ethics/publications/iie/v5n1/hunger.html Spring)
Between now and tomorrow morning, 40,000 children will starve to death. The day after tomorrow, 40,000 more
children will die, and so on throughout 1992. In a "world of plenty," the number of human beings dying or
suffering from hunger, malnutrition, and hunger-related diseases is staggering. According to the World
Bank, over 1 billion people—at least one quarter of the world's population—live in poverty. Over half of
these people live in South Asia; most of the remainder in sub-Saharan Africa and East Asia. Many
maintain that the citizens of rich nations have a moral obligation to aid poor nations. First, some have argued, all
persons have a moral obligation to prevent harm when doing so would not cause comparable harm to
themselves. It is clear that suffering and death from starvation are harms. It is also clear that minor
financial sacrifices on the part of people of rich nations can prevent massive amounts of suffering and
death from starvation. Thus, they conclude, people in rich nations have a moral obligation to aid poor
nations. Every week more than a quarter of a million children die from malnutrition and illness. Many of
these deaths are preventable.
30
Russell BW – 1AC
Advantage 2: Coral Reefs
Subsidies key to trawling

Oceana 7
(Oceana press release, 5-4
http://www.seaaroundus.org/OtherWebsites/2007/PR_Inside_USSenatorsCallForWorldwideBanOnDestructiveFishin
gSubsidies.pdf)
Fisheries subsidies also preserve uneconomic and inefficient practices. A recent study found that high
seas bottom trawling would not be profitable without high levels of government subsidies. This fishing
practice is destructive enough that the United Nations has called for it to be severely restricted - an
action supported by President Bush, Senator Stevens and other members of Congress. Fisheries
subsidies have also been documented to support illegal, unregulated, and unreported (IUU) fishing, sometimes
referred to as "pirate fishing."
Deep sea trawling damages coral reefs

Pickrell 4
(John, National Geographic News, 2-19,
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/02/0219_040219_seacorals.html)
Typically imagined as explosions of color in shallow, warm, azure tropical waters, coral reefs are often
regarded as the rain forests of the sea. It wasn't until recent years that scientists realized that reefs at
much greater and darker depths also teem with life—and may be home to the majority of coral species.
Yet even before these deep reefs have been fully explored and documented, they are being destroyed by
unregulated deep-sea trawling. Concerned that many species may be lost before they are identified, a group
of 1,136 scientists from 69 countries is appealing for new laws to protect deep-ocean corals and sponges.
"Based on current knowledge, deep-sea coral and sponge communities appear to be as important to the
biodiversity of the oceans and the sustainability of fisheries as their analogues in shallow tropical
waters," said a statement released earlier this week at both the American Association for the Advancement of
Science meeting in Seattle and the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity held in Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia. "We urge the United Nations and appropriate international bodies to establish a moratorium on
bottom trawling on the high seas," the scientists said. They include Harvard University's renowned ecologist
Edward O. Wilson and former head of the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, D. James
Baker. Great Depths Scientists first discovered deep-sea coral forests in the 19th century but only
recently realized how widespread and important they are. Growing to hundreds, or even thousands of
years old, deep-sea corals are filter-feeding organisms that can form dense reefs in cold and deep
waters as far apart as Alaska, Tasmania, Ireland, and Colombia. Dated at 1,800 years old, one slow-growing
deep-sea coral may rival some kinds of pine trees as the world's oldest organism. Some of these corals even
resemble trees, growing up to 10 meters (33 feet) in height. They have been discovered as deep as 3.5
kilometers (2.2 miles). Lophelia coral reefs in cold North Atlantic waters can harbor 1,300 invertebrate species,
and 850 species of coral have been found on underwater plateaus of the Tasman and Coral Seas. These
forests provide habitats for huge numbers of important deep-sea species, the scientists said Individual
corals could produce chemicals potentially useful for treating high blood pressure, cancer, and chronic pain.
However, many species are being discovered only as they are destroyed by fishing, said Lance E.
Morgan. Morgan is chief scientist with the U.S.-based Marine Conservation Biology Institute (MCBI), the
nongovernmental organization responsible for organizing the petition. "Norway only found that it had these
corals because of surveys for oil," Morgan said. "So they were discovered and significantly damaged at the
same time." Though oil and gas prospecting, deep-sea mining, and global warming are all significant threats,
today's greatest danger comes from fishing trawlers, the scientists wrote. Indiscriminate Destruction Trawlers
are fishing vessels that drag enormous and heavily weighted fishing nets at great depths across the seafloor.
These can be weighted with rollers or chains that crush everything in their path, Morgan said, smashing corals
and sponges and killing enormous quantities of nontargeted animals as well as the fish (including Chilean sea
bass, orange roughy, and cod) and shrimp the nets are set to catch
31
32
Russell BW – 1AC
Coral reefs are critical to human survival.

McMichael 3
(Anthony J, National Centre of Epidemiology and Population Health Director,
http://books.google.com/books?id=tQFYJjDEwhIC&pg=PA254&lpg=PA254&dq=coral+reefs+critical+human+surviva
l&source=web&ots=PpvyXNZ_Ve&sig=HuTi0RaOUUfhEhs1_zYoDQhJFz0&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=
4&ct=result#PPP1,M1)
Coral reefs are one of the most threatened global ecosystems and also one of the most vital. They offer
critical support to human survival, especially in developing countries, serving as barriers for coastal
protection; major tourist attractions; and especially as a productive source of food for a large portion of
the population (39, 40). Coral reefs supply a wide variety of valuable fisheries, including both fish and
invertebrate species (41). Some fisheries are harvested for food, others are collected for the curio and aquarium
trad
PLAN: The US federal government should substantially reduce domestic agricultural support for fisheries including
eliminating at least nearly all subsidies for fisheries.
Observation 2: Solvency
Repealing subsidies solves

The International Herald Tribune 8
(“Where have all the fishes gone?” January 22, Pg. 6)
From time to time, international bodies try to do something to slow overfishing. The United Nations
banned huge drift nets in the 1990s, and recently asked its members to halt bottom trawling, a particularly
ruthless form of industrial fishing, on the high seas. Last fall, the European Union banned fishing for blue fin tuna
in the eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean.
The institution with the most potential leverage is the World Trade Organization. Most of the world's fishing
fleets receive heavy government subsidies for boat building, equipment and fuel, America's fleet less so
than others. Without these subsidies, which amount to about $35 billion annually, fleets would shrink and
many destructive practices would become uneconomic. The WTO has never had a reputation for
environmental zeal. But knowing that healthy fisheries are important to world trade, the group has begun
negotiating new trade rules aimed at reducing subsidies. It produced a promising draft in late November, but
there is no fixed schedule for a final agreement.
The world needs such an agreement, and soon. Many species may soon be so depleted that they will no
longer be able to reproduce themselves. As 125 respected scientists warned in a letter to the WTO last year,
the world is at a crossroads. One road leads to tremendously diminished marine life. The other leads to
oceans again teeming with abundance. The WTO can help choose the right one.
33
Russell BW – 1AC
Capacity reduction subsidies hurt the smallest fishers, exacerbating poverty

Cox & Schmidt 7
(6-4, Andrew & Carl, OECD, http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/43/40/2507604.pdf)
Policies aimed at reducing fishing capacity or effort in one fishery can lead to spillover effects into other fisheries,
either within a particular country or to other countries. In many cases, this has been an unintended consequence
of the capacity reduction programmes. In other cases, deliberate policies have been pursued to shift capacity
into other fisheries. The export of capacity to third countries (outside the OECD) and to the high seas has also
been of concern. The extent to which capacity-reduction programmes implemented by OECD countries have
exacerbated these problems is unclear at this stage and requires further investigation. Such capacity shifts can
exacerbate problems in the fisheries to which the excess capacity relocates. If there are controls on inputs and
outputs in the fisheries receiving the excess capacity, it can be expected that the participants will benefit from
cheaper capital and the fishery will not generally be worse off in terms of resource sustainability (although
economic problems such as race-to-fish may persist or intensify). If, however, the capacity shifts to a fishery
where there is ineffective management then there can be problems with respect to resource sustainability as well
as economic profitability. Temporarily solving the capacity problem in one fishery may be at the expense of
another fishery.
Research subsidies make dangerous fishing practices profitable – Their risks outweigh their benefits
Cox 3
[Anthony, Senior Analyst at OECD, http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/10/27/24320313.PDF]
Successful fisheries management plans must be based on knowledge about the fish stocks involved and
the ecosystem in which they are embedded. The better the research the greater is the potential success of
the fisheries management plan, although there are likely to be diminishing marginal returns to research at
some point. In most countries, the government meets the costs of research while some countries, such as
Australia and New Zealand, are recovering some of the costs of research from industry (OECD 2003b). The
government provision of research reduces the costs of the industry as they would otherwise have to
bear the costs themselves. A usual justification for the public provision of research is that it is a public
good and that the benefits from the research flow beyond the fishing sector to the broader community.
While this is true for many kinds of research (such as general research into ecosystem functioning, etc), it is
not necessarily universally the case. Some forms of research may have a significant impact on the input
costs of fishing operators. For example, research into improved gear technology, gear selectivity and so
on is primarily directed at improving the productivity of fishing operations. Much of this research benefits
the industry directly and it is not clear that the public good arguments usually associated with publicly
funded research necessarily apply (Arnason and Sutinen 2003; Cox 2003). The extent to which research can
be classed as a public good is therefore something of a grey area. In the case of deep-sea fisheries, there is a
strong justification for undertaking publicly-funded research into the basic biology and dynamics of the target fish
stocks and supporting ecosystem. In the absence of government intervention, there is unlikely to be sufficient
investment in research into these areas by the private sector. However, there appears to be less rationale for
government support for research aimed at improving the productivity of fleets targeting deep-sea
species, such as research into improved fish-finding technology, the refinement of gear for deep-water
fishing and the exploration of new fishing grounds
34
Russell BW – 1AC
Fuel subsidies allow exploitation of deep water fisheries. Destructive techniques threaten vulnerable
species and ancient corrals. Removing fuel subsidies would make deep sea fishing unfeasible, promoting
fishing of more resilient coastal species
Fleming 7
Nic Fleming, Science Correspondent in San Francisco “Scientists call for fuel subsidies ban to protect fish”
19/02/2007
http://www.seaaroundus.org/newspapers/2007/Telegraph_ScientistsCallForFuelSubsidiesBan.pdf
Scientists have called for a worldwide ban on fuel subsidies paid to deep-sea fishing boats that are
putting vulnerable species at risk and damaging corals. Because many types of fish are declining in shallow
coastal waters across the world, fishing fleets are increasingly active in deep international waters. Most of the
high seas catch from deeper waters is carried out by bottom trawling which involves dragging massive
nets along the sea bed – a practice which can destroy deep- sea corals and sponge beds that have taken
centuries or millennia to grow. Fish such as orange roughy, roundnose grenadiers, black scabbardfish and
deep-water sharks live longer and reproduce later than shallow waters species, and so are more vulnerable to
steep declines in populations. Canadian researchers recently produced a report showing much deep sea
fishing is only profitable because of subsidies. … “From an ecological perspective we cannot afford to
destroy the deep-sea. From an economic perspective, deep-sea fisheries cannot occur without
government subsides. And the bottom line is that current deep fisheries are not sustainable.” … “With
globalised markets, the economic drivers of over-fishing are physically removed and so fishermen have no stake
in the natural systems they affect. “While it may be a good short-term business practice to fish out stocks and
move on, we now see global declines of targeted species. “The solution is not going into the deep-sea, but
better managing the shallow waters where fish live fast and die young but ecosystems have a greater
potential for resilience.”
The U.S. needs to play an international leadership role and cut subsidies to act as a model for other nations
Reilly 2
(William, former administrator of the EPA,
http://www.oceancommission.gov/meetings/jul23_24_02/answers/reilly_answer.pdf)
The U.S. is already playing an important leadership role in the conservation of high seas fisheries. More
than any other major fishing nation, the United States has actively promoted the incorporation of the ideals of
the United Nations Agreement on Highly Migratory and Straddling Fish Stocks into regional fisheries accords.
We have played a key role in the World Trade Organization in the effort to develop new rules to reduce
government subsidies that contribute to overcapacity and overfishing. We have set high standards for our
fleets that fish in distant waters, compared to the current practices of vessels from most other nations. We must
stay the course. We need to systematically evaluate the international accords that govern key high seas fisheries
to make sure that they will assure the sustainability – and where necessary the recovery – of migratory fish
stocks. We need to step up the level of diplomatic pressure in cases where these accords need to be
strengthened, and in instances where nations are undermining their effectiveness. We need to do a better job
of making sure that important international fisheries agreements that have been adopted in recent years –
such as the FAO Plan of Action on fishing fleet overcapacity – are effectively implemented and not merely
paper exercises. And we need to continue to improve the way in which we manage the fish stocks within
our own exclusive economic
zone, so that we can serve as a model for other fishing nations.
35
Russell BW – 1AC
Eliminating subsidies is necessary to reduce over fishing and market distortions.

Andrei 99
(Mercedes Tira, BusinessWorld, Mercedes Tira Andrei is a D.C. news correspondent for The Filipino
Reporter 3-16)
"Put simply, too many boats are chasing too few fish," said Terry Garcia, US assistant secretary of Commerce for
Oceans and Atmosphere. "We need to improve the balance between the fishing industry's productive capacity
and the availability of fish. This must be done by eliminating government subsidies that contribute to overfishing
worldwide."
Fishing efforts and harvesting capacity are at excessive levels, Ms. Barshefsky said in a statement Friday.
These activities "must be restrained to avoid depleting global fisheries stocks. It is also clear that
government subsidies that increase harvesting operations and capacity are a major contributing factor
in these problems."
The World Bank has estimated in a study last year that US$11 billion to $12 billion of environmentally
harmful subsidies are being granted each year by governments around the world to the fisheries sector.
This amount comprises as much as 25% of global fisheries revenues.
The UN Food and Agriculture Organization as well as a number of environmental groups have also
highlighted the need to eliminate subsidies that contribute to overfishing. Because such subsidies also
distort trade by reducing harvesting costs and placing downward pressure on world seafood prices, the
five-nation initiative hopes that the WTO could play a constructive role in encouraging governments to reduce or
eliminate these subsidies.
The U.S. is in a unique position to influence change in the policy of other countries
Gabelia 00
(Maka, President of the National Wildlife Federation,
http://www.commercialdiplomacy.org/cd_programs/darling/gabelia.htm) RKB
The United States has been the main advocate for opening markets to freer trade and financial flows since WW II.
We volunteered to play the lead role in helping Europe rebuild. After the war - while we did this in part to secure
markets for our own goods, we also knew that free trade would greatly speed Europe's economic recovery. The
United States still supports trade liberalization, but the public has become very critical of the process. The public's
definition of a good quality of life has changed. Today, people in the United States and other developed countries
recognize the importance of maintaining a healthy environment. People demand conservation of natural resources
and protection of good human health. The United States believes in sustainable development, and it has an
opportunity to steer the multilateral trade system in this direction through the WTO. Thus, the United States should
maintain its leading role in this institution. If the United States withdraws from the WTO, it will undermine the
liberalization of the multilateral trading system. Instead, we must secure our membership in this institution to
influence the trade policies and environmental conservation practices of other members of the WTO. As the largest
and most open economy in the world, the United States is in the best position to call for such a commitment.
Indeed, the WTO Secretariat, in a recent report on U.S. trade policies, noted the critical role that the United States
plays in serving as a positive model for other WTO member countries by maintaining open markets.
36
Russell BW – 1AC
Our trading power gives the US unique ability to influence global fishing
U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy 4
(9-20, http://www.oceancommission.gov/documents/full_color_rpt/000_ocean_full_report.pdf)
The world’s oceans and inland waterways are the highways of choice for the global movement of this vast
international trade. As the world’s largest trading nation, the United States imports and exports more merchandise
than any other country (Table 13.1) and has one of the most extensive marine transportation systems in the world.1
U.S. marine import-export trade accounts for nearly 7 percent of the nation’s gross domestic product.2 Domestically,
coastal and inland marine trade amounts to roughly one billion tons of cargo, worth more than $220 billion a year.3
The U.S. marine transportation system is a complex public–private partnership with many participants. It consists of
state, territorial, local, and privately owned facilities managed, financed, and operated by federal, state, territorial,
and local governments. The system is a highly complex and interconnected mix of waterways, ports and terminals,
water- and land-based intermodal connections, vessels, vehicles, equipment, personnel, support service industries,
and users. This system provides a number of services, including: supporting the waterborne movement of foreign
and domestic cargo; moving passengers and vehicles through numerous ferry systems; serving recreational
boating, commercial fishing vessels, and cruise liners; and generating millions of jobs for Americans and for the
nation’s international trading partners. The U.S. marine transportation system also plays an important national
security role as a point of entry for foreign shipments and a conduit for the movement of military equipment,
supplies, and personnel to and from overseas locations.
37
Russell -- 1AC (13/15)
Seeing war an event obfuscates the continued legacy of state-sponsored violence going on everyday. This ethic
prevents mobilization against structural forms of violence that make the outbreak of war inevitable.
Cuomo 96
(Christine, Associate Professor of Philosophy at the University of Cincinnati, “War Is Not Just an Event: Reflections
on the Significance of Everyday Violence”, Hypatia, Vol. 11, Iss. 4, Fall, Proquest)
Theory that does not investigate or even notice the omnipresence of militarism cannot represent or address
the depth and specificity of the everyday effects of militarism on women, on people living in occupied
territories, on members of military institutions, and on the environment. These effects are relevant to feminists
in a number of ways because military practices and institutions help construct gendered and national identity,
and because they justify the destruction of natural nonhuman entities and communities during peacetime.
Lack of attention to these aspects of the business of making or preventing military violence in an extremely
technologized world results in theory that cannot accommodate the connections among the constant
presence of militarism, declared wars, and other closely related social phenomena, such as nationalistic
glorifications of motherhood, media violence, and current ideological gravitations to military solutions for
social problems. Ethical approaches that do not attend to the ways in which warfare and military practices are
woven into the very fabric of life in twenty-first century technological states lead to crisis-based politics and
analyses. For any feminism that aims to resist oppression and create alternative social and political options,
crisis-based ethics and politics are problematic because they distract attention from the need for sustained
resistance to the enmeshed, omnipresent systems of domination and oppression that so often function as
givens in most people's lives. Neglecting the omnipresence of militarism allows the false belief that the
absence of declared armed conflicts is peace, the polar opposite of war. It is particularly easy for those whose
lives are shaped by the safety of privilege, and who do not regularly encounter the realities of militarism, to
maintain this false belief. The belief that militarism is an ethical, political concern only regarding armed
conflict, creates forms of resistance to militarism that are merely exercises in crisis control. Antiwar resistance
is then mobilized when the "real" violence finally occurs, or when the stability of privilege is directly
threatened, and at that point it is difficult not to respond in ways that make resisters drop all other political
priorities. Crisis-driven attention to declarations of war might actually keep resisters complacent about and
complicitous in the general presence of global militarism. Seeing war as necessarily embedded in constant
military presence draws attention to the fact that horrific, state-sponsored violence is happening nearly all
over, all of the time, and that it is perpetrated by military institutions and other militaristic agents of the state.
Moving away from crisis-driven politics and ontologies concerning war and military violence also enables
consideration of relationships among seemingly disparate phenomena, and therefore can shape more
nuanced theoretical and practical forms of resistance. For example, investigating the ways in which war is
part of a presence allows consideration of the relationships among the events of war and the following: how
militarism is a foundational trope in the social and political imagination; how the pervasive presence and
symbolism of soldiers/warriors/patriots shape meanings of gender; the ways in which threats of state-
sponsored violence are a sometimes invisible/sometimes bold agent of racism, nationalism, and corporate
interests; the fact that vast numbers of communities, cities, and nations are currently in the midst of
excruciatingly violent circumstances. It also provides a lens for considering the relationships among the
various kinds of violence that get labeled "war." Given current American obsessions with nationalism, guns,
and militias, and growing hunger for the death penalty, prisons, and a more powerful police state, one cannot
underestimate the need for philosophical and political attention to connections among phenomena like the
"war on drugs," the "war on crime," and other state-funded militaristic campaigns.
38
1AC (14/15)
The discourse of nuclearism reduces subjects to strategic calculators that must think nuclear apocalypse into being.
Chaloupka 92 (William, Professor of Political Science, University of Montana, Knowing Nukes: The Politics and
Culture of the Atom. 21-22)
An oppositional politics, fully capable of problematizing this (hyper-) exuberant nuclearism, is possible on
bases other than such suspect categories as euphemism, survival, unspeakability, and numbing. Through out
this book, I am trying to reposition antinuclearism within such a defensible political practice. At the very least,
this implies an intellectual project: to paraphrase Foucault, there is a struggle over issues of knowledge, set
off by nuclear criticism. The political mood of the language-and-politics position is well framed by nuclear
criticism. More precisely, a political mood could yet form, one that would contrast sharply with an exiting
nuclear opposition that in the United States, has adopted a paradoxical structure, as if driven to mirror that
paradoxes of nukes themselves. Antinuke talk has been ponderous—so responsible and serious that it just
obviously defeats itself, and must invent the defense that “people don’t really like to talk about nuclear war
very much.” Paradoxically, opponents then test that humorlessness by asking citizens to become
independent entrepreneurs of risk, weighing the likelihood and amplitude of possible disasters. It should not
be surprising that such a politics works only intermittently if at all. To summarize: as obvious a goal as
“survival” may be, it nonetheless carries with it a series of code and a rhetoric. Survival implies a global
unquestionable project- a faith really- and it therefore brings along baggage we might not wish to carry.
Following Foucault’s model of the specific intellectual, intervening in the relations of power and knowledge,
we can identify some of this baggage. When we approach survival (and humanism, and liberalism in general)
from that angle, we see some primary terms becoming far more problematic than we may have understood.
The unspeakability of nukes—part of a characteristic liberal injunction to speak—turns out, instead, to point to
a problem with the whole scheme of representation. Furthermore, our concern with technological
dependence and accidents turns out to beg important issues of agency. In the wake of these discoveries, we
should at least suspect that it is disciplinary power—more than technology, or reticence to speak or a too-
awesome topic—that has been accumulating. And in the face of that accumulation, the injunction to aid
survival and counter unspeakability by simply canceling euphemism is obviously just too limited a response.
In upcoming chapters, I will try to suggest a different sort of opposition, informed by the theoretical
considerations outlined above. Even if principled renunciations of the nuke—in the name of humanity or
survival—have misfired, other interventions may be possible, may even be better.
Fearing the Bomb buys into a mode of nuclear opposition that grants control of the debate to nuclear
proponents, preventing change.
Chaloupka 92 (William, Professor of Political Science, University of Montana, Knowing Nukes: The Politics and
Culture of the Atom. 21-22)
Like few other issues, nuclearism strains to become more than an instance. It aspires to be context and case,
to shape public and private life. It seeks a symbolic position of such force that other concerns would arise
within the context of nuclear technology, sometimes even when explicit, connections are absent. The policies,
practices, and discourses of nuclear technology seem to have a capacity to capture attention that rivals even
their destructive capability. In short, nuclearism organizes public life and thought so thoroughly that, in
another era of political theory, we would analyze it as an ideology. The framework of survival or defense has
become pervasive in Western political cultures, dominating not only the budgets and debates of public life but
the more private dimensions as well. In our time, when one dreams of public life, the fantasies may even be
atomic. The level of compulsion attendant to nuclear questions could become a subject of interpretation; a
critic could choose to discuss these questions as more fundamental than issues that merely confirm existing
frameworks and habits. For citizens of nuclear states, nukes are the metaphors for success and failure, the
constraints for experimentation, the analogy for all other “problems. Nonetheless, these same citizens seem
reluctant to take nukes so seriously. The background for my project is a suspicion that a sort of conservatism,
a slowness to move, characterizes even the most alarmist talk of nukes. The various positions on nuclearism
are phrased within familiar political ways of speaking, despite their proponents’ considered judgment that
precisely these undertakings have made the world so different, so dangerous. The nuclearism adopted by
states and diplomats presumes a Machiavellian counterbalance of threats, while opponents presume the
39
efficacy of humanist commitment. Despite obvious differences, both positions reinforce a contemporary,
ideological ways of understanding politics.
40
1AC (15/15)
Economic securitization erases difference in an attempt to remake the world into an image of US power,
which results in antagonistic violence.
Lipschutz 95
(Ronnie, Professor of Politics at UC Santa Cruz, On Security, 15-16)
Consider, then, the consequences of the intersection of security policy and economics during and after the
Cold War. In order to establish a “secure” global system, the United States advocated, and put into place, a
global system of economic liberalism. It then underwrote, with dollars and other aid, the growth of this
system.43 One consequence, of this project was the globalizations of a particular mode of production and
accumulation, which relied on the re-creation, throughout the world, of the domestic political and economic
environment and preferences of the United States. That such a project cannot be accomplished under
conditions of really-existing capitalism is not important: the idea was that economic and political liberalism
would reproduce the American self around the world.44 This would make the world safe and secure for the
Untited States inasmuch as it would all be the self, so to speak. The joker in this particular deck was that
efforts to reproduce some version of American society abroad, in order to make the world more secure for
Americans, came to threaten the cultures and societies of the countries being transformed, making their
citizens less secure. The process thereby transformed them into the very enemies we feared so greatly. In
Iran, for example, the Shah’s efforts to create a Westernized society engendered so much domestic
resistance that not only did it bring down his empire but so, for a time, seemed to pose a mortal threat to the
American Empire based on Persian Gulf oil. Islamic “fundamentalism,” now characterized by some as the
enemy that will replace Communism, seems to be U.S. policymakers’ worst nightmares made real,45
although without the United States to interfere in the Middle East and elsewhere, the Islamic movements
might never have acquired the domestic power they now have in those countries and regions that seem so
essential to American “security.” The ways in which the framing of threats is influenced by a changing global
economy is seen nowhere more clearly than in recent debates over competitiveness and “economic
security.” What does it mean to be competitive? Is a national industrial policy consistent with global economic
liberalization? How is the security compenent of this issue socially constructed? Beverly Crawford (Chapter 6:
“Hawks, Doves, but no Owls: The New Security Dilemma Under International Economic Interdependence”)
shows how strategic economic interdependence – a consequence of the growing liberalization of the global
economic sytem, the increasing availability of advanced technologies through commercial markets, and the
ever-increasing velocity of the product cycle – undermines the ability
41
Russell BW – 1AC
The affirmative should get to choose the framework in debate because. . .
1. Key to competitive equity—the negative has two constructives to establish their framework while the 1AC is
effectively mooted, harming the aff ability to win
2. Includes all framework—if the aff always gets to choose, every team will have to debate in critical, policy, and
performance frameworks, keeping debate interesting and broad
3. Increases predictability and argument development—both sides will know what kind of debate they’re getting
into due to disclosure, promoting clash and educational development
4. Ensures neg ground—they can run any ________ argument to defeat us in our framework, there is no unique
reason they need this _______ to win
5. Promotes tolerance—this allows different perspectives to coexist. Neg choice creates a schism in debate
between policy and critical camps and decreases overall education and tolerance in the real world.
6. Decreases judge intervention—judges can mutually agree to disarm their views of debate
7. Presumption goes aff—the negative wins more rounds and this would help to even it out
8. Implications—accept our choice of framework—we choose to debate __________________, with the role of the
judge as a ______. You must disregard their arguments pertaining to _______.
9. Failure to respond to this in the next speech means that they accept our framework.
42
Russell MP, BN, & GK – 1AC (1/12)
PLAN: The US federal government should substantially reduce domestic agricultural support for fisheries
including eliminating at least nearly all subsidies for fisheries.
US fish stocks down, overfishing up
PEW 8 (Marine Fish Conservation Network, http://www.oceanlegacy.org/pdfs/ocean-conservation-2008.pdf)

Scientists estimate that fish stocks in U.S. waters have been declining for at least 30 years, and two blue
ribbon panels, the Pew Oceans Commission and the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy, recently concluded
that our oceans and fisheries are in crisis. In the United States, problems began in the mid-1950s with the
increased mechanization of commercial fishing. The decades of the ’80s and ’90s followed with the
high-profile collapse of key stocks, including Atlantic bluefin tuna and New England cod. Some
stocks may have plummeted beyond recovery and others may be nearing collapse. Similar
miscalculations resulted in the severe depletion of several species of Pacific rockfish and red
snapper in the Gulf of Mexico. In some cases, fishing resumed prematurely when a species was thought to
be recovering, only to plunge it back into decline. In addition to the environmental damage, this repeated
boom-or-bust cycle disrupted lives and livelihoods in coastal communities. In its 2007 Status of U.S.
Fisheries Fourth Quarter Report, NMFS reported that 41 fish stocks were subject to overfishing, nearly
a fifth of our most important commercial fish stocks.7 However, NMFS has not conducted scientific
assessments on the majority of fish stocks.8 Overfishing may be depleting many of these “unknown”
fisheries.
43
Russell MP BN, & GK – 1AC (1/12)
Subsidies are the sole cause of overfishing
Saunders 7 (Doug, the chief of the Globe and Mail's London-based European Bureau, “A dose of global cod-liver
oil”, May 26th)
To find out, Mr. Sumaila spent a decade building up two huge databases, using hordes of research assistants
travelling the world. One database showed the price of each type of fish in every nation since 1955; the other
showed exactly what each country's fishermen were being paid for. This, combined with Mr. Pauly's fish-stocks
databases, allowed him to see why the fish were disappearing. What he discovered, and documented in a series of
fascinating research reports last year, is that the self-balancing nature of fishing is thrown out of kilter by the
widespread government practice of giving fishermen subsidies for boat building and, especially, fuel. This money,
which he described as "bad subsidies," are exactly equivalent to the scale of overfishing - the subsidies make the
difference between a renewable resource and a dying resource. Not only that, but fuel subsidies, he discovered, are
responsible for the continuation of the most devastating practice in fishing, bottom trawling, which tears up the sea
and destroys species. Countries pay $152-million a year in fuel subsidies to trawlers, which accounts for 25 per cent
of their income. And the profit they make is only 10 per cent. "Without subsidies," he concluded, "the bulk of the
world's bottom-trawl fleet [would] operate at a loss, thereby reducing the current threat to ... fish stocks." Without
"bad" subsidies, which amount to $20-billion a year worldwide, there would be fewer people in the fishing business
around the world. But Mr. Sumaila concluded that this process would actually give the world more fish. "There is a
potential to actually increase the catch if we can agree to reduce the scale in the short term," he said, "and avoid
subsidizing the industry too much in the long term." It seems like an ideal solution. Governments don't like paying
taxpayer subsidies to industries - they do it because they believe that without them they'll lose the industry and its
political support.
44
Even conservation subsidies increase overfishing
Cox 3 [Anthony, Senior Analyst at OECD, http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/10/27/24320313.PDF]

Subsidies for vessel decommissioning are often viewed as one mechanism for overcoming the
excess capacity problem. In general, these subsidies are payments for permanent vessel withdrawal
through buyback programs, permanent licence withdrawal and transfer of vessels to other fisheries (either
domestically or internationally). It is one of the largest items of government financial transfers in OECD
countries after expenditure on management, research, enforcement and infrastructure (Figure 2). The design
and implementation of decommissioning and licence schemes varies significantly both between and within
countries. For example, some countries require that decommissioning payments be tied to the physical
scrapping of vessels while others allow vessels to be shifted to another fishery (in which case the payment is
for the removal of capacity from a particular fishery rather than reducing the overall capacity in the country or
globally). Other schemes are intended to remove latent capacity instead of capacity that is currently engaged
in fishing. There has been significant debate about the efficacy of many of these schemes in achieving
their objectives both from an environmental and economic perspective (Arnason 1999; Holland,
Gudmundsson and Gates 1999; Munro and Sumaila 1999). If there are no controls in place in a fishery,
then such subsidies will have no effect on fish stocks as new vessels will enter the fishery to replace the
scrapped vessels.10 If there are catch controls, the effect on fish stocks will be zero as, in the absence
of barriers to entry, the vessels being decommissioned would be replaced by new vessels. If the fishery is
initially over-fished, then the subsidies will have no effect on stocks unless the allowable catch is also
reduced. Such a combination of policy changes would have the effect of reducing capacity, reducing catches
and increasing stocks. In the case of rights-based regimes, the effects of vessel decommissioning schemes
on fish stocks would be negligible. The owners of the quota or effort rights would primarily benefit from
capacity leaving the fishery. The provision of decommissioning subsidies also has an impact on the risk faced
by fishers in their investment and production decisions. The existence of vessel and licence buy-back
programs can create expectations in the industry that the government will cover losses that may
arise from excess investment in vessels, thereby reducing the risk-adjusted discount rate used in
making investment decisions. Munro and Sumaila (2001, p. 25) conclude that subsidies used in vessel
buyback schemes, if they come to be widely anticipated by industry, “can, and will, have a decidedly
negative impact” on resource management and sustainability.
Capacity reduction subsidies hurt the smallest fishers, exacerbating poverty
Cox & Schmidt 7 (6-4, Andrew & Carl, OECD, http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/43/40/2507604.pdf)

Policies aimed at reducing fishing capacity or effort in one fishery can lead to spillover effects
into other fisheries, either within a particular country or to other countries. In many cases, this has been an
unintended consequence of the capacity reduction programmes. In other cases, deliberate policies have
been pursued to shift capacity into other fisheries. The export of capacity to third countries (outside the
OECD) and to the high seas has also been of concern. The extent to which capacity-reduction programmes
implemented by OECD countries have exacerbated these problems is unclear at this stage and requires
further investigation. Such capacity shifts can exacerbate problems in the fisheries to which the excess
capacity relocates. If there are controls on inputs and outputs in the fisheries receiving the excess capacity, it
can be expected that the participants will benefit from cheaper capital and the fishery will not generally be
worse off in terms of resource sustainability (although economic problems such as race-to-fish may persist or
intensify). If, however, the capacity shifts to a fishery where there is ineffective management then there can
be problems with respect to resource sustainability as well as economic profitability. Temporarily solving
the capacity problem in one fishery may be at the expense of another fishery.
45
Research subsidies make dangerous fishing practices profitable – Their risks outweigh their benefits
Cox 3 [Anthony, Senior Analyst at OECD, http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/10/27/24320313.PDF]

Successful fisheries management plans must be based on knowledge about the fish stocks involved and the ecosystem in whic
they are embedded. The better the research the greater is the potential success of the fisheries management plan, although the
are likely to be diminishing marginal returns to research at some point. In most countries, the government meets the costs of research
while some countries, such as Australia and New Zealand, are recovering some of the costs of research from industry (OECD 2003b).
government provision of research reduces the costs of the industry as they would otherwise have to bear the costs themselv
A usual justification for the public provision of research is that it is a public good and that the benefits from the research flow
beyond the fishing sector to the broader community. While this is true for many kinds of research (such as general research int
ecosystem functioning, etc), it is not necessarily universally the case. Some forms of research may have a significant impact on the
input costs of fishing operators. For example, research into improved gear technology, gear selectivity and so on is primarily
directed at improving the productivity of fishing operations. Much of this research benefits the industry directly and it is not cle
that the public good arguments usually associated with publicly funded research necessarily apply (Arnason and Sutinen 2003;
Cox 2003). The extent to which research can be classed as a public good is therefore something of a grey area. In the case of deep-se
fisheries, there is a strong justification for undertaking publicly-funded research into the basic biology and dynamics of the target fish
stocks and supporting ecosystem. In the absence of government intervention, there is unlikely to be sufficient investment in research in
these areas by the private sector. However, there appears to be less rationale for government support for research aimed at
improving the productivity of fleets targeting deep-sea species, such as research into improved fish-finding technology, the
refinement of gear for deep-water fishing and the exploration of new fishing grounds
Fuel subsidies allow exploitation of deep water fisheries. Destructive techniques threaten vulnerable species and ancient
corrals. Removing fuel subsidies would make deep sea fishing unfeasible, promoting fishing of more resilient coastal species
Fleming 7 Nic Fleming, Science Correspondent in San Francisco “Scientists call for fuel subsidies ban to protect fish” 19/02/2007
http://www.seaaroundus.org/newspapers/2007/Telegraph_ScientistsCallForFuelSubsidiesBan.pdf
Scientists have called for a worldwide ban on fuel subsidies paid to deep-sea fishing boats that are putting vulnerable species
risk and damaging corals. Because many types of fish are declining in shallow coastal waters across the world, fishing fleets are
increasingly active in deep international waters. Most of the high seas catch from deeper waters is carried out by bottom trawling
which involves dragging massive nets along the sea bed – a practice which can destroy deep- sea corals and sponge beds that
have taken centuries or millennia to grow. Fish such as orange roughy, roundnose grenadiers, black scabbardfish and deep-water
sharks live longer and reproduce later than shallow waters species, and so are more vulnerable to steep declines in populations.
Canadian researchers recently produced a report showing much deep sea fishing is only profitable because of subsidies. …
“From an ecological perspective we cannot afford to destroy the deep-sea. From an economic perspective, deep-sea fisheries
cannot occur without government subsides. And the bottom line is that current deep fisheries are not sustainable.” … “With
globalised markets, the economic drivers of over-fishing are physically removed and so fishermen have no stake in the natural systems
they affect. “While it may be a good short-term business practice to fish out stocks and move on, we now see global declines of targete
species. “The solution is not going into the deep-sea, but better managing the shallow waters where fish live fast and die youn
but ecosystems have a greater potential for resilience.”
46
Fish are a crucial source of global food stocks
UN FAO 6 (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ,The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture - 2006
(SOFIA), http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/A0699e/A0699E05.htm#5.1.3)
Global per capita fish16 consumption has increased over the past four decades, rising from 9.0 kg in 1961 to an
estimated 16.5 kg in 2003. China has been responsible for most of this increase: its estimated share of world fish
production grew from 21 percent in 1994 to 34 percent in 2003, when its per capita fish supply stood at around 25.8 kg. If
China is excluded, the per capita fish supply is about 14.2 kg, almost the same as during the mid-1980s. During the 1990s,
world per capita fish supply, excluding China, was relatively stable at 13.2-13.8 kg. this can mainly be attributed to a higher
population growth than that of food fish supply during the 1990s (1.6 percent per annum compared with 1.1 percent,
respectively). Since the early 2000s, there has been an inversion of this trend, with higher food fish supply growth than
that of population (2.4 percent per annum compared with 1.1 percent). Preliminary estimates for 2004 indicate a slight
increase of global per capita fish supply, to about 16.6 kg.
Global per capita food consumption has also been improving in recent decades. Nutritional standards have shown
positive long-term trends with worldwide increases in the average global calorie supply per person (a rise of 16
percent since 1969–71 to reach 2 795 kcal/person/day in 2000-02, with the developing country average expanding by more
than 25 percent) and in the quantity of proteins per person (from 65.1 g in 1970 to 76.3 g in 2003). Yet distributional
disparities continue to exist. In 2001-03, according to FAO estimates, 856 million people in the world were
undernourished, 61 percent of whom were living in Asia and the Pacific and 820 million in the developing countries overall.
The highest prevalence of undernourishment is found in sub-Saharan Africa, where 32 percent of the population were
undernourished, while an estimated 16 percent of the population were estimated to be undernourished in Asia and the
Pacific.
Fish is highly nutritious, rich in micronutrients, minerals, essential fatty acids and proteins, and represents a
valuable supplement to diets otherwise lacking essential vitamins and minerals. In many countries, especially
developing countries, the average per capita fish consumption may be low, but, even in small quantities, fish can
have a significant positive impact on improving the quality of dietary protein by complementing the essential amino
acids that are often present only in low quantities in vegetable-based diets. It is estimated that fish contributes up to 180
kilocalories per person per day, but reaches such high levels only in a few countries where there is a lack of alternative
foods, and where a preference for fish has been developed and maintained (for example in Iceland, Japan and some small
island developing states). Generally, on average, fish provides about 20–30 kilocalories per person per day. The dietary
contribution of fish is more significant in terms of fish proteins, which are a crucial component in some densely
populated countries where total protein intake levels may be low. For instance, fish contributes to, or exceeds, 50
percent of total animal protein intake in some small island developing states, as well as in Bangladesh, Equatorial Guinea,
the Gambia, Guinea, Indonesia, Myanmar, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Sri Lanka. Globally, fish provides more than 2.8 billion
people with almost 20 percent of their average per capita intake of animal protein. The contribution of fish proteins to total
world animal protein supplies rose from 13.7 percent in 1961 to a peak of 16.0 percent in 1996, before declining somewhat to
15.5 percent in 2003. Corresponding figures for the world, excluding China, show an increase from 12.9 percent in 1961 to
15.4 percent in 1989, slightly declining since then to 14.6 percent in 2003. Figure 22 presents the contributions of major food
groups to total protein supplies.
Starvation kills billions –We have a moral obligation to act
Andre 92 (Claire and Velasquez, Manuel Markkula Center for Applied Ethics Andre and Velasquez are professors at SCU
http://www.scu.edu/ethics/publications/iie/v5n1/hunger.html Spring)
Between now and tomorrow morning, 40,000 children will starve to death. The day after tomorrow, 40,000 more children will
die, and so on throughout 1992. In a "world of plenty," the number of human beings dying or suffering from hunger,
malnutrition, and hunger-related diseases is staggering. According to the World Bank, over 1 billion people—at
least one quarter of the world's population—live in poverty. Over half of these people live in South Asia; most of the
remainder in sub-Saharan Africa and East Asia. Many maintain that the citizens of rich nations have a moral obligation to
aid poor nations. First, some have argued, all persons have a moral obligation to prevent harm when doing so would
not cause comparable harm to themselves. It is clear that suffering and death from starvation are harms. It is also
clear that minor financial sacrifices on the part of people of rich nations can prevent massive amounts of suffering
and death from starvation. Thus, they conclude, people in rich nations have a moral obligation to aid poor nations.
47
Every week more than a quarter of a million children die from malnutrition and illness. Many of these deaths are
preventable.
48
Overfishing impoverishes millions globally – Rich nations’ policies depress their income
Hall 6 (Ronnie, Society for International Development. Hall is a member of Friends of the Earth International
www.sidint.org/development 2006)
Negotiations in the fisheries sector show the same entrenched bias towards industrial interests. Global fish
stocks are already in a dire state, primarily because of increased fishing by distant water fishing fleets
from industrialized countries. WTO negotiations to liberalize the sector further may exacerbate an already
serious situation. Yet environmental and developmental concerns get short shrift in the WTO. Little attention
seems to have been paid to the fact that fishing generates food and finance for millions worldwide. Over
38 million people are involved in fisheries globally and over 80 per cent of these are employed in small-
scale artisanal fishing (FAO, 2004a, b), with 20 per cent of the world’s full-time fisherfolk earning less
than US$1per day (Sharma et al 2005). In other words, fisherfolk, especially women fishers, are
overwhelmingly poor and completely dependent on the state of fish stocks. Yet the world’s supply of
fish is already nearly exhausted, with over 70 per cent of wild fish stocks fully exploited, overexploited or
depleted. Any additional overfishing ^ which could be triggered through trade liberalization
agreements ^ will cause species to become commercially extinct and seriously hinder the process of
their regeneration. Local fishers and poor fishing communities will continue to suffer the impact of
dying seas, as large commercial fleets take the highest quality fish. And cheap fish imports will be
dumped in even larger quantities in many coastal countries, making it impossible for fishers to sell
their catch locally.
Poverty is worse than global thermonuclear war and genocide.
Gilligan 96 (James, Violence: Reflections on a National Epidemic Gilligan is a faculty member of the Harvard
University Dept of Psychology)
"[E]very fifteen years, on the average, as many people die because of relative poverty as would be
killed in a nuclear war that caused 232 million deaths; and every single year, two to three times as
many people die from poverty throughout the world as were killed by the Nazi genocide of the Jews
over a six-year period. This is, in effect, the equivalent of an ongoing, unending, in fact accelerating,
thermonuclear war, or genocide on the weak and poor every year of every decade, throughout the
world."
49
Marine environments around the United States are now dead zones. Overfishing kills the top predators
unbalancing the food chain leading to a great oceanic collapse
Guterl 3; With Kristin Kovner and Emily Flynn, “Troubled Seas” Newsweek, July 14 Fred)
On the one hand, that means the oceans are interrelated--and thus that the removal of predators can
have far-reaching effects. But it reveals nothing about the lower layers of the food chain. Scientists have
only piecemeal examples of what happens when marine eco-systems become unbalanced. The collapse of
the cod fisheries in the North Atlantic has been a boon to shrimp and sea urchins, the cod's prey. It's
given urchins free rein to devour the kelp forests, turning vast stretches of the sea floor into "urchin
barrens." In a study of coastal ecosystems two years ago, Jackson found overfishing of predators,
rather than pollution and global warming, to be the probable cause of oceanic "dead zones"--areas of
complete ecosystem collapse, where microbes fill the void left by fish and invertebrates.
Dead zones are found in the Gulf of Mexico, Chesapeake Bay and the Baltic and Adriatic seas, and
they're spreading to the open oceans. Coral reefs in the Caribbean have been hurt by overfishing of algae-
eating fish, such as parrot fish. Sea urchins took up the slack for years, but when a disease outbreak wiped
them out the corals grew fuzzy and green with algae, and died.
Since so little is known about marine ecosystems, scientists are reluctant to speculate where all this might
lead. It doesn't take much imagination, though, to extrapolate from what we do know. If overfishing
continues for the big predators, it's possible that many of them may fall below a critical mass and
lose the ability to reproduce, sending populations into a downward spiral. That would throw millions
of people who depend on the fishing industry out of work. If the cod and herring fisheries are any guide,
the damage would take decades to reverse. It would be a global crisis; treaties would be signed; --the
United Nations would be granted the power to enforce fishing bans--and we'd all wait out the decades
hoping the fish would return. But they might not, ever. The removal of so many big fish could have a ripple
effect, killing off invertebrate and microbial life forms we haven't even heard of yet, but which serve
as essential links in the food web. How long would it take--50 years? 100?--to find that cod, tuna, halibut,
mackerel, marlin and other big fish were creatures only of farms or museums?
Specifically, US trawling undermines critical coral reefs and kills unique sea turtle
Oceana 7 (http://www.oceana.org/north-america/what-we-do/stop-dirty-fishing/about/)
Trawls are large, cone-shaped nets that are towed along the bottom of the ocean, sweeping up just
about anything in their path. Through their actions, they clearcut the sea floor, which destroys
ecosystems that may have taken centuries to form (i.e. coral and rocky reefs, seagrass beds, etc.) and
eliminates hiding places that many marine species depend on for protection. It is estimated that
trawlers annually scrape close to 6 million square miles of ocean floor. Globally, shrimp trawlers catch and
throw back between five and 10 pounds of dead marine life for every pound of shrimp landed. In all, shrimp
fishing accounts for 35 percent of the world's unwanted catch. Annually, in the U.S. South Atlantic and
Gulf of Mexico, shrimping operations reportedly discard as much as 2.5 billion pounds of fish while
drowning thousands of endangered and threatened sea turtles. Each year as the shrimp fishery
season opens off the coast of Texas, hundreds of sea turtles killed by shrimp trawl nets wash up on
south Texas beaches.
50
Coral reefs are critical to human survival.
McMichael 3 (Anthony J, National Centre of Epidemiology and Population Health Director,

http://books.google.com/books?id=tQFYJjDEwhIC&pg=PA254&lpg=PA254&dq=coral+reefs+critical+human+survival&source=web&ots
PpvyXNZ_Ve&sig=HuTi0RaOUUfhEhs1_zYoDQhJFz0&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=4&ct=result#PPP1,M1)
Coral reefs are one of the most threatened global ecosystems and also one of the most vital. They offer critical support to
human survival, especially in developing countries, serving as barriers for coastal protection; major tourist attractions; and
especially as a productive source of food for a large portion of the population (39, 40). Coral reefs supply a wide variety of
valuable fisheries, including both fish and invertebrate species (41). Some fisheries are harvested for food, others are collected for the
curio and aquarium trades.
Sea turtles are keystone species – They perform unique ecosystem services
Sea Turtle Survival League 2k [December 22 Sea Turtle Survival League is a conservation group of marine biologists.]
Why should humans care if sea turtles go extinct? There are two major ecological effects of sea turtle extinction. 1. Sea turtles,
especially green sea turtles, are one of the very few animals to eat sea grass. Like normal lawn grass, sea grass needs to be
constantly cut short to be healthy and help it grow across the sea floor rather than just getting longer grass blades. Sea turtles
and manatees act as grazing animals that cut the grass short and help maintain the health of the sea grass beds. Over the past
decades, there has been a decline in sea grass beds. This decline may be linked to the lower numbers of sea turtles. Sea grass
beds are important because they provide breeding and developmental grounds for many species of fish, shellfish and
crustaceans. Without sea grass beds, many marine species humans harvest would be lost, as would the lower levels of the foo
chain. The reactions could result in many more marine species being lost and eventually impacting humans. So if sea turtles go
extinct, there would be a serious decline in sea grass beds and a decline in all the other species dependant upon the grass
beds for survival. All parts of an ecosystem are important, if you lose one, the rest will eventually follow. 2. Beaches and dune
systems do not get very many nutrients during the year, so very little vegetation grows on the dunes and no vegetation grows on
the beach itself. This is because sand does not hold nutrients very well. Sea turtles use beaches and the lower dunes to nest and lay
their eggs. Sea turtles lay around 100 eggs in a nest and lay between 3 and 7 nests during the summer nesting season. Along a 20
mile stretch of beach on the east coast of Florida sea turtles lay over 150,000 lbs of eggs in the sand. Not every nest will hatch, no
every egg in a nest will hatch, and not all of the hatchlings in a nest will make it out of the nest. All the unhatched nests, eggs and
trapped hatchlings are very good sources of nutrients for the dune vegetation, even the left over egg shells from hatched eggs
provide some nutrients. Dune vegetation is able to grow and become stronger with the presence of nutrients from turtle eggs. As
the dune vegetation grows stronger and healthier, the health of the entire beach/dune ecosystem becomes better. Stronger
vegetation and root systems helps to hold the sand in the dunes and helps protect the beach from erosion. As the number of
turtles declines, fewer eggs are laid in the beaches, providing less nutrients. If sea turtles went extinct, dune vegetation would
lose a major source of nutrients and would not be as healthy and would not be strong enough to maintain the dunes, resulting in
increased erosion. Once again, all parts of an ecosystem are important, if you lose one, the rest will eventually follow. Sea turtles are
part of two ecosystems, the beach/dune system and the marine system. If sea turtles went extinct, both the marine and
beach/dune ecosystems would be negatively affected. And since humans utilize the marine ecosystem as a natural resource for
food and since humans utilize the beach/dune system for a wide variety of activities, a negative impact to these ecosystems would
negatively affect humans.
51
Only subsidies allow trawling to persist
Oceana 7 (Oceana press release, 5-4

http://www.seaaroundus.org/OtherWebsites/2007/PR_Inside_USSenatorsCallForWorldwideBanOnDestructiveFishingSubsidies.pdf)
Fisheries subsidies also preserve uneconomic and inefficient practices. A recent study found that high seas bottom trawling
would not be profitable without high levels of government subsidies. This fishing practice is destructive enough that the Unite
Nations has called for it to be severely restricted - an action supported by President Bush, Senator Stevens and other membe
Congress. Fisheries subsidies have also been documented to support illegal, unregulated, and unreported (IUU) fishing, sometimes
referred to as "pirate fishing."
United States marine ecosystems are the most diverse in the world
Pew Oceans Commission 3
(http://www.pewtrusts.org/uploadedFiles/wwwpewtrustsorg/Reports/Protecting_ocean_life/environment_pew_oceans_socioeconomic_p
ectives.pdf)
American fishermen ply waters that boast some of the most diverse and productive ocean habitats of any nation on earth. The
range from the productive high relief areas of Georges Bank off New England to the vast open ocean waters that characterize the U.S.
footprint in the Central and Western Pacific Ocean. They include warm water coral reef ecosystems that support reef fish assemb
of the South Atlantic, U.S. Caribbean, and Gulf of Mexico, and the globally significant and extremely productive continental shelf
ecosystem of the colder North Pacific Ocean off Alaska. Vital nearshore habitats where many commercially valuable species spe
part of their lives extend from the fishery significant estuaries and inlets of the Mid- Atlantic region to the kelp forests, submarine
canyons, rocky reefs, and coral communities off the shores of California, Oregon, and Washington. These diverse ecosystems give r
distinct differences in marine life, regional fisheries, cultures, and communities. Across the regions, fishermen employ a variety of
different fishing gear and vessels to catch different species. The character of fishing operations runs the gamut from small, family-owne
businesses to multi-national conglomerates. Fisheries range from the highly industrialized Alaska offshore pollock trawl fleets to the day
lobster fleets of Maine to the traditional indigenous salmon fisheries of Washington, Oregon, and California. American fishing communit
range from truly remote fishery-dependent areas such as St. Paul Island, Alaska — where 85 percent of the tax revenues come from fis
— to communities closer to urban population centers with a more diversified economic base. Though fishing occurs off the shores of ev
U.S. coastal state, diversity is the defining characteristic of U.S. fisheries.
52
Loss of marine biodiversity leads renders the oceans defenseless against disasters and climate change ending human surviv
Craig 3 Indiana University, Robin Kundis, Winter, 34 McGeorge L. Rev. 155, p. 264-266
Biodiversity and ecosystem function arguments for conserving marine ecosystems also exist, just as they do for terrestrial ecosystems,
these arguments have thus far rarely been raised in political debates. For example, besides significant tourism values - the most
economically valuable ecosystem service coral reefs provide, worldwide - coral reefs protect against storms and dampen other
environmental fluctuations, services worth more than ten times the reefs' value for food production. Waste treatment is another significa
non-extractive ecosystem function that intact coral reef ecosystems provide. More generally, "ocean ecosystems play a major role in
global geochemical cycling of all the elements that represent the basic building blocks of living organisms, carbon, nitrogen,
oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur, as well as other less abundant but necessary elements." In a very real and direct sense, therefore, hum
degradation of marine ecosystems impairs the planet's ability to support life. Maintaining biodiversity is often critical to mainta
the functions of marine ecosystems. Current evidence shows that, in general, an ecosystem's ability to keep functioning in the f
of disturbance is strongly dependent on its biodiversity, "indicating that more diverse ecosystems are more stable." Coral reef
ecosystems are particularly dependent on their biodiversity. Most ecologists agree that the complexity of interactions and degree of
interrelatedness among component species is higher on coral reefs than in any other marine environment. This implies that the ecosyst
functioning that produces the most highly valued components is also complex and that many otherwise insignificant species have stron
effects on sustaining the rest of the reef system. Thus, maintaining and restoring the biodiversity of marine ecosystems is critical to
maintaining and restoring the ecosystem services that they provide. Non-use biodiversity values for marine ecosystems have been
calculated in the wake of marine disasters, like the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska. Similar calculations could derive preservation values
marine wilderness. However, economic value, or economic value equivalents, should not be "the sole or even primary justification for
conservation of ocean ecosystems. Ethical arguments also have considerable force and merit." At the forefront of such arguments shou
a recognition of how little we know about the sea - and about the actual effect of human activities on marine ecosystems. The United St
has traditionally failed to protect marine ecosystems because it was difficult to detect anthropogenic harm to the oceans, but we now kn
that such harm is occurring - even though we are not completely sure about causation or about how to fix every problem. Ecosystems l
the NWHI coral reef ecosystem should inspire lawmakers and policymakers to admit that most of the time we really do not know what w
are doing to the sea and hence should be preserving marine wilderness whenever we can - especially when the United States has with
territory relatively pristine marine ecosystems that may be unique in the world. We may not know much about the sea, but we do know
much: if we kill the ocean we kill ourselves, and we will take most of the biosphere with us. The Black Sea is almost dead, its onc
complex and productive ecosystem almost entirely replaced by a monoculture of comb jellies, "starving out fish and dolphins, emptying
fishermen's nets, and converting the web of life into brainless, wraith-like blobs of jelly." More importantly, the Black Sea is not necessa
unique. The Black Sea is a microcosm of what is happening to the ocean systems at large. The stresses piled up: overfishing, oil sp
industrial discharges, nutrient pollution, wetlands destruction, the introduction of an alien species. The sea weakened, slowly
first, then collapsed with shocking suddenness. The lessons of this tragedy should not be lost to the rest of us, because much of w
happened here is being repeated all over the world. The ecological stresses imposed on the Black Sea were not unique to communism
sadly, was the failure of governments to respond to the emerging crisis. Oxygen-starved "dead zones" appear with increasing frequenc
the coasts of major cities and major rivers, forcing marine animals to flee and killing all that cannot. Ethics as well as enlightened self-
interest thus suggest that the United States should protect fully-functioning marine ecosystems wherever possible - even if a few
fishers go out of business as a result.
53
Species loss causes ecosystem collapse culminating in extinction
Diner 94 (David, Judge Advocate’s General’s Corps of US Army, Military Law Review, Winter, L/N)
Why Do We Care? -- No species has ever dominated its fellow species as man has. In most cases, people have assumed the God-like
power of life and death -- extinction or survival -- over the plants and animals of the world. For most of history, mankind pursued this
domination with a single-minded determination to master the world, tame the wilderness, and exploit nature for the maximum benefit of
human race. In past mass extinction episodes, as many as ninety percent of the existing species perished, and yet the world
moved forward, and new species replaced the old. So why should the world be concerned now? The prime reason is the worl
survival. Like all animal life, humans live off of other species. At some point, the number of species could decline to the point
which the ecosystem fails, and then humans also would become extinct. No one knows how many [*171] species the world
needs to support human life, and to find out -- by allowing certain species to become extinct -- would not be sound policy. In
addition to food, species offer many direct and indirect benefits to mankind. 68 2. Ecological Value. -- Ecological value is the value that
species have in maintaining the environment. Pest, 69 erosion, and flood control are prime benefits certain species provide to man. Pla
and animals also provide additional ecological services -- pollution control, 70 oxygen production, sewage treatment, and biodegradatio
71 3. Scientific and Utilitarian Value. -- Scientific value is the use of species for research into the physical processes of the world
72 Without plants and animals, a large portion of basic scientific research would be impossible. Utilitarian value is the direct
utility humans draw from plants and animals. 73 Only a fraction of the [*172] earth's species have been examined, and mankin
may someday desperately need the species that it is exterminating today. To accept that the snail darter, harelip sucker, or Disma
Swamp southeastern shrew 74 could save mankind may be difficult for some. Many, if not most, species are useless to man in a direct
utilitarian sense. Nonetheless, they may be critical in an indirect role, because their extirpations could affect a directly useful species
negatively. In a closely interconnected ecosystem, the loss of a species affects other species dependent on it. 75 Moreover, as the num
of species decline, the effect of each new extinction on the remaining species increases dramatically. 76 4. Biological Diversity. -- The
main premise of species preservation is that diversity is better than simplicity. 77 As the current mass extinction has
progressed, the world's biological diversity generally has decreased. This trend occurs within ecosystems by reducing the
number of species, and within species by reducing the number of individuals. Both trends carry serious future implications. 7
[*173] Biologically diverse ecosystems are characterized by a large number of specialist species, filling narrow ecological
niches. These ecosystems inherently are more stable than less diverse systems. "The more complex the ecosystem, the more
successfully it can resist a stress. . . . [l]ike a net, in which each knot is connected to others by several strands, such a fabric can resist
collapse better than a simple, unbranched circle of threads -- which if cut anywhere breaks down as a whole." 79 By causing widespre
extinctions, humans have artificially simplified many ecosystems. As biologic simplicity increases, so does the risk of
ecosystem failure. The spreading Sahara Desert in Africa, and the dustbowl conditions of the 1930s in the United States are relatively
mild examples of what might be expected if this trend continues. Theoretically, each new animal or plant extinction, with all its diml
perceived and intertwined affects, could cause total ecosystem collapse and human extinction. Each new extinction increases
the risk of disaster. Like a mechanic removing, one by one, the rivets from an aircraft's wings, 80 mankind may be edging clos
to the abyss.
Cutting subsidies is key – nothing will be effective without this.
Oceana 7 [“Fisheries Subsidies: The good, the bad, and the ugly,” June 5 2007]
Massive government subsidies to the worldwide fishery industry are one of strongest drivers of the continued increase of
fishing capacity, which exacerbates overfishing and other destructive fishing practices. These subsidies have produced a worldwide
fleet that is up to 250 percent greater than that needed to fish sustainably. With these levels of subsidies, no level of fishery
management will effectively be able to stop overfishing if these economic incentives continue to exist. Consequently, eliminati
global overfishing subsidies is likely the largest single action that can be taken to protect the world’s fisheries and the communit
that depend on them.
54
Cutting subsidies for fisheries will solve overfishing and the marine ecosystems that are key to human life
Oceana 7 (Feb 20, http://www.oceana.org/fileadmin/oceana/uploads/dirty_fishing/

cut_the_bait/2007_Subs_outreach_kit/Oceans_in_Trouble_FINAL.pdf)
Oceans cover more than two-thirds of the globe, and they are as important to us as they are vast.
However, the world’s oceans are at a critical juncture and face a bleak future if nothing is done to
restore them. Global fish fleets are taking too much ocean wildlife from the water– and the laws meant
to manage and conserve the fisheries are often ignored or selectively enforced. The result: declining
fisheries and destruction of marine habitat are threatening the Earth’s largest and most important
natural system, as well as the nearly billion people who rely on fish as their primary protein source
and the tens of millions of people who depend on the sea for their livelihood. Since the 1980s, the
global seafood catch has been falling despite more and better equipped fishing boats in the water.
Exacerbating global overfishing are massive subsidies given by a handful of foreign governments to
their fishing fleets to increase their ability to fish. Eliminating these overfishing subsidies is likely the
largest single action that can be taken to protect the world’s fisheries and the communities that depend
on them.
U.S. must take the lead to gain the credibility to force other countries to follow.
Pew Oceans Commission 3 [State of the Oceans, June 4 2003]

The commission believes, however, that this nation must get its own house in order to first provide a
solid foundation upon which to lead internationally. By establishing appropriate standards for
sustaining marine species and ecosystems, the U.S. will be in a better position to use trade pressures
– as it did successfully to protect sea turtles from unsustainable shrimp fisheries – or participate credibly in
negotiations of ocean resource treaties. For example, only by adopting strong conservation standards
for its domestic aquaculture industry can the U.S. establish the moral and legal authority to demand
protective practices in other countries.
US fishing policy is critical to our overall leadership on global issues
U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy 4 (9-20,

http://www.oceancommission.gov/documents/full_color_rpt/000_ocean_full_report.pdf)
Many nations border on, or have direct access to, the sea. All are affected by it. People everywhere
have a stake in how well the oceans are managed, how wisely they are used, and how extensively they are
explored and understood. For the United States, this means the oceans provide an ideal vehicle for
global leadership. From international security to ocean resource management, education, scientific
research, and the development of ocean-related technology, the United States can gain respect by
demonstrating exemplary policies and achievements at home and seeking to spread positive results
through collaborative efforts around the world.
55
Our trading power gives the US unique ability to influence global fishing
U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy 4 (9-20,

http://www.oceancommission.gov/documents/full_color_rpt/000_ocean_full_report.pdf)
The world’s oceans and inland waterways are the highways of choice for the global movement of this
vast international trade. As the world’s largest trading nation, the United States imports and exports
more merchandise than any other country (Table 13.1) and has one of the most extensive marine
transportation systems in the world.1 U.S. marine import-export trade accounts for nearly 7 percent of the
nation’s gross domestic product.2 Domestically, coastal and inland marine trade amounts to roughly one
billion tons of cargo, worth more than $220 billion a year.3 The U.S. marine transportation system is a
complex public–private partnership with many participants. It consists of state, territorial, local, and
privately owned facilities managed, financed, and operated by federal, state, territorial, and local
governments. The system is a highly complex and interconnected mix of waterways, ports and
terminals, water- and land-based intermodal connections, vessels, vehicles, equipment, personnel,
support service industries, and users. This system provides a number of services, including:
supporting the waterborne movement of foreign and domestic cargo; moving passengers and vehicles
through numerous ferry systems; serving recreational boating, commercial fishing vessels, and cruise liners;
and generating millions of jobs for Americans and for the nation’s international trading partners. The U.S.
marine transportation system also plays an important national security role as a point of entry for foreign
shipments and a conduit for the movement of military equipment, supplies, and personnel to and from
overseas locations.
Biodiversity outweighs everything including economic decline and nuclear war
Chen, 2k (Jim, Prof. of Law and Vance K. Opperman Research Scholar) 9Minn. J. Global Trade 157
The value of endangered species and the biodiversity they embody is "literally ... incalculable." What,
if anything, should the law do to preserve it? There are those that invoke the story of Noah's Ark as a moral
basis for biodiversity preservation. Others regard the entire Judeo-Chhstian tradition, especially the biblical
stories of Creation and the Flood, as the root of the West's deplorable environmental record. To avoid getting
bogged down in an environmental exegesis of Judeo-Christian "myth and legend," we should let Charles
Darwin and evolutionary biology determine the imperatives of our moment in natural "history." The loss of
biological diversity is quite arguably the gravest problem facing humanity. If we cast the question as
the contemporary phenomenon that "our descendants [will1 most regret" the "loss of genetic and
species diversity by the destruction of natural habitats" is worse than even "energy depletion,
economic collapse, limited nuclear war, or conquest by a totalitarian government." Natural evolution
may in due course renew the earth with a diversity of species approximating that of a world unspoiled
by Homo sapiens - in ten million years, perhaps a hundred million.
56
Ethical obligation to protect biodiversity
Brown 96 (Donald A. Brown, Program Manager for United Nations Organizations with the United States
Environmental Protection Agency, Summer, Dickinson journal of environmental law and policy
In addition to these utilitarian justifications for protecting the world's biodiversity, many people argue that
we have ethical obligations either as stewards of the planet for future generations or for other
anthropocentric or biocentric ethical reasons to preserve the genetic bounty of the Earth. Therefore, even
though the global problem of loss of biodiversity does not create a direct threat to the health of U.S.
citizens in the same way as the problems of climate change or destruction of the ozone layer, the
biodiversity problem creates a serious threat to what is commonly referred to as the common heritage of
humankind
US Hegemony prevents global nuclear war

Zalmay Khalilzad, policy analyst at RAND, The Washington Quarterly, Spring ‘95
Under the third option, the United States would seek to retain global leadership and to preclude the rise of a global
rival or a return to multipolarity for the indefinite future. On balance, this is the best long-term guiding principle and
vision. Such a vision is desirable not as an end in itself, but because a world in which the United States exercises
leadership would have tremendous advantages. First, the global environment would be more open and more
receptive to American values -- democracy, free markets, and the rule of law. Second, such a world would have a
better chance of dealing cooperatively with the world's major problems, such as nuclear proliferation, threats of
regional hegemony by renegade states, and low-level conflicts. Finally, U.S. leadership would help preclude the rise
of another hostile global rival, enabling the United States and the world to avoid another global cold or hot war and
all the attendant dangers, including a global nuclear exchange. U.S. leadership would therefore be more conducive
to global stability than a bipolar or a multipolar balance of power system.
57
Russell MP BN, & GK – US KEY overflow cards
US has the highest by-catch rates in the world.
Harrington 5(Jennie M., et. al. Fish and Fisheries Harrington et. al. are professors at various US
universities http://www.oceana.org/fileadmin/oceana/uploads/Big_Fish_Report/faf_201.pdf)
Our estimate may be higher than the global fisheries by-catch estimate because in many world
fisheries, there is a substantial amount of landed bycatch in addition to discards (Zeller and Pauly
2005). In addition, according to the FAO report on by-catch (Kelleher 2005), small-scale fisheries
tend to have lower by-catch rates than industrialized fisheries, particularly trawl fisheries for
shrimp and ground fish. As the USA fishery consists of a high number of these higher by-
catch fisheries, the USA may have higher discard rates than the rest of the world.
United States waters are dangerously overfished – commercial species are on the brink of
collapse
The Ocean Conservancy 2

(May 1st, “NOAA Report Shows A Number Of U.S. Fish Stocks Still In Peril”,
http://www.charitywire.com/charity38/02972.html)
Conservationists Seek Stronger Laws and Enforcement to End Overfishing. The number of fish stocks
in need of stronger conservation in U.S. coastal waters continues to be alarming, despite laws
requiring federal fisheries managers to stop overfishing and rebuild overfished stocks. According to the
Commerce Department's new 2001 Report to Congress: Status of Fisheries of the United States, 93 of
304 fish stocks are in peril. These include such important species as Atlantic cod, red snapper, and
Pacific rockfish. The Ocean Conservancy, a national science-based advocacy organization, believes
that the government must move quickly to put an end to overfishing. Advancing technology has
brought virtually the entire ocean within reach of fishing gear. Without protective regulations, fish have
no place to hide. Areas that were previously lightly fished have changed dramatically, and the largest,
most desirable fish are now gone. Historically, remote and unfishable natural refuges helped to sustain
fish stocks for centuries. With their loss, fisheries are in crisis, ecosystems are changing, biodiversity is
being lost, and numerous fish species have been driven to the brink of extinction. Mark Powell, Acting
Director of Fish Conservation at The Ocean Conservancy, explains why this report is so alarming,
"Progress has been slow because too often the fishing industry favors short-term profits over long term
sustainability. It's time for managers to end overfishing and rebuild our depleted fish populations." Ever
since Congress passed the Sustainable Fisheries Act (SFA) in 1996, fishery managers have been
trying to rebuild depleted fish stocks. Each year they propose limits on when, where, and how
fishermen can fish. In many cases, those management measures are weakened based on complaints
from the fishing industry about economic hardship and the viability of the industry. And each year
overfishing continues on some of the most important fish stocks in United States waters. A study of
fisheries in the North Atlantic released in February revealed that catches of preferred food fishes--such
as cod, tuna, flounder, haddock, and hake--had declined by half over the past 50 years, even though
fishing effort had tripled.
58
Russell MP BN, & GK – US Key Overflow Cards
Unilateral subsidy cuts by the U.S. will demonstrate economic leadership and cause an
international spillover effect
Armour-Garb 95 – Allison Rees, editor of the New York University Environmental Law Journal
[MINIMIZING HUMAN IMPACTS ON THE GLOBAL NITROGEN CYCLE: NITROGEN FERTILIZER AND
POLICY IN THE UNITED STATES,
http://www.law.nyu.edu/JOURNALS/ENVTLLAW/issues/vol4/2/4nyuelj339.html]
Because the United States plays a role in world leadership, unilateral liberalization of U.S. agricultural
policies may pave the way for other countries to follow our example. Under this scenario, U.S.
agribusiness might push for international liberalization of agriculture in order to create a 'level playing
field.' Such a scenario could create positive international spillover effects. 122 Many politicians have
cautioned against unilateral cuts of agricultural subsidies, however. Once again, military metaphors
dominate this dialogue. Senator Kent Conrad (D-N.D.) commented: Our chief competitor is Europe. They
clearly have a plan and a strategy for dominating future agricultural trade. . . . They think we're going to
back down and that they can take control of world agriculture markets. . . . For those who say we ought to
eliminate export subsidy, that strikes me as unilateral disarmament. I don't think anyone would
recommend it in the face of a military conflict. I don't think we should be pursuing that policy with respect
to a trade conflict. 123 To support his statements, Senator Conrad noted that while U.S. agricultural
support totaled $8.4 billion in fiscal year 1994, Europe's totaled over $30 billion. In the area of export
subsidies, the disparity was even greater: between 1990 and 1994, the United States spent $1.7 billion
per year, versus Europe's nearly $11 billion per year. Under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
(GATT), the gap has been projected to widen further. 124 Senator Max Baucus (D-Mont.) echoed Senator
Conrad's remarks, stating that 'a unilateral cut of any significant size . . . would hurt American farmers
very significantly.' 125 Likewise, *363 Agriculture Secretary Dan Glickman has voiced his agreement with
Senator Conrad's position and his opposition to the idea of 'unilateral disarmament' in the area of
agricultural trade. 126 While the foregoing 'dilemmas' need to be considered, removal of market
distortions, on balance, would be likely to yield environmental benefits by helping to reverse the negative
incentives discussed above. Liberalization of the agricultural sector should be accompanied by a
strengthening of environmental policies targeting nitrogen pollution from agricultural sources. In Part IV,
this Student Article explores the role that U.S. environmental policies play in controlling the environmental
costs of nitrogen fertilizer use.
Unilateral action against fisheries subsidies is preferable to multilateral corroboration
WTO 00 (Committee on Trade and Environment, 2/23/00, WT/CTE/W/134, p.4) RKB

A number of international organizations are pursuing activities on fisheries subsidies, and this
work can usefully complement the ongoing discussions in the WTO on the issue. In New
Zealand’s view, the WTO has an essential role to play on this issue, given that in the absence of
concerted unilateral action by members to reduce and eliminate fisheries subsidies that adversely
impact on trade and sustainable development, additional WTO rules in this area will need to be
considered. Equally, it is important that the WTO keep abreast of work in other relevant for a
given the contribution that this work can make to the work that we hope to see advanced within
the WTO.
U.S. action domestically is crucial for international modeling
Turner 2 (John, Assistant Secretary for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific
Affairs, http://www.oceancommission.gov/meetings/oct30_02/turner_testimony.pdf)
I think we would all agree that U.S. leadership is essential and should take several forms. First,
we obviously need to be a model ourselves. We must practice at home what we want others
to practice abroad. The Commission’s recommendations are critically important in putting us in a
position to be leaders in the future in this respect. For example, the plan of action from the World
Summit calls for implementation of an ecosystem approach to oceans. Yet, I think we would
59
admit that the U.S. and many other nations are only beginning to understand what that means in
terms of management. We need to be forward looking domestically in developing such
approaches so that we can join with others internationally in applying these principles.
60
Russell MP BN, & GK – Kritik—Cuomo
Seeing war as an event obfuscates the continued legacy of state-sponsored violence going on
everyday. This ethic prevents mobilization against structural forms of violence that make the
outbreak of war inevitable.
Cuomo 96 (Christine, Associate Professor of Philosophy at the University of Cincinnati, “War Is Not Just
an Event: Reflections on the Significance of Everyday Violence”, Hypatia, Vol. 11, Iss. 4, Fall, Proquest)
Theory that does not investigate or even notice the omnipresence of militarism cannot
represent or address the depth and specificity of the everyday effects of militarism on women,
on people living in occupied territories, on members of military institutions, and on the environment.
These effects are relevant to feminists in a number of ways because military practices and
institutions help construct gendered and national identity, and because they justify the
destruction of natural nonhuman entities and communities during peacetime. Lack of
attention to these aspects of the business of making or preventing military violence in an
extremely technologized world results in theory that cannot accommodate the connections
among the constant presence of militarism, declared wars, and other closely related social
phenomena, such as nationalistic glorifications of motherhood, media violence, and current
ideological gravitations to military solutions for social problems. Ethical approaches that do not
attend to the ways in which warfare and military practices are woven into the very fabric of life
in twenty-first century technological states lead to crisis-based politics and analyses. For any
feminism that aims to resist oppression and create alternative social and political options, crisis-
based ethics and politics are problematic because they distract attention from the need for
sustained resistance to the enmeshed, omnipresent systems of domination and oppression
that so often function as givens in most people's lives. Neglecting the omnipresence of
militarism allows the false belief that the absence of declared armed conflicts is peace, the
polar opposite of war. It is particularly easy for those whose lives are shaped by the safety of
privilege, and who do not regularly encounter the realities of militarism, to maintain this false belief.
The belief that militarism is an ethical, political concern only regarding armed conflict, creates
forms of resistance to militarism that are merely exercises in crisis control. Antiwar resistance
is then mobilized when the "real" violence finally occurs, or when the stability of privilege is
directly threatened, and at that point it is difficult not to respond in ways that make resisters
drop all other political priorities. Crisis-driven attention to declarations of war might actually
keep resisters complacent about and complicitous in the general presence of global
militarism. Seeing war as necessarily embedded in constant military presence draws attention
to the fact that horrific, state-sponsored violence is happening nearly all over, all of the time,
and that it is perpetrated by military institutions and other militaristic agents of the state.
Moving away from crisis-driven politics and ontologies concerning war and military violence
also enables consideration of relationships among seemingly disparate phenomena, and
therefore can shape more nuanced theoretical and practical forms of resistance. For example,
investigating the ways in which war is part of a presence allows consideration of the
relationships among the events of war and the following: how militarism is a foundational
trope in the social and political imagination; how the pervasive presence and symbolism of
soldiers/warriors/patriots shape meanings of gender; the ways in which threats of state-
sponsored violence are a sometimes invisible/sometimes bold agent of racism, nationalism,
and corporate interests; the fact that vast numbers of communities, cities, and nations are
currently in the midst of excruciatingly violent circumstances. It also provides a lens for
considering the relationships among the various kinds of violence that get labeled "war."
Given current American obsessions with nationalism, guns, and militias, and growing hunger for the
death penalty, prisons, and a more powerful police state, one cannot underestimate the need for
philosophical and political attention to connections among phenomena like the "war on drugs," the
"war on crime," and other state-funded militaristic campaigns.
61
Russell MP BN, & GK – Kritik—Chaloupka
The discourse of nuclearism reduces subjects to strategic calculators that must think nuclear
apocalypse into being.
Chaloupka 92 (William, Professor of Political Science, University of Montana, Knowing Nukes: The
Politics and Culture of the Atom. 21-22)
An oppositional politics, fully capable of problematizing this (hyper-) exuberant nuclearism, is possible
on bases other than such suspect categories as euphemism, survival, unspeakability, and numbing.
Through out this book, I am trying to reposition antinuclearism within such a defensible political
practice. At the very least, this implies an intellectual project: to paraphrase Foucault, there is a
struggle over issues of knowledge, set off by nuclear criticism. The political mood of the language-
and-politics position is well framed by nuclear criticism. More precisely, a political mood could yet
form, one that would contrast sharply with an exiting nuclear opposition that in the United States, has
adopted a paradoxical structure, as if driven to mirror that paradoxes of nukes themselves. Antinuke
talk has been ponderous—so responsible and serious that it just obviously defeats itself, and
must invent the defense that “people don’t really like to talk about nuclear war very much.”
Paradoxically, opponents then test that humorlessness by asking citizens to become
independent entrepreneurs of risk, weighing the likelihood and amplitude of possible
disasters. It should not be surprising that such a politics works only intermittently if at all. To
summarize: as obvious a goal as “survival” may be, it nonetheless carries with it a series of
code and a rhetoric. Survival implies a global unquestionable project- a faith really- and it
therefore brings along baggage we might not wish to carry. Following Foucault’s model of the
specific intellectual, intervening in the relations of power and knowledge, we can identify some of this
baggage. When we approach survival (and humanism, and liberalism in general) from that angle,
we see some primary terms becoming far more problematic than we may have understood.
The unspeakability of nukes—part of a characteristic liberal injunction to speak—turns out, instead, to
point to a problem with the whole scheme of representation. Furthermore, our concern with
technological dependence and accidents turns out to beg important issues of agency. In the
wake of these discoveries, we should at least suspect that it is disciplinary power—more than
technology, or reticence to speak or a too-awesome topic—that has been accumulating. And in the
face of that accumulation, the injunction to aid survival and counter unspeakability by simply
canceling euphemism is obviously just too limited a response. In upcoming chapters, I will try to
suggest a different sort of opposition, informed by the theoretical considerations outlined above. Even
if principled renunciations of the nuke—in the name of humanity or survival—have misfired,
other interventions may be possible, may even be better.
Fearing the Bomb buys into a mode of nuclear opposition that grants control of the debate to
nuclear proponents, preventing change.
Chaloupka 92 (William, Professor of Political Science, University of Montana, Knowing Nukes: The
Politics and Culture of the Atom. 21-22)
Like few other issues, nuclearism strains to become more than an instance. It aspires to be
context and case, to shape public and private life. It seeks a symbolic position of such force that
other concerns would arise within the context of nuclear technology, sometimes even when explicit,
connections are absent. The policies, practices, and discourses of nuclear technology seem to have a
capacity to capture attention that rivals even their destructive capability. In short, nuclearism
organizes public life and thought so thoroughly that, in another era of political theory, we
would analyze it as an ideology. The framework of survival or defense has become pervasive in
Western political cultures, dominating not only the budgets and debates of public life but the more
private dimensions as well. In our time, when one dreams of public life, the fantasies may even be
atomic. The level of compulsion attendant to nuclear questions could become a subject of
interpretation; a critic could choose to discuss these questions as more fundamental than issues that
merely confirm existing frameworks and habits. For citizens of nuclear states, nukes are the
metaphors for success and failure, the constraints for experimentation, the analogy for all
other “problems. Nonetheless, these same citizens seem reluctant to take nukes so seriously. The
background for my project is a suspicion that a sort of conservatism, a slowness to move,
characterizes even the most alarmist talk of nukes. The various positions on nuclearism are
phrased within familiar political ways of speaking, despite their proponents’ considered
62
judgment that precisely these undertakings have made the world so different, so dangerous.
The nuclearism adopted by states and diplomats presumes a Machiavellian counterbalance of
threats, while opponents presume the efficacy of humanist commitment. Despite obvious
differences, both positions reinforce a contemporary, ideological ways of understanding
politics.
63
Russell MP BN, & GK – Kritik—Economic Collapse
Economic securitization erases difference in an attempt to remake the world into an image of US power, which
results in antagonistic violence.
Lipschutz 95 (Ronnie, Professor of Politics at UC Santa Cruz, On Security, 15-16)

Consider, then, the consequences of the intersection of security policy and economics during and after the Cold
War. In order to establish a “secure” global system, the United States advocated, and put into place, a global
system of economic liberalism. It then underwrote, with dollars and other aid, the growth of this system.43 One
consequence, of this project was the globalizations of a particular mode of production and accumulation, which
relied on the re-creation, throughout the world, of the domestic political and economic environment and preferences
of the United States. That such a project cannot be accomplished under conditions of really-existing capitalism is
not important: the idea was that economic and political liberalism would reproduce the American self around
the world.44 This would make the world safe and secure for the Untited States inasmuch as it would all be the
self, so to speak. The joker in this particular deck was that efforts to reproduce some version of American society
abroad, in order to make the world more secure for Americans, came to threaten the cultures and societies of
the countries being transformed, making their citizens less secure. The process thereby transformed them into
the very enemies we feared so greatly. In Iran, for example, the Shah’s efforts to create a Westernized society
engendered so much domestic resistance that not only did it bring down his empire but so, for a time, seemed to
pose a mortal threat to the American Empire based on Persian Gulf oil. Islamic “fundamentalism,” now
characterized by some as the enemy that will replace Communism, seems to be U.S. policymakers’ worst
nightmares made real,45 although without the United States to interfere in the Middle East and elsewhere, the
Islamic movements might never have acquired the domestic power they now have in those countries and regions
that seem so essential to American “security.” The ways in which the framing of threats is influenced by a
changing global economy is seen nowhere more clearly than in recent debates over competitiveness and
“economic security.” What does it mean to be competitive? Is a national industrial policy consistent with global
economic liberalization? How is the security compenent of this issue socially constructed? Beverly Crawford
(Chapter 6: “Hawks, Doves, but no Owls: The New Security Dilemma Under International Economic
Interdependence”) shows how strategic economic interdependence – a consequence of the growing liberalization
of the global economic sytem, the increasing availability of advanced technologies through commercial markets,
and the ever-increasing velocity of the product cycle – undermines the ability
64
Russell HM Aff
Same as file except adding:
Plan: the US will substantially reduce domestic agricultural support for fisheries including eliminating at least nearly all
subsidies for fisheries.
65
SPRINGS SHAYAN KHALAFI AND JESS STUYVENBERG

Observation One: The Status Quo.
The Federal government provides massive subsidies to the ethanol industry at all levels of ethaol production and
consumption.
Koplow in 07 (Douglas, Biofuels – At What Cost? Government support for ethanol and biodiesel in the United States:
2007 update October 2007)
The subsidies for corn choose a market winner and vastly distort the market. The resulting overproduction
makes a collapse of the corn ethanol industry inevitable without liberalization.
Robbin S. Johnson former senior vice president of corporate affairs at Cargill Inc. and C. Ford Runge 2007 Distinguished
McKnight University Professor of Applied Economics and Law and director of the Center for International Food and
Agricultural Policy at the University of Minnesota. Ethanol:Train Wreck Ahead? Government policy is stoking
unsustainable growth of the corn-based fuel. A more sober, diversified approach is needed. Issues in Science and
Technology Fall http://www.issues.org/24.1/p_johnson.html
Rapid overinvestment in Biofuels risks overproduction and a “bubble” burst making ethanol production an
unsustainable option for alternative energy.
Richard Conniff, 2007 2007 Guggenheim Fellow. Who's Fueling Whom? Why the biofuels movement could run out of
gas * Smithsonian magazine, November 2007 http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/presence-biofuel-
200711.html?c=y&page=4
Advantage 1 : Food Prices

The diversion of corn to ethanol disrupts food and commodities markets rapidly increasing the price of staple
crops across the globe.
RUNGE AND SENAUER 07 (C. Ford Runge and Benjamin Senauer, “How Biofuels Could Starve the Poor,” Foreign
Affairs, May/June 2007, C. Ford Runge is Distinguished McKnight University Professor of Applied Economics and Law
and Director of the Center for International Food and Agricultural Policy at the University of Minnesota. Benjamin Senauer
is Professor of Applied Economics and Co-director of the Food Industry Center at the University of Minnesota)
Ethanol production also diverts other staple crops. Even marginal increases in the price of food puts 1.1 billion
people at risk.
Robbin S. Johnson former senior vice president of corporate affairs at Cargill Inc. and C. Ford Runge 2007 Distinguished
McKnight University Professor of Applied Economics and Law and director of the Center for International Food and
Agricultural Policy at the University of Minnesota. Ethanol:Train Wreck Ahead? Government policy is stoking
unsustainable growth of the corn-based fuel. A more sober, diversified approach is needed. Issues in Science and
Technology Fall http://www.issues.org/24.1/p_johnson.html
Complacency in the face of famine is murder, there is more than enough food to feed every hungry person.
Africa News, June 30 2007 “Africa: Food for 12 billion. So why did 854 million go without?” http://www.africa-
interactive.net/index.php?PageID=5038 accessed July 2, 2007 SS
The tightening of corn supply makes any disruption drive food prices into the stratosphere.
Henry I. Miller, Colin A. and Carter 2008 professor of agricultural and resource economics at the University of
California, Davis and , M.S., M.D., is a research fellow at the Hoover Institution January 2008 . THE ENVIRONMENT:
Running on Empty Hoovier Digest http://www.hoover.org/publications/digest/13871832.html
These high prices rapidly increase food insecurity.

Masami Kojima of the Oil, Gas, and Mining Policy Division, World Bank; Donald Mitchell of the Development Prospects
Group, Development Economics, World Bank; and William A. Ward 2007, Professor and Director, Center for International
Trade, Clemson University. 2007 Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Considering Trade Policies for Liquid
Biofuels
Foods security outweighs all other impacts – it makes every impact inevitable
Trudell, J.D. Candidate 2006, 05 (Robert H., Fall, Food Security Emergencies And The Power Of Eminent Domain: A
Domestic Legal Tool To Treat A Global Problem, 33 Syracuse J. Int'l L. & Com. 277, Lexis)
66
RELIANCE ON CORN ETHANOL IS DRIVING UP WORLD FOOD PRICES – THIS ENSURES A GLOBAL ECONOMIC
MELTDOWN
Elliot, 2008 (Larry, Journalist, “Soft Landings and Hard Realities: The IMF Thinks We Can Ride Out This Crisis, But There
Could Be Far Worse News To Come”, Guardian Weekly, April 18, Lexis)
Economic downturn causes nuclear war

Chris Lewis, environmental historian, University of Colorado-Boulder, 1998, The Coming Age of Scarcity, p. 56
Advantage 2 : The Environment

Scenario One: Soil Erosion
High prices mean that increasing farmers have no incentive to put land into the Conservation Reserve Program
which is necessary to prevent soil erosion and protect fragile habitats.
Richard Conniff, 2007 2007 Guggenheim Fellow. Who's Fueling Whom? Why the biofuels movement could run out of
gas * Smithsonian magazine, November 2007 http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/presence-biofuel-
200711.html?c=y&page=4
Soil erosion threatens all life on the planet.

Horne and McDermott 2001 (James E., PhD and Maura, The next green revolution, p 69)
Scenario Two: Dead Zones

Increased corn production for ethanol increase fertilizer use that creates a dead zone in the gulf of Mexico.
RUNGE AND SENAUER 07 (C. Ford Runge and Benjamin Senauer, “How Ethanol Fuels the Food Crisis,” Foreign
Affairs, May/June 2007, C. Ford Runge is Distinguished McKnight University Professor of Applied Economics and Law
and Director of the Center for International Food and Agricultural Policy at the University of Minnesota. Benjamin Senauer
is Professor of Applied Economics and Co-director of the Food Industry Center at the University of Minnesota)
This runoff literally asphyxiates fish, rapidly destroying marine ecosystems.

Janet Raloff, senior editor of Science News June 5, 2004; Vol. 165, No. 23 , p. 360 Massive oxygen-starved zones are
developing along the world's coasts http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20040605/bob9.asp
Loss of marine biodiversity leads renders the oceans defenseless against disasters and climate change ending
human survival
Craig 3 Indiana University, Robin Kundis, Winter, 34 McGeorge L. Rev. 155, p. 264-266
Advantage 3 is Brazil
Tariffs on Brazilian sugar cane ethanol cause an overemphasis on corn ethanol. The plan solves by letting
Brazilian ethanol compete in the US market. They have the capacity to supply the US with enough ethanol to
solve.
Dallas Morning News 6 May 2008 “Brazil Seeing Sweet Profit From Sugar Cane-Based Ethanol”
Brazilian Sugar cane ethanol is far superior to corn ethanol. It solves food prices, production costs, water,
environment, and efficiency.
Eric Reguly, Special Business section reporter, “It's time to kill corn subsidies and go Brazilian” The Globe and Mail
(Canada), May 12, 2008, Lexis
Opening the market to Brazilian ethanol is key to US Brazil relations.

Brazil Institute Special Report | April 2007 | Issue No. 3 The Global Dynamics of Biofuels Potential Supp ly and Demand
for Ethanol and Biodiesel in the Coming Decade Woodrow Wilson Center for International Scholars
Downward push in relations causes Brazilian nuclear prolif and nuclear conflict.
Donald Shultz 00 (Research Professor of National Security Policy at the Strategic Studies Institute of the U.S. Army War
College THE UNITED STATES AND LATIN AMERICA: SHAPING AN ELUSIVE FUTURE, March)
67
Plan: The United States Federal Government will eliminate nearly all domestic agricultural subsidies for corn
ethanol including but not limited to all tariffs on imported ethanol, the volumetric excise tax credits for blending
ethanol, Renewable Fuel Credits and the Renewable Fuel Standard.
We’ll Clarify
Solvency
The plan allows biofuels to compete on the open market increasing the efficiency of ethanol and eliminating
incentives to overproduce corn.
The plan would massively reduce costs of biofuels and eliminate market distortions.
Masami Kojima of the Oil, Gas, and Mining Policy Division, World Bank; Donald Mitchell of the Development Prospects
Group, Development Economics, World Bank; and William A. Ward 2007, Professor and Director, Center for International
Trade, Clemson University. 2007 Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Considering Trade Policies for Liquid
Biofuels
Masami Kojima and Todd Johnson October 2005 Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme (ESMAP)
Potential for Biofuels for Transport in Developing Countries
Other countries will follow suit.

Timothy Wirth July-August 2003 (“The Future of Energy Policy” – Foreign Affairs) p. LN
Removing subsidies is key to opening the domestic market to other countries and other types of ethanol.
68
1AC Outline for Stables HP (Harding/Perdormo) 1/4
Contention I: Status Quo
CONCENTRATED ANIMAL FEED OPERATIONS IN THE SQUO REQUIRE MASSIVE GOVERNMENT SUPPORT TO
REMAIN AFLOAT
GURIAN-SHERMAN, 8
Doug, senior scientist in the Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS) Food and Environment Program. “CAFOs Uncovered:
The Untold Costs of Confined Animal Feeding Operations” Union of Concerned Scientists USA 2008
http://www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/food_and_environment/CAFOs-Uncovered.pdf p.10
Plan: The United States federal government should substantially reduce its agricultural support by eliminating all
Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP) subsidies to concentrated animal feeding operations and
production subsidies for corn and soybeans
Advantage 1: The Environment- 2 scenarios
A. RED TIDES
____ CAFOS REQUIRE MASSIVE WASTE “LAGOONS” TO HOUSE THE MILLIONS OF GALLONS OF EXCREMENT
GENERATED BY THE ANIMALS. HISTORY PROVES RISK OF HUGE WATER CONTAMINATION AND
RESPIRATORY DISEASES
PATEL 8 - Raj, PhD in Development Sociology from Cornell University, June 22 2008
[“OFM: Is meat off the menu?: Yes says Raj Patel: growing food for animals is a waste of resources in an
overcrowded world: No says Joanna Blythman: with much of the world unsuitable for crops, meat is essential”
The Observer Food Monthly, Pg. 62, Lexis, Accessed 7/31/08]
CAFOS’ WASTE RUNOFF SPURS THE GROWTH OF THE HARMFUL ALGAE PFIESTERIA
VDH 8 (Virginia Department of Health, “CAFO Project” 1/04 online too:

http://www.vdh.virginia.gov/epidemiology/DEE/Waterborne/cafo.htm)
____PFESTERIA BLOOMS KILLS MASSIVE AMOUNTS OF FISH, SPECIFICALLY IN THE MID-ATLANTIC REGION
Mid Atlantic Sea Grant in 7 (Website run by the University of Maryland, “A Threat to Coastal Waters” 1/17, online:
http://www.pfiesteria.seagrant.org/)
____ LOSS OF FISH REDUCES MARINE BIODIVERSITY, WHICH IS KEY TO THE FUNCTIONING OF THE
ECOSYSTEM
THE ECONOMIST 6 – Economist Staff, November 4 2006
[“Every little fish; Marine biodiversity,” The Economist, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, Lexis, Accessed 7/31/08]
69
BIODIVERSITY LOSS RISKS EXTINCTION

Diner 94 [David N., Military Law Review Winter 43 Mil. L. Rev. 161 THE ARMY AND THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT:
WHO'S ENDANGERING WHOM? Judge Advocate General's Corps, United States Army.]
B.HUMAN HEALTH
____ WASTE LAGOONS EMIT SOME OF THE MOST DAMAGING TOXINS THERE ARE, WHICH CAUSE SEVERE
HEALTH PROBLEMS EVEN IN SMALL DOSES
MARKS 1 - Robbin, Policy and Promotion Officer for the National Resources Defense Council, July 2001
[Cesspools of Shame: How Factory Farm Lagoons and Sprayfields Threaten Environmental and Public Health,
Executive Summary, Pg. 18, Lexis, Accessed 7/31/08]
____ PROXIMITY TO WASTE LAGOONS LEADS TO HEALTH PROBLEMS, GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION,

AND ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
____ WASTE FROM LAGOONS IS SPRAYED AS FERTILIZER OVER FIELDS, INCREASING AIR POLLUTION
AMERICANS CONSUME ALMOST 500% MORE MEAT PER CAPITA THAN OTHER DEVELOPED NATIONS, LEADING
TO ADVERSE HEALTH EFFECTS
PREECE 93- Rod, Professor of Political Philosophy, Wilfrid Laurier University - Lorna Chamberlain - Executive Director,
London Humane Society – 1993
(“Animal Welfare & Human Values”, Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1993, pg. 226)
Advantage 2: Disease
CAFOs in the US are breeding hyper-resistant strains of bacteria that are immune to nearly all medicine
Robinson, John December 11, 2007 “Gov. Blunt Overlooks CAFOs as Superbug Threat”
http://www.protectparks.org/Superbug.pdf (Robinson is former director of the Missouri Division of Tourism)
Superbugs will cause human extinction.
BBC 23rd November 1999 “Extinction Level Events” http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A207415
Lowering antibiotic use in agriculture is empirically proven to lower superbug infections in animals and humans.
ScienceDaily July 5, 2005 “Agricultural Antibiotic Use Contributes To 'Super-bugs' in Humans”

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/07/050705010900.htm
70
And, Plan Solves-Lowering antibiotic use in agriculture is empirically proven to lower superbug infections in
animals and humans.
ScienceDaily July 5, 2005 “Agricultural Antibiotic Use Contributes To 'Super-bugs' in Humans”

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/07/050705010900.htm
Advantage 3: Objectivism- 2 Scenarios
A. Subsidies are coercion
ROTHBARD 1993 (MURRAY N.; SCHOLAR WHO MADE MAJOR CONTRIBUTIONS TO ECONOMICS, HISTORY, POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY, AND LEGAL THEORY;
MAN, ECONOMY, & STATE; 1993; HTTP://MISES.ORG/ROTHBARD/MES/CHAP17A.ASP)
And – coercion makes life not worth living
RAZ, PHILOSOPHER, 1986

(JOSEPH, THE MORALITY OF FREEDOM, PAGE 307)
B- Subsidies are a violation of rights – they deny free trade

Dr. Yaron Brook, 9/15/05 (president of the Ayn Rand Institute,
http://www.aynrand.org/site/News2?page=NewsArticle&id=11420)
Violation of freedom negates the value of human existence and represents the greatest threat to human survival
AYN RAND, PHILOSOPHER, JULY 1989, “THE VIRTUE OF SELFISHNESS: A NEW CONCEPT OF EGOISM,” P. 145
CAPITALISM IS MORAL—IT SUSTAINS INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM.
TRACINSKI, THE EDITOR OF THE INTELLECTUAL ACTIVIST MAGAZINE AND OF TIA DAILY, 2K7
ROBERT, THE CENTER FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF CAPITALISM, THE MORAL BASIS OF CAPITALISM,, 1/17/2007,
HTTP://WWW.MORALDEFENSE.COM/PHILOSOPHY/ESSAYS/THE_MORAL_BASIS_OF_CAPITALISM.HTM
Contention II: Solvency
FACTORY FARMING IS DEPENDENT ON EQIP SUBSIDIES- CUTTING THEM WOULD MAKE CAFOs UNFEASIBLE
Andrew MARTIN, January 13, 2008 (New York Times,

http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/13/business/13feed.html?_r=1&oref=slogin)
71
_____GOVERNMENT SUBSIDIES TO CAFOS HAVE DRIVEN SMALL FARMS OUT OF BUSINESS. REMOVING
SUBSIDIES WOULD MAKE SMALL FARMS WHO DON’T ABUSE ANTIBIOTICS COMPETITIVE AGAIN.
HFA 2007 “Factory Farming” http://www.hfa.org/factory/index.html (Humane Farming Association, Founded in 1985, has
over 190,000 members. In 1991, HFA created the Humane Farming Action Fund (HFAF), the nation's only political
lobbying organization founded to protect farm animals.)
____ SMALL FARMS WILL PICK UP THE PRODUCTION SLACK LEFT BY CAFOs, THEY ARE READY AND
WILLING
ROSSET 1, Peter, Co-Director of the Institute for Food and Development Policy, January 7 2001
[“Here’s the Beef” The San Francisco Chronicle <http://www.mindfully.org/Farm/Factory-Farm-Peter-Rosset.htm>
Accessed 8/1/08]
____ SMALL FARMS WOULD KEEP PRODUCTIONS LEVELS CONSTANT– OVERALL YIELDS DIDN’T INCREASE
WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF CAFOs
NEW YORK TIMES 2, August 30 2002 [The New York Times, Section A, Column 1, Editorial Desk, Pg. 18, Lexis,
Accessed 8/1/08]
___ CUTTING CAFO SUBSIDIES WOULD BRING DRAMATIC CHANGES TO THE ECONOMY, AND ENCOURAGE
SUSTAINABLE, ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND FARMING PRACTICES
Ben Lilliston, Lilliston works on media outreach and the production of publications. He has a bachelor of philosophy
degree from University of Miami (Ohio). He is the former Associate Editor for the Corporate Crime Reporter, a
frequently published writer, co-author of the book Genetically Engineered Foods: A Guide for Consumers (Avalon), and
former associate at the Chicago environmental public relations firm Sustain.,
January 29, 2008 Think Forward (Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy,
http://iatp.typepad.com/thinkforward/2008/01/how-we-subsidiz.html)
____ NOW IS KEY TO ACT- THE BLACK SEA PROVES DECREASING FARM RUNOFF INTO WATERWAYS ALSO
DECREASES THE NUMBER OF HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS, AND ALLOWS ENVIRONMENTAL RECOVERY
HAWN 4 - Amanda, Evolutionary Biologist and Writer, 2004

[“Nutrient Trading and Dead Zones - Can they wake each other up?” The Katoomba Group’s Ecosystem
Marketplace<http://ecosystemmarketplace.com/pages/article.news.php?component_id=607&component_version_i
d=629&language_id=12> Accessed 8/1/08]
72
1AC Outline for Stables NY (Naud/Yeung) 1/2
Contention 1: Building the yellow brick road
The economy of the America was built on an agricultural tradition, encouraging self-sustainability. From this system the
path to capitalism was forged, shifting from a broad system employed for individual choice and survival to a set road that
restricts choices with goals of productivity at the expense of the environment and reducing those who participate in the
global market to cogs in a machine.
Wood, 1998
Co-editor of the Monthly Review) Ellen Meiskins. The Agrarian Origins of Capitalism. Monthly Review, Vol. 50,
July-August 1998
Contention 2: Finding the Man behind the curtain
Any given system has two sets of rules it uses to govern itself. The first set is an explicitly laid foundation for participation,
describing who can play, how they should do so, and what rules apply to them when. However, this set of laws is a curtain
for a second unspoken set that situates how we understand the explicit set. Capitalism relies on us reading the explicit set
of laws but then behaving in the context of the unspoken ones. By focusing on the letter of the law and ignoring what lies
behind the curtain we can use the contradictions of capitalism against it to bring an end to the system.
Zizek, 1998
Slavoj, Institute for Social Sciences at the University of Ljubljana, “Why does the Law Need an Obscene
Supplement?, Law and the Postmodern Mind
The strict adherrance to the explicit law has empirically been an effective means of reveling the horrific underside of
capitalism.
Uebel, 2002
Michael, “Masochism in America”, American Literary History, pg. 397-398
Thus the plan, THE UNITED STATES FEDERAL GOVERNMENT SHOULD END ALL AGRICULTURAL SUPPORT.
Contention 3: Tapping our heels together
Fiat is so 90s. Reducing questions of politics to governmental procedures and focusing on what states person voted how
in the last senate hearing shifts our attention away from our own discourse and ignores the actual politics being engaged
in a debate round.
Van Oenen, 2006
Gijs, professor of ethics, legal philosophy and social philosophy in the Department of Philosophy at Erasmus
University, “A Machine That Would Go of Itself: Interpassivity and its Impact on Political Life”, Theory and Event
2AC Strategy Guide:
Counterplans:
For the most part we will be critiquing counterplan impacts. Chances are we’ll use the evidence from the securitization
files, statism file,
73
1AC Outline for Stables NY (Naud/Yeung) 2/2
Disads:
Same as counterplans
Kritiks:
Depends on the kritik (obviously ^_^) If we can manage to impact turn it we will be doing so, using the same evidence as
we plan to on counterplans and disads.
Topicality/Framework:
Predictability, we will be k’ing this. As of now we know we will be using evidence from the security file.
74
1AC Outline for Stables HS (Huttleson/Sargent) 1/2
contention one: the free market
government interference with commodity markets via farm subsidies is the ultimate form of socialism – a return to the free
market is necessary to sustainable agriculture
Griswold, Preble, Slvinski, 06 (Daniel, Christopher, and Steven, Contributors to Reason Magazine, “Six
Reasons to Kill Farm Subsidies and Trade Barriers: A No-Nonsense Reform Strategy”,
http://www.reason.com/news/show/36207.html)
and – global free markets are key to prevent violent conflict and war
NYQUIST, 06
ANATOMY OF A DELUSION, HTTP://WWW.FINANCIALSENSE.COM/STORMWATCH/GEO/PASTANALYSIS/2006/0908.HTML
and – capitalism is necessary to protect the global environment
BAST 94, JOSEPH, PRESIDENT, HEARTLAND INSTITUTE, ECO-SANITY, P. 193. (DRGOC/E319)

IT IS TIME TO UPDATE OUR ATTITUDES TOWARD CAPITALISM, AND PARTICULARLY OUR UNDERSTANDING OF HOW IT PUTS “A PROPER PRICE ON
and - capitalism is critical to global growth and prosperity
NORBERG 03, JOHAN FELLOW AT TIMBRO (SWEDISH THINK TANK), IN DEFENSE OF GLOBAL CAPITALISM, P. 64
and – capitalism alleviates global poverty and causes increased living standards
NORBERG 02, JOHAN, FELLOW AT TIMBRO (SWEDISH THINK TANK), , HISTORY OF IDEAS, WWW.GLOBALCAPITALISM.ST/ABOUT.ASP
and – free markets are key to global democritization
SILK 94, LEONARD PROFESSOR OF ECONOMICS, PACE UNIVERSITY, A WORLD FIT FOR PEOPLE, ED. KIRDAR AND SILK, , P. 7.
(DRGOC/E348)
and – capitalism solves ethnic conflict
SADOWSKI 98, YAHYA PROFESSOR POLITICAL SCIENCE@ AMERICAN UNIVERSITY BEIRUT, , THE MYTH OF GLOBAL CHAOS, P. 117
and – capitalism is necessary to check the coercive power of the state
NORBERG 03, JOHAN FELLOW AT TIMBRO (SWEDISH THINK TANK), IN DEFENSE OF GLOBAL CAPITALISM, P. 65
and – capitalism is the most successful economic system ever
GILPIN 2K, ROBERTPROFESSOR OF POLITICS AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS, PRINCETON UNIVERSITY, THE CHALLENGE OF GLOBAL
CAPITALISM: THE WORLD ECONOMY IN THE 21ST CENTURY, P. 3
75
1AC Outline for Stables HS (Huttleson/Sargent) 2/2
Plan: the united states federal government should eliminate its agricultural support for biofuels, concentrated animal
feeding operations, corn, cotton, dairy, fisheries, rice, soybeans, sugar, and/or wheat.
contention two: Subsidies are coercive.
ROTHBARD 1993 (MURRAY N.; SCHOLAR WHO MADE MAJOR CONTRIBUTIONS TO ECONOMICS, HISTORY, POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY, AND LEGAL THEORY;
MAN, ECONOMY, & STATE; 1993; HTTP://MISES.ORG/ROTHBARD/MES/CHAP17A.ASP)
Mixed economy has no value – slippery-slope ensures collapse into dictatorship.

Rand, 1967 Ayn (Philosopher, Capitalism the Unknown Ideal. 206)
and –violation of liberty makes tyranny inevitable
MACHAN, FELLOW AT THE HOOVER INSTITUTION AND PROFESSOR EMERITUS OF PHILOSOPHY AT AUBURN UNIVERSITY, 2002 (TIBOR R., LIBERTY
AND HARD CASES, PAGES XII-XV)
and - any coercion brings us one step closer to the genocidal nightmares of Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union
BROWNE, FORMER LIBERTARIAN PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE, 1995

(HARRY, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC POLICY AT AMERICAN LIBERTY FOUNDATION, EDITOR OF LIBERTY MAGAZINE, FINANCIAL ADVISOR AND
ECONOMIST, WHY GOVERNMENT DOESN’T WORK, PG 66-67)
and – moral obligation to vote aff
PETRO, WAKE FOREST PROFESSOR IN TOLEDO LAW REVIEW, 1974 (SYLVESTER, SPRING, PAGE 480)
and – coercion makes life not worth living
RAZ, PHILOSOPHER, 1986 (JOSEPH, THE MORALITY OF FREEDOM, PAGE 307)
and - don’t evaluate the reactions of others to your ethical decision to uphold the rights of the individual, it invites the worst
form of nihilism and ongoing atrocities
ALAN GEWIRTH, PROFESSOR OF PHILOSOPHY AT UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO, HUMAN RIGHTS: ESSAYS ON JUSTIFICATION AND APPLICATION, 1982,
P.230
and – extinction is justified risk in the face of protecting liberty
HENRY SHUE, PROFESSOR OF ETHICS AND PUBLIC LIFE, PRINCETON UNIVERSITY, 1989,
<NUCLEAR DETERRENCE AND MORAL RESTRAINT, P. 64-5>
and – individual liberty outweighs all other considerations
CALLAHAN 73, FELLOW AT THE INSTITUTE OF SOCIETY AND ETHICS

(DANIEL, THE TYRANNY OF SURVIVAL, PAGES 91-93)
76
1AC Outline for Stables HT (Hoopingarner/ Tanase) 1/3
Contention 1 - The Problem
CONCETRATED ANIMAL FEED OPERATIONS ARE ONLY INVEITABLE SO LONG AS WE CONTINUE TO FOOT THE
BILL. DESPITE THE MYTH OF EFFICIENT CARTESIAN PRINCIPLES, THE SE FACTORIES REQUIRE MASSIVE
GOVERNMETN SUPPORT TO REMAIN AFLOAT.
GURIAN-SHARMAN, 8
GOVERNMENT SUBSIDIES ENCOURAGE ABUSIVE FACTORY FARM PRACTICES

GOBI 7
Hence the plan:

The United States federal government should reduce its agricultural support by eliminating nearly all domestic subsidies
for Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations, corn and soybeans.
Contention 2 - Advantages
___Advantage One Brazil relations

The United States gives massive support to soybean production in the status quo-this will result in WTO
litigation from Brazil and China
Los Angeles Times, 5
And, the WTO ruling on cotton will lead to action on soybeans-concessions on agriculture will get trade talks
back on track
The Kiplinger Letter 4
Two Impact Scenarios-First is free trade

And now is key- the demise of Doha is a huge blow to free trade-anti protectionist action must be taken NOW by
the United States to restore trade credibility. This is key to the global economy and American farm income.
Wall Street Journal, July 31st
Restricting markets leads to a global nuclear war

Spicer, 1996.
Second is Dispute Overload

diputes like the one brazil would raise would overload the dsm
Lubman—2000
this collapses the wto as an effective multilateral trading system

Okediji and Prosser—2003
The WTO agreement is at a critical cross-roads - collapse of the WTO leads to conflict-ridden bilateral
agreements that make U.S.-China trade conflict inevitable
G. John Ikenberry, 2008,
77
Unrestrained U.S.-China trade conflict escalates to a shooting war that would destroy the U.S.
Henry C K Liu, , 2005
Game Over
Chalmers Johnson, , 2001,
Advantage 2 - Disease
The horrifyingly unhealthy practices of Factory Farming accelerates the spread of disease and hinders growth,
which means that the animals in CAFOs are fed perpetual, unnecessary doses of antibiotics.
HFA 2007
CAFOs in the US are breeding hyper-resistant strains of bacteria that are immune to nearly all medicine. Workers
at CAFOs are over 30 times as likely to get infected as other people.
Robinson, John December 11, 2007
Just one superbug is already more deadly than AIDS.

Dellavedova, Chris and Sinead Nov. 13 2007
Drug resistant bacteria cause people to be infected longer and therefore to spread the infection to more people.
Superbugs are becoming immune to all known treatments. Even if new cures are developed, diseases will
become immune to those too. We will soon face a post-antibiotic era.
WHO 02
Superbugs will cause human extinction.

BBC 23rd November 1999
Even if no superbug emerges that causes extinction, a poll shows that economic activity in the US will cease
almost overnight if people are threatened by a pandemic.
Adams, Mike April 27 2006 “
US Econ Key to Global Econ

Freedomyou 07
The impact is extinction

Bearden 2000
Advantage 3 - Environment
CAFOs Require Massive Waste “Lagoons” To House The Millions Of Gallons Of Excrement Generated By The
Animals. History Proves Risk Of Huge Water Contamination And Respiratory Diseases
PATEL 8
CAFOs Magnify The Effects Of Natural Disasters – They are Unable To Adequately Control The Animals’ Waste
LAVENDEL 1
78
WASTE LAGOON RUNOFF FLOODS WATERS WITH NUTRIENTS, LEADING TO ALGAE BLOOMS THAT KILL FISH
AND THREATEN THE ECOSYSTEM
ADAMS AND ZHENRU 7
We Have A Duty To Prevent The Loss Of Marine Biodiversity – It Is Crucial To The Survival Of All Species
WORLD PROUST ASSEMBLY 5
Contention 3 - Solvency
Government subsidies to CAFOs have driven small farms out of business. Removing subsidies would make
small farms who don’t abuse antibiotics competitive again.
HFA 2007
Without Subsidies, Small To Medium Farms Take Over

Doug Gurian-Sherman
____ CUTTING CAFO SUBSIDIES WOULD BRING DRAMATIC CHANGES TO ECONOMY, AND ENCOURAGE
SUSTAINABLE, ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND FARMING PRACTICES
Ben Lilliston,
79
1AC Outline for Stables MD (Matis/ Damangue) 1/3
Observation I – Subsidy Cuts Are Inevitable
Cutting subsidies is inevitable – it’s just a question of why we do it – under our terms or being forced to by WTO
Financial Times 9-27-06 (Doug Cameron, “US urged to act on farm subsidies”, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/3f2822d8-
4e31-11db-bcbc-0000779e2340.html)
The recent Brazil decision and the coming Uruguay complaint will force the US to make concessions in the future
Shumaker, 2007.
[Michael J., “Tearing the Fabric of the World Trade Organization: United States – Subsidies on Upland
Cotton,” North Carolina Journal of International Law & Commercial Regulation, Spring, Lexis]
Plan: The United States Federal Government should eliminate direct payment, counter-cyclical payments, loans
and LDPs, export finance programs and import quotas for cotton.
Advantage One: West African Poverty
US subsidies for cotton depress world cotton prices by 10% leading to an income loss for West
African farmers of nearly $250 million annually
Shumaker, 2007. [Michael J., “Tearing the Fabric of the World Trade Organization: United States –
Subsidies on Upland Cotton,” North Carolina Journal of International Law & Commercial Regulation, Spring,
Lexis]
Subsidies for western farmers promote overproduction – killing international competition and incentive for
African farmers
Kilman and Thurow 2002 (Scott and Roger, staff writers for the Wall Street Journal, "Africa Could Feed Itself But Many
Ask: Should It? Commentary: We Can Feed the World. Here's How."
http://www.mongabay.com/external/thurow_120302.htm)
This loss in income leaves West Africans without hope – our actions are dooming them to lives of poverty,
injustice and oppression
Katherine Hamnett, 2003 [“Starved by US cotton subsidies,” The Guardian,September 6
http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2003/sep/06/foreignpolicy.globalisation]
Poverty outweighs nuclear war

Abu-Jamal 98 Activist
["A Quiet and Deadly Violence" (http://www.flashpoints.net/mQuietDeadlyViolence.html), September 19]
Advantage Two: West African Health
Cotton subsidies drive developing countries to use monocultural and large-scale production on marginal land –
this leads to soil depletion and high levels of pollution and contaminated drinking water
Helling, Beaulier and Hall, 2008. [Madeline, Scott and Joshua; student at Beloit College, Wisconsin, Assistant Professor
of Economics at Beloit College’s Department of Economics and Management, Assistant Professor of Economics at Beloit
College’s Department of Economics and Management, “High Cotton: Why the USA should not provide subsidies to cotton
farmers,” Journal compilation: Institute of Economic Affairs, http://www.highcotton.pdf]
80
Lack of clean water exacerbates HIV/AIDS treatment, childcare and education

Global and Mail 2006 (Andre Picard, “Unsafe water imperils lives of almost half of humanity;About 4,500 children die
daily because of poor sanitation and wells, WHO says,” November 16, lexis)
In addition, poverty is the foundation of cholera and AIDS epidemics

Samba, 1 (Ebrahim, former WHO Africa director, “'Help us reconstruct the health system' Interview with Dr. Ebrahim
Samba, WHO Africa director “, Africa Recovery, Vol.15# 1-2 (June 2001), page 28,
http://www.un.org/ecosocdev/geninfo/afrec/vol15no1/151aid13.htm)
Cholera Outbreaks Reach Thousands in Africa

World Health Organization, 2007
(West Africa: Heath Sector Needs Assessment. http://www.who.int/hac/donorinfo/cap/west_africa_cap_inside_eng_.pdf)
Left unchecked, AIDS will kill 100 million by 2025

Leonard, 5/6/2006 (Terry, “AIDS Epidemic Hits 25 Years” WILMINGTON STAR,
http://www.wilmingtonstar.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060604/NEWS/606040519/-1/State)
Observation II - Solvency
Doing agricultural reform on a case-by-case basis starting with cotton will provide political cover while jump
starting widescale reform efforts
Helling, Beaulier and Hall, 2008. [Madeline, Scott and Joshua; student at Beloit College, Wisconsin, Assistant
Professor of Economics at Beloit College’s Department of Economics and Management, Assistant Professor of
Economics at Beloit College’s Department of Economics and Management, “High Cotton: Why the USA should
not provide subsidies to cotton farmers,” Journal compilation: Institute of Economic Affairs,
http://www.highcotton.pdf]
The plan would stabilize West African economies, fuel development and reduce dependence on foreign aid
Borders and Burnett, 2006. [Max and H. Sterling, adjunct scholar and senior fellow with the National Center for Policy
Analysis, “Farm Subsidies: Devastating the World’s Poor and the Environment,” National Center for Policy Analysis,
March 24, http://www.ncpa.org/pub/ba/ba547/]
Additionally, wealthier is healthier - Removing cotton subsidies would save over 8 million lives every year by
allowing them to invest in clean water, malaria treatments, and infrastructure
Borders and Burnett, 2006. [Max and H. Sterling, adjunct scholar and senior fellow with the National Center for Policy
Analysis, “Farm Subsidies: Devastating the World’s Poor and the Environment,” National Center for Policy Analysis,
March 24, http://www.ncpa.org/pub/ba/ba547/]
The plan would fulfill the US obligation to developing countries – it would have a massive impact on poverty
reduction and demonstrate that we care about the lives of farmers in West Africa
Offenheiser – President of Oxfam America – 12-14-05 (Raymond, “Keeping our commitments”,
http://www.oxfamamerica.org/whatwedo/campaigns/make_trade_fair/news_publications/feature_story.2005-12-
14.1360053688/)
Poverty is the root of their disad impacts – we solve disease spread, terrorism, environmental destruction, failed
states and civil conflict.
Rice – Senior Fellow at Brookings – 2006 (Susan, “The threat of global poverty”, The National Interest,
http://www.brookings.edu/articles/2006/spring_globaleconomics_rice.aspx)
81
Underview: Social Justice Framework
The plan needs to be viewed through the lens of social justice not just as a multilateral trade negotiation – there
is a moral obligation that outweighs any economic losses
Shumaker, 2007. [Michael J., “Tearing the Fabric of the World Trade Organization: United States – Subsidies on Upland
Cotton,” North Carolina Journal of International Law & Commercial Regulation, Spring, Lexis]
We need to act as global citizen not consumer – we must recognize rights and responsibilities and strive for
social justice – these values should trump economic preference and political expediency
Partridge, 2003. [Ernest, co-editor The Crisis Papers, “Consumer or Citizen?” originally in The Online
Gadfly April 2002, October 7, http://www.crisispapers.org/Editorials/consumer.htm]
The continuation of structural violence is the root cause of continual crises that threaten survival. Only a
transition to positive global relationships can help us to escape this cycle.
Sandy and Perkins, 02 (Leo R. veteran of the U.S. Navy and an active member of Veterans for Peace, Inc., co-founder
of Peace Studies at Plymouth State College and at Rivier College, Ray; teaches philosophy at Plymouth State College,
The Nature of Peace and Its Implications for Peace Education”, Online journal of peace and conflict resolution, Issue 4.2,
Spring 02, http://www.trinstitute.org/ojpcr/4_2natp.htm
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1AC Outline for Stables HK (Hart/ Kunzelman) 1/2
Contention 1: The World of We Know
A. The CAFO creates not only a calculative hell for the animal but also reinforces the detachment of man from
the animal itself by devolving the death of the animal into simple process.
Mick Smith is in the Division of Sociology at the University of Abertay, 2002
(“The ‘Ethical’ Space of the Abattoir: On the (In)human(e) Slaughter of Other Animals’,
http://www.humanecologyreview.org/pastissues/her92/92smith.pdf)
Contention 2: A Becoming-Animal
A. The “animal question” has been posed and left unanswered. Political philosophers, however, have advanced
the idea positive relationships with non-human animals.
Kersty Hobson is a Lecturer in Environmental Social Science at The Australian National Institute 2006 (“Political
Animals? On Animals as Subjects in an Enlarged Political Geography”; Political Geography 26; December 12, 2006)
B. We are attempting to intentionally become swept up in a becoming-animal, deliberately blurring the lines
between ourselves as humans and animals.
Lori Brown, Graduate student at University of Oregon in continental philosophy and relationships with animals
2007 (PhaenEx 2, no.2; Fall/Winter 2007; pp.260-278,
http://www.phaenex.uwindsor.ca/ojs/leddy/index.php/phaenex/article/view/247/377.)
C. The animal has been in the worst place of subjection for the last 200 years, placed in a violent genocide that
has been globally ignored in order to forget it. A protest in the name of the marginalized must be enacted.,
embracing them rather than forgetting them.
Jacques Derrida was a super awesome philosopher and David Wills is a professor of French and English at the
University of Albany , 2002 (“The Animal That Therefore I Am (More to Follow)“;Critical Inquiry, vol. 28, No. 2; Winter 2002,
www.jstor.org/stable/1344276)
D. Becoming is a political affair, an embracing of a minority ideal, that embraces the oppositional ideal. This
allows us to shift, to challenge the human domination of the animal at the level we can be most aware.
Lori Brown, Graduate student at University of Oregon in continental philosophy and relationships with animals 2007
(PhaenEx 2, no.2; Fall/Winter 2007; pp.260-278,
Contention 3: Striated Identity and the Animal
A. Constructed identities (like those between animal and human) are responded to with the reification of
subjectivity within the political, attempting to restrict any movement outside the accepted role that’s been
accepted traditionally.
Michael Williams is Professor at Wales 2003 (“Words, Images, Enemies: Securitization and International Politics”,
International Studies Quarterly, pg. 519)
B. When thought is constricted and the only possibility is to obey all oppressions are already realized and every
life is imperiled.
Gilles Deleuze was a superstar French philosopher 1988 (“Spinoza: Practical Philosophy”, pgs. 3-4, 1988)
83
1AC Outline for Stables HK (Hart/ Kunzelman) 2/2
C. We are passing through a critical phase of the war between the advocates of violating the animal and those
who would not. We have a responsibility to help reverse the current trend, to move in the direction of enabling
compassion for the animal rather than subjecting it to pain.
Jacques Derrida was a super awesome philosopher and David Wills is a professor of French and English at the
University of Albany, 2002 (“The Animal That Therefore I Am (More to Follow)“;Critical Inquiry, vol. 28, No. 2; Winter 2002,
www.jstor.org/stable/1344276)
D. By taking an action through the traditional modes of debate, our becoming-animal is an true political
activism on the part of the animal.
Nicholas Spencer is an Associate Professor at University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2001 (“Inhuman(e) Subjects;
Postmodern Theory and Contemporary Animal Liberation Fiction”; From Virgin Land to Disney World: Nature and Its
Discontents in the USA of Today and Yesterday; Critical Studies; 2001)
E. We use the advocacy of the affirmative as a way to tip the system toward a self-critique, avoiding the
disempowerment of pure criticism. Instead, we use our 1AC for it’s transformative potential in order to turn the system
in on itself, empowering our escape through becoming-animal.
Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari were a philosopher and a political activist as well as a multitude 1987 (A Thousand
Plateaus: Capitalism and Scizophrenia vol.2; 1987)
Contention 4: Approach
A. Embracing a becoming-animal is the way that we move away from positions of dominance over animals while
at the same time making it possible for a true ethics for the non-human animal to exist.
B. We embrace D+G’s idea of becoming as an idea of breaking up the traditional divide between human and
animal as well as addressing the factory farms that D+G ignored.
C. A becoming is initiated by an “anomalous individual” that moves away from the pack. We position out 1AC in
this way, as a individual that breaks away from the pack of traditional policy affirmatives and attempts to provide
a line of flight toward a new becoming-animal.
84
Symonds Lab - Tiffany Alvarez/Melissa Barker: Starter Pack Ethanol Aff
contention one: inherency
government support for ethanol through subsidies and mandates is driving demand for corn to unsustainable levels
SMITH, 2007 (FRANCES B., ADJUNCT FELLOW AT THE COMPETITIVE ENTERPRISE INSTITUTE, “CORN-BASED ETHANOL: A CASE STUDY IN THE
LAW OF UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES”, COMPETITIVE ENTERPRISE INSTITUTE ISSUE ANALYSIS, JUNE, HTTP://CEI.ORG/PDF/5976.PDF)
advantage one: peak corn

the surge in production of corn-based ethanol is causing price hikes that devastate global food security
RUNGE AND SENAUER, 2007 (C. FORD, PROFESSOR OF APPLIED ECONOMICS AND LAW AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA AND BENJAMIN,
PROFESSOR OF APPLIED ECONOMICS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA, “HOW BIOFUELS COULD STARVE THE POOR”, FOREIGN AFFAIRS,
MAY/JUNE, HTTP://WWW.FOREIGNAFFAIRS.ORG/20070501FAESSAY86305/C-FORD-RUNGE-BENJAMIN-SENAUER/HOW-BIOFUELS-COULD-STARVE-THE-
POOR.HTML)
and – the food price bubble will burst in the short term – reliance on corn ethanol ensures unsustainable land use
practices and sprus massive inflation in commodity markets
and – this food versus fuel tradeoff skyrockets food prices casuing famine, regional instability and economic collapse
killing billions
BROWN, 2007 (LESTER R., DIRECTOR OF THE EARTH POLICY INSTITUTE, “MASSIVE DIVERSION OF U.S. GRAIN TO FUEL CARS IS RAISING
WORLD FOOD PRICES, RISKING POLITICAL INSTABILITY”, JUNE 13, HTTP://WWW.EARTH-POLICY.ORG/TRANSCRIPTS/SENATEEPW07.HTM)
and – this results in world war three
CALVIN, 1998 (NEUROPHYSIOLOGIST AT THE UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, ATLANTIC MONTHLY, JANUARY)
and – rising food prices due to current ethanol policy ensure a global economic meltdown
ELLIOT, 2008 (LARRY, JOURNALIST, “SOFT LANDINGS AND HARD REALITIES: THE IMF THINKS WE CAN RIDE OUT THIS CRISIS, BUT THERE
COULD BE FAR WORSE NEWS TO COME”, GUARDIAN WEEKLY, APRIL 18, LEXIS)
and – global economic collapse causes extinction - Bearden
advantage two: the environment

the rush for corn caused by ethanol subsidies dooms vital ecosystems – it results in soil erosion, nitrogen runoff, and
nutrient loss
and – this makes your ethanol industry disads inevitable – soil erosion ensures agriculture collapse
McCarthy et al, 2001 (James J., Co-Chair of IPCC Working Group II and the Alexander Agassiz Professor of Biological
Oceanography and Director of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University, “Climate Change 2001:
Impacts , Adaptation, and Vulnerability”, Chapter 5, Contribution of Working Group II to the Third Assessment Report of
the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC, with Osvaldo F. Canziani, Neil A. Leary, David J. Dokken, and
Kasey S. White, http://www.grida.no/CLIMATE/IPCC_TAR/wg2/209.htm)
and – increased soil erosion results in extinction
85
ROBBINS, 1997 (JOHN, AUTHOR OF THE PULITZER PRIZE-NOMINATED DIET FOR A NEW AMERICA, “THE GROUND BENEATH OUR FEET”,
HTTP://WWW.ANIMALSVOICE.COM/PAGES/INVEST/ROBBINS1.HTML)
and – independently – u.s. subsidies for corn ethanol are driving amazon deforestation
BUTLER, 2007 (RHETT A., “U.S. CORN SUBSIDIES DRIVE AMAZON DESTRUCTION”, HTTP://NEWS.MONGABAY.COM/2007/1213-
AMAZON_CORN_SUB.HTML)
and – amazon destruction causes planetary extinction
O’NEAL, 1997 (MARTIN, “RAIN FOREST DEPLETION,” MAY 5, HTTP://WWW.NORTHERN.WVNET.EDU/~TDANFORD/BIO1/RAINFO.HTM)
plan: The United States federal government should eliminate the renewable fuel standard's ethanol requirement,
subsidies for ethanol, and ethanol import restrictions.
contention two: solvency

the plan transitions ethanol from a government-driven industry to a market-driven industry, which is critical to resolve the
current ethanol boom
and – federal support is the root of the ethanol boom – lifting subsidies and mandates for corn ethanol is key to solve
SALT LAKE TRIBUNE, 2008 (JUNE 30, HTTP://WWW.SLTRIB.COM/OPINION/CI_9739773)
86
Symonds Lab – Hunter Holt / Richard Waller – Dairy Aff
Plan: The United States federal government should substantially reduce its
agricultural support for dairy by eliminating the Dairy Product Price Support
Program.
Inherency
Wolf 8- Farmbill pushed INC. milk price prog, costing billions
TBN 7- dairy industry dying, price progs not good
PLAN:USFG should substantially reduce its agricultural support for dairy by eliminating the Dairy Product Price Support
Program
Economy Advantage
Barlas 7- milk suply program killing dairy
Cali milk advirosry: Dairy industry key to us econ
IHT 7- decline us econ will hurt econ of world
Bearden 00-! Nuke war
Cartels Advantage
Jacoby '01-Regulating price results in inflated price resulting in Dairy Cartels
08- Reject every move towards Socialism
therry '99dairy farmers cause environmental destruction
Science Daily '07- rainforests are biodiversity hotspots
diner '94- biodiversity loss leads to extinction
TRADE Advantage
BS 8-us trade lead low- due to subs
Christiansen 7- milk program biggest barrier to inter. Trade
Hagstrom 8- us must make good faith effort
Hilker 8- Milk prices is 1/4 subs, repealing help WTO
China view 8- us leadership helps doha and avoids protetionism
Spicer 96-Global protectionism leads to major war
Veal Advantage- we are a K team

Cohen-03 feeds surplus powdered milk purchased through the MPSP back to the same cows it came from- encouraging
farmers to raise calves for veal
Farm sancturary '08We have a ethical obligation to reject veal farming
Griswold Prebele and Slvinski '06- Government Interference with Commodity Markets via farm subsidies is he ultimate
form of socialism-a return to the Free Market is necessary to sustainable agriculture
Objectivism Advantage
Nyquist '6- Global Free Markets are key to prevent violent conflict and War
Rummel '4- Alternatives to Capitalism end in genocide
Bast '94-Capitalism is necessary to protect the global environment
Norberg '03- Capitalism is critical to global growth and prosperity
Rogers '00- Capitalism strives through technological innovation
87
Symonds Lab: Melissa Curvino/McKinsey Hulen – Dairy Aff
I. Inherency
The 2008 farm bill extended the controversial Milk Price Support Program, costly
American taxpayers billions of dollars every year
Wolf 2008
The dairy industry is in decline now – pricing programs have been ineffective at
saving farms
Tribune Business News 2007
Plan: The United States federal government should substantially reduce its
agricultural support for dairy by eliminating the Dairy Product Price Support
Program.
Adv 1: Economy
The Milk Price Support Program undermines the success and growth of the dairy
industry
Barlas 2007
The Dairy industry is key to the US economy

California Milk Advisory Board, No Date
The effects of a U.S. economic decline will be felt around the world, as trade
links the World economy indelibly to the U.S.
International Herald Tribune 2007
The impact is global nuclear war

Bearden, 2000.
Adv 2: Trade Leadership

US Trade leadership low- lack of cooperation in DOHA rounds, massive subsidies Business Standard 2008
The Milk Price Support Program is the biggest barrier to a US-led international trade agreement
Christiansen 2007
US must make a good faith effort to lower subsidies to regain trade leadership Hagstrom, 2008
The milk price support program is over ¼ of US Amber box payments, repealing those subsidies key to meet WTO burden
Hilker 2008
US Leadership reorienting trade policy key to avoid extended failure of DOHA and a world wide wave of protectionism
China View, 2008
Global protectionism leads to nuclear war

Spicer 96
Adv 3: Nutrition Programs

High milk prices because of federal pricing subsidies decrease participation in
nutrition programs for women and children
USDA 2004
These nutrition programs are essential to feed our nations poor families because of high food prices
Chourey 2008
We have a moral obligation to feed the poor by supporting nutrition programs Dix 2007
88
Symonds Lab – Ryan Fiste / TJ Fiste - Soybeans
PLAN: The United States federal government should eliminate soybean subsidies and market barriers.
___Advantage One is Brazil is Pissed

The United States gives massive support to soybean production in the status quo-this will result in WTO litigation from
Brazil and China
Los Angeles Times, 5 [“Brazil's Rise as Farming Giant Has Price Tag”, http://articles.latimes.com/2005/aug/21/world/fg-
brazag21, 8/21]
And, the WTO ruling on cotton will lead to action on soybeans-concessions on agriculture will get trade talks back on track
The Kiplinger Letter 4 [“WTO ruling on cotton may have surprise effect”, Vol. 81, pg. 1, pg. Proquest, 7/2]
Two Impact Scenarios-First is free trade

And now is key- the demise of Doha is a huge blow to free trade-anti protectionist action must be taken NOW by the
United States to restore trade credibility. This is key to the global economy and American farm income.
Wall Street Journal, July 31st
Restricting markets leads to a global nuclear war

Spicer, 1996.
Second is Dispute Overload
disputes like the one brazil would raise would overload the dsm
Lubman—2000.
this collapses the wto as an effective multilateral trading system

Okediji and Prosser—2003
The WTO agreement is at a critical cross-roads - collapse of the WTO leads to conflict-ridden bilateral agreements that
make U.S.-China trade conflict inevitable
G. John Ikenberry, Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton, jan/feb 2008, Foreign Affairs "The Rise of
China and the Future of the West"
Unrestrained U.S.-China trade conflict escalates to a shooting war that would destroy the U.S.
Henry C K Liu, Chairman of a New York-based private investment group, 2005 (Asia Times, Online:
http://www.atimes.com/atimes/global_economy/GH20Dj01.html)
Game Over
Chalmers Johnson, author of Blowback: the Costs and Consequences of American Empire, 2001, The Nation, p 20
Advantage Two is Soil Erosion
___Soy depletes nutrients from the soil and causes massive erosion
Nabhan, 2003
Soil erosion causes agriculture collapse

IPCC Third Assessment Report, Habiba Gitay et al, Research School of Biological Sciences Institute of Advanced Studies,
Australian National University, Climate Change 2001: Working Group II: Impacts, Mitigation and Adaptation, Chapter 5:
Ecosystems and Their Goods and Services, 2001, www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg2/pdf/TARchap5.pdf, p. 253
(HARVOC2005)
Soil erosion results in extinction
Robbins 97 [John, author of the Pulitzer Prize-nominated Diet for a New America, "The Ground Beneath Our Feet,"
accessed on 12/24/04. pg. http://www.animalsvoice.com/PAGES/invest/robbins1.html] (PDAF3122)
Mass starvation and World War III is the results

Calvin,’98
Advantage three is herbicides
___Soy herbicides and monocultures destroy biodiversity
Nabhan, 2003
Biodiversity loss risks extinction
89
Diner 94 [David N., Military Law Review Winter 43 Mil. L. Rev. 161 THE ARMY AND THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT:
WHO'S ENDANGERING WHOM? Judge Advocate General's Corps, United States Army.]
Next is Solvency- Soy price supports should be eliminated-they destroy markets while failing to protect American
producers Clay in 2004
90
Symonds Lab – Justin Cantu / John Karin – Sugar Aff
PLAN TEXT: The USFG should substantially reduce agricultural support for sugar by eliminating nearly all
domestic subsidies for sugar and eliminating all tariffs on imported sugar. [Uncertain]
Everglades Advantage
Sugar farming in the everglades cause environmental damage including water pollution, soil erosion and species loss
The Florida Everglades must be saved- It is a global hotspot-

Aldridge (Michelle, University of Florida) April 16 2002 http://iml.jou.ufl.edu/projects/Spring02/Aldridge/bibliography.htm
Hotspots preserve critical biodiversity

Australian Gov. 7 (Department of the environment, water, heritage, and the arts “Australia’s biodiversity”
http://209.85.173.104/search?q=cache:NZQFQtGQVo0J:www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/hotspots/index.html+hot+s
pots+biodiversity&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=3&gl=us)
Biodiversity outweighs other impacts – it is the life support of the planet

Sedjo 2k (Roger, Sr. Fellow, Resources for the Future, Conserving Nature’s Biodiversity: insights from biology, ethics and
economics, eds. Van Kooten, Bulte and Sinclair, p. 110)
Plan reverses damage to Everglades biodiversity caused by current sugar programs

Leal and Meiners 2 (Donald R Senior Associate at PERC., Roger E., professor of economics and law at the University of
Texas at Arlington, research fellow at The Independent Institute, Government Vs. Environment, 2002. Pg. 79-80)
Poverty Advantage
Sugar subsidies discriminate against developing countries causing global poverty
Shapiro 2005 (Ira, international trade lawyer “Sweetening the US Trade Agenda” The Global Alliance for Sugar Trade
Reform and Liberalization, http://www.globalsugaralliance.org/resources.php?action=viewResource&id=21. )
Poverty represents a structural violence that outweighs nuclear war.

Elimination of sugar subsidies lifts 140 million people from poverty

http://internationalecon.com/virata/The%20Effects%20of%20the%20US%20Sugar.pdf)
Ethanol Advantage
The US sets high import tariffs on sugarcane ethanol now – repeal is unlikely
Reel 7 (Monte, Washington Post Foreign Service, “US Seeks Partnership with Brazil on Ethanol; Countering Oil-rich
Venezuela is Part of Aim”)
Lifting sugar barriers critical for the US to transition to sugarcane ethanol

St Petersburg times 7 (WES ALLISON, 3-9, “U.S. sugar is too expensive to convert to fuel”,
http://www.sptimes.com/2007/03/09/Worldandnation/US_sugar_is_too_expen.shtml)
US action on alternative energy now is key to avoid coming resource wars that will drive humanity to extinction
Heinberg 4 (Richard, New College of California Core Faculty, Power Down: Options and Actions For A Post-Carbon World,
p. 111)
Health Advantage
Sugar subsidies driving global obesity rates
Bio-Medicine.org 6
(“Agricultural Subsidies Responsible For Obesity, Says Expert” 9/4/2006 << http://www.bio-medicine.org/medicine-
news/Agricultural-Subsidies-Responsible-For-Obesity--Says-Expert-13875-1/>> Accessed july 29, 2008.)
91
Big Sugar acts through the US to block effective WHO policy

New York Times 4 (“The Fat of the Land.” February 2, 2004. Via lexis-nexis.)
Chronic Diseases like obesity kill millions each year

State Department 4
State Department and WHO, “World Health Care Providers Address Chronic Disease; Noncommunicable conditions now
world's greatest killers.” NEWS FROM THE WASHINGTON FILE. Lexis. November 4.
92
Symonds Lab – Jeanette Rodriguez / Joel Salcedo – Cotton Aff
Observation I – Subsidy Cuts Are Inevitable

Cutting subsidies is inevitable – it’s just a question of why we do it – under our terms or being forced to by WTO
Financial Times 9-27-06
The recent Brazil decision and the coming Uruguay complaint will force the US to make concessions in the future
Shumaker, 2007.
Plan: The United States Federal Government should eliminate direct payment, counter-cyclical payments, loans
and LDPs, export finance programs and import quotas for cotton.
Advantage One: West African Poverty

US subsidies for cotton depress world cotton prices by 10% leading to an income loss for West African farmers of nearly
$250 million annually
Shumaker, 2007.
Subsidies for western farmers promote overproduction – killing international competition and incentive for African farmers
Kilman and Thurow 2002
This loss in income leaves West Africans without hope – our actions are dooming them to lives of poverty, injustice and
oppression
Katherine Hamnett, 2003 [“Starved by US cotton subsidies,” The Guardian,September 6
Poverty outweighs nuclear war

Abu-Jamal 98 Activist
Advantage Two: West African Health

Cotton subsidies drive developing countries to use monocultural and large-scale production on marginal land – this leads
to soil depletion and high levels of pollution and contaminated drinking water
Helling, Beaulier and Hall, 2008.
Lack of clean water exacerbates HIV/AIDS treatment, childcare and education

Global and Mail 2006
In addition, poverty is the foundation of cholera and AIDS epidemics

Samba, 1
Cholera Outbreaks Reach Thousands in Africa

World Health Organization, 2007
Left unchecked, AIDS will kill 100 million by 2025

Leonard, 5/6/2006
Observation II - Solvency
Doing agricultural reform on a case-by-case basis starting with cotton will provide political cover while jump starting
widescale reform efforts
Helling, Beaulier and Hall, 2008.
The plan would stabilize West African economies, fuel development and reduce dependence on foreign aid
Borders and Burnett, 2006.
Additionally, wealthier is healthier - Removing cotton subsidies would save over 8 million lives every year by allowing them
to invest in clean water, malaria treatments, and infrastructure
Borders and Burnett, 2006.
93
The plan would fulfill the US obligation to developing countries – it would have a massive impact on poverty reduction and
demonstrate that we care about the lives of farmers in West Africa
Offenheiser – President of Oxfam America – 12-14-05
Poverty is the root of their disad impacts – we solve disease spread, terrorism, environmental destruction, failed states
and civil conflict.
Rice – Senior Fellow at Brookings – 2006
The plan needs to be viewed through the lens of social justice not just as a multilateral trade negotiation – there is a moral
obligation that outweighs any economic losses
Shumaker, 2007.
We need to act as global citizen not consumer – we must recognize rights and responsibilities and strive for social justice
– these values should trump economic preference and political expediency
Partridge, 2003.
The continuation of structural violence is the root cause of continual crises that threaten survival. Only a transition to
positive global relationships can help us to escape this cycle.
Sandy and Perkins, 02
94

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ADI 2008 – Case Outlines

Plan: The United States Federal Government should substantially reduce

Advantage I: Brazil – 2 Scenarios

And, Trade war escalates into global nuclear war.

Scenario 2 – Food Security

Advantage 2 - WTO Credibility

Proliferation causes massive nuclear wars

US is key to cotton subsidies – it’s the only player that matters.

- No food security Adv

- Another Poverty impact card:

- Few other cards in solvency:

- unilateral cuts are good***

Advantage I: Brazil Trade Wars

Advantage 2 - WTO Credibility

The impact to nuclear war

Cotton subsidies lock in a cycle of poverty and exacerbate debt problems

US is key to cotton subsidies – it’s the only player that matters.

Plan: The United States Federal Government should substantially reduce

Advantage I: Brazil – 2 Scenarios

And, Trade war escalates into global nuclear war.

US-Brazil relations key to undermine the possible threat of Venezuelan terrorism

Brazil is key to winning the war on terrorism.

Failure to stop terrorism Leads to Extinction

Advantage 2 - WTO Credibility

The impact is nuclear war

Cotton subsidies lock in a cycles of poverty and exacerbate debt problems

US is key to cotton subsidies – it's the only player that matters.

The New York Times explains in 03…

Thirty-five-year-old Frankel Lubin from the Jacmel Hills says:

Any historical account of the rise….war without end."

We are a four-times-exploited group … kick you out of the batey.”

The reason the company… satisfy men’s sexual desire.9

Women's responses to these emergent discourses,… sugar economy of Sri Lanka.

Therefore, Stephanie and I are resolved:

Louisne Maitre, a 19 year old from Jacmel, tells us:

The study of the history of sugar,…understanding of sugar.

In some respects, therefore,…‘post-colonial’ cultures.

Seventeen-year-old Joachim Saintil, from Baptiste, in the

New York Times 3 [America's Sugar Daddies. November 29, 2003.

650,000 Haitians are subjected to slavery for domestic sugar production.

CBC, 2006. [The Sugar Story. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.

The dehumanization inherent in slavery must be rejected

Therefore, Jaimie and I stand resolved that:

The legal protections….from America's shore.

In some respects, therefore,....‘post-colonial’ cultures.

One of the most basi….global capitalism.

Daniel Louis, Batey Consuelito, Ingenio Porvenir explains2:

A post-colonial analysis of sugar… and shared strategies.4

IN ADDITION IN ORDER TO PARTICIPATE IN LIBERATION FROM OUR SOCIAL LOCATIONS AS DEBATERS,

New York Times 03 [America's Sugar Daddies. November 29, 2003.

We offer two perspectives to view the effects of our policy:

“We are a… owner of the women”

The reason the company …satisfy men’s sexual desire.

Extended observation reveals….than Haitian women.

Whatever its origins, …clarity in personal relationships.

If we think of heterosexuality ….of female experience.

Secondly, these narratives describe life in the Dominican plantations:

The study of the history…understanding of sugar.

One of the most basic … era of global capitalism.

Phosphorous in the everglades is destroying biodiversity.

Phosphorous in the water of the Everglades causes massive biodiversity loss

Biodiversity outweighs other impacts – it is the life support of the planet

Plan reverses damage to Everglades biodiversity caused by current sugar programs