LAW --- THE CONSTITUTION OF PAKISTAN, 1973

Autumn Quarter, 2006 Instructor: Osama Siddique Course Description: Constitutions have come to be regarded as the collective consensus and ultimate reference point of a nations aspirations and ideals. They are looked upon as the primary custodians of individual and collective rights and the supreme arbiters in disputes between the organs of a State. They are the mirror to the ideological hopes of the past, the litmus test for the actuality of the present and the looking glass for the future. The alchemy of their creation and interpretation is suffused with politics, and the politics of a nation are greatly influenced by its constitutional disputes. This course attempts to provide a comprehensive introductory coverage of the Constitution of Pakistan, 1973 through a detailed analysis of the landmark cases that elaborate, discuss and clarify the ethos, ambit and significance of the most important constitutional provisions. We will look at length at not just the jurisprudence of the judgments but also the unique social and political environment, which contextualizes them and furthermore the policy imperatives, conflicts and compromises that formulated them and contributed to their evolution. Goals and Structure of the Course: This course will introduce students to the philosophy, structure and substance of the Pakistani Constitution. It has been divided into the following modules. Module 1 looks at the constitutional developments that led to the adoption of the 1973 Constitution, benchmarking it briefly against the evolution and growth of the US Constitution. At the same time it will also introduce students to the principles of constitutional interpretation, which are very important to understand and analyze constitutional texts and jurisprudence. Furthermore, we will also analyze three important constitutional doctrines, namely: (i) doctrine of separation of powers; (ii) doctrine of political question; and (c) doctrine of basic structure, and their applicability in the Pakistani constitutional context. Module 2 looks at the conflict between the power of the state (or another way of looking at it as by calling it the role and responsibility of the state) and individual and group rights and how the Constitution attempts to balance state policy imperatives with individual aspirations and goals. This will allow us to look in detail at the nature, ambit and variety of Fundamental Rights and the Principles of State Policy enshrined in the Constitution. This module also looks at the mechanisms provided by the Constitution to invoke and protect Fundamental Rights. Module 3 looks in detail at the structure of the State as provided by the Constitution and the extent as well as the limits of the powers of the executive, the legislature and the

judiciary. It also explores the nature and structure of the notion of Federation as it exists in Pakistan as well as the mechanism provided by the Constitution to govern economic affairs of the State between the Federation and its Units. At the end of this course, we will be in a position to ask important questions as to what direction our constitutional framework should take in view of what we have covered in class. Apart from the students of Law and Policy at LUMS, this course will be of special interest and value to those students who may want to pursue further studies in the areas of history, political science, political economy and development economics. It is equally meaningful for anyone endeavouring to develop a better understanding of the constitutional framework of the country we live in, as it has a direct bearing on every citizens life. Required texts: (The relevant parts from all these texts will be made available to students in the form of a course package before the start of the course). 16. Brohi, A.K. Fundamental Law of Pakistan. Karachi: Din Muhammadi Press, 1958. 17. Rahim, J.A. Outline of a Federal Constitution for Pakistan: Pakistan Peoples Party Political Series (4), 1969. 18. Sheikh, Zain. The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Karachi: Pakistan Law House, 2004 19. Tribe, Lawrence. H. American Constitutional Law (Third Edition). New York: Foundation Press, 2000. 20. Photocopied complete texts or excerpts (as applicable) of the (italicised) legal cases and materials. Prerequisites for this course: None. Lectures: This is a 4-unit course. There will be 20 sessions of 100 minutes each. Classes will meet on Tuesdays and Thursdays from 2.00 p.m. to 3.40 p.m. Grading: Class Participation: 20% Panel Presentations: 15% Quizzes: 20% Final Exam: 45% The purpose of having class participation and panel presentations is to invite different perspectives to what is intrinsically a highly contentious and debated field of study. I am a

great believer in class discussion as it enriches the discourse and helps develop confidence to put ones view across. Speaking ones mind can also help clarify ones thought process. The way the panel presentations will work is that small group "panels" of students will be assigned by myself to be responsible - in particular - for a given class sessions material. During this session, this panel can make a brief formal or informal presentation about the main themes and issues which merit attention and I may then ask individual members of the panel various questions about the material assigned for that day, and how it relates to broader themes discussed in the course. More details of how this panel system will operate will be distributed to students early in the course. Both the written exams will be open book/open notes as the purpose of the course is not to gauge memory but powers of comprehension, analysis and communication. Course Schedule: As mentioned before, the course is divided into four modules for thematic clarity. The topics and required readings for each session are listed below. (For Non Law & Policy Students): Please note that these readings will include excerpts from cases and hence students will require some time to get used to basic legal terminology and the legal way of writing. However, every effort will be made to ensure that legal jargon does not become an impediment to understanding the core issues being debated. The relevant terminology will be explained in class and the complex and at times lengthy judgments (of which the students will just be required to read selected excerpts) will be extensively discussed and explored in the lectures. The basic advice to students is to not get bogged down by factual details or side issues but to capture the essence of the main issue at hand and the arguments and counter-arguments pertaining to it.

MODULE 1 ETHOS AND STRUCTURE OF THE CONSTITUTION. PRINCIPLES OF CONSTITUTIONAL INTERPRETATION. Sessions I, II & III:
(a) Frozen in Time or Evolving Words? Emergence and Growth of Constitutions. (b) Political and Ideological Origins as well as Basic Structure of the Pakistani Constitution. Constitutional Provisions: Preamble, Articles 1, 2, 2A, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 227-230, 251. Annex. Readings: Tribe. pp. 1-29. Brohi. pp. 3-85. Rahim. pp. 7-23, 41-94.

Sessions IV & V:
Principles of Interpretation of the Constitution. Readings: Tribe pp. 30-94.

Constitutional Provisions: Articles 260-264. Case Law: 21. Haji Nizam Khan v Additional District Judge, PLD 1976 Lahore 930. 22. Benazir Bhutto v Federation of Pakistan, PLD 1988 SC 416. 23. Federation of Pakistan v Haji Muhammad Saifullah Khan, PLD 1989 SC 166. 24. Sharaf Faridi v The Federation of Islamic Republic of Pakistan, PLD 1989 Karachi
404.

25. Shirin Munir v Government of Punjab, PLD 1990 SC 295, pp. 295. 26. Khawaja Ahmad Tariq Rahim v Federation of Pakistan, PLD 1992 SC 646. 27. Muhammad Nawaz Sharif v Federation of Pakistan, PLD 1993 SC 473. 28. Pir Sabir Shah v Shad Muhammad Khan, PLD 1995 SC 66. 29. Al-Jehad Trust v Federation of Pakistan, PLD 1996 SC 324. 30. Shahid Nabi Malik v Chief Election Commissioner, PLD 1997 SC 32. 31. Mahmood Khan Achakzai v Federation of Pakistan, PLD 1997 SC 426. 32. Gadoon Textile Mills v WAPDA, 1997 SCMR 641. 33. Sardar Farooq Ahmed Khan Leghari v Federation of Pakistan, PLD 1999 SC 57. 34. Zafar Ali Shah v General Pervaiz Musharraf, PLD 2000 SC 869. 35. Muhammad Akram v Selection Committee, 2003 CLC 18.

Session VI:
Limits on Judicial Power: (i) Doctrine of Separation of Powers;

(ii) (iii)
1.

Doctrine of Political Question; and Doctrine of Basic Structure.

Federation of Pakistan v United Sugar Mills, PLD 1977 SC 397.

36. Fauji Foundation v Shamimur Rehman, PLD 1983 SC 457. 37. Khawaja Muhammad Sharif v Federation of Pakistan, PLD 1988 Lahore 725. 38. Federation of Pakistan v Haji Muhammad Saifullah Khan, PLD 1989 SC 166. 39. Mahmood Khan Achakzai v Federation of Pakistan, PLD 1997 SC 426. 40. Al-Jehad Trust v Federation of Pakistan, PLD 1997 SC 84. 41. Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto v President of Pakistan, PLD 1998 SC 388. 42. Wukula Mahaz v Federation of Pakistan, PLD 1998 SC 1263. 43. Zafar Ali Shah v General Pervaiz Musharraf, PLD 2000 SC 869. 44. Pakistan Lawyers Forum v Federation of Pakistan, PLD 2005 SC 719.

MODULE II FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY Session VII & VIII:
Life, Liberty and Dignity. Constitutional Provisions: Articles 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15. Case Law: 45. Alamdar Hussain Shah v Abdul Bashir Qureshi, PLD 1978 SC 121. 46. Abdur Rehman v State, 1978 SCMR 292. 47. Habibullah v The State, 1989 MLD 2649. 48. Syed Ghayyur Hussain Shah v Gharib Alam, PLD 1990 Lahore 432.

49. Manzoor Ahmad v The State, 1990 MLD 1488. 50. Akbar Ali v. Secretary, Ministry of Defence, 1991 SCMR 2114. 51. Employees of the Pakistan Law Commission v Ministry of Works, 1994 SCMR 1548. 52. West Pakistan Salt Miners Labour Union (CBC) Khewra, Jehlum v Director, Industries
and Mineral Development, 1994 SCMR 2061.

53. Shehla Zia v WAPDA, PLD 1994 SC 693. 54. Suo Motu Constitutional Petition, 1994 SCMR 1028. 55. Nasrullah Khan Henjra v Government of Pakistan, PLD 1994 SC 23. 56. Mst. Zaib-un-Nisa v The Government of the Punjab, 1995 CLC 1281. 57. Metropolitan Corporation Lahore v Imtiaz Hussain Kazmi, PLD 1996 Lahore 499. 58. Amanullah Khan v. Chairman Medical Research Council, 1996 SCMR 1211. 59. Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto v President of Pakistan, PLD 1998 SC 388. 60. Nasreen Riaz v. LDA, 1998 CLC 1099. 61. Shehri and others v. Province of Sindh, 2001 YLR 1139. 62. Ahmad Abdullah v Government of the Punjab, PLD 2003 Lahore 752. 63. Shahida Faisal v Federation of Pakistan, PLD 2000 Lahore 508. 64. Abdul Malik v State, PLD 2006 SC 365.

Session IX:
Civil and Political Rights Constitutional Provisions: Articles 16, 17, and 19. Case Law: 65. Benazir Bhutto v Federation of Pakistan, PLD 1988 SC 416. 66. Mrs. Benazir Bhutto v Federation of Pakistan, PLD 1989 SC 66. 67. Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif v President of Pakistan, PLD 1993 SC 473. 68. Union of Civil Aviation Employees v Civil Aviation Authority, PLD 1993 Lahore 306.

69. Masroor Ahsan v Ardeshir Cowasjee, PLD 1998 SC 823. 70. Sheikh Muhammad Rashid v Majid Nizami, PLD 2002 SC 514. 71. Engineer Jameel Ahmed Malik v Pakistan Ordinance Factories, 2004 SCMR 164.

Session X.
Equal Protection Constitutional Provisions: Articles 25, 26, and 27. Case Law: 72. Gul Khan v Government of Baluchistan, PLD 1989 Quetta 8. 73. Shrin Munir v Government of Punjab, PLD 1990 SC 295. 74. Farhat Jaleel v Province of Sindh, PLD 1990 Karachi 342. 75. I. A. Sharwani v Government of Pakistan, 1991 SCMR 1041. 76. Pak. Petroleum Workers Union v Ministry of Interior, 1991 CLC 13. 77. Government of Baluchistan v Azizullah Memon, PLD 1993 SC 341. 78. Naseem Firdous v Punjab Small Industries Corporations, PLD 1995 Lahore 584. 79. Zohra v Government of Sindh, PLD 1996 Karachi 1. 80. Mushtaq Ahmad Mohal v Honourable Lahore High Court, 1997 SCMR 1043. 81. Messrs Gadoon Textile Mills v WAPDA, 1997 SCMR 641. 82. Adreshir Cowasjee v KBCA, 1999 SCMR 2883. 83. Shahida Faisal v Federation of Pakistan, PLD 2000 Lahore 508. 84. Shaukat Ali Wahla v Chief Administrator of Auqaf, 2005 MLD 1053. 85. Moulvi Iqbal Haider v. CDA, PLD 2006 SC 394. 86. Shehzad Riaz v Federation of Pakistan, 2006 YLR 229 Karachi.

Session XI:
Rights of Choice: Religion Culture Property Employment.

Constitutional Provisions: Articles 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, and 28. Case Law: 87. Abdur Rehman Mubbasher v Amir Ali Shah, PLD 1978 Lahore 113. 88. Gul Khan v The Government of Baluchistan, PLD 1989 Quetta 8. 89. Muhammad Jamil Khan v Karachi Development Authority, 1989 MLD 4422. 90. Sheikh Muhammad Anwar v Pakistan, PLD 1989 Karachi 45. 91. Saeed Ahmad v The Province of the Punjab, PLD 1993 Lahore 218. 92. Nazim F. Haji v Commissioner Karachi, PLD 1993 Karachi 79. 93. Syed Wasi Zafar v The Government of Pakistan, PLD 1994 SC 621. 94. Haq Nawaz v Province of the Punjab, MLD 1997 Lahore 299. 95. Land Acquisition Collector v Abdul Wahid, 2004 YLR 608 Lahore. 96. Aamir Khalil v Government of Pakistan, PLD 2004 Peshawar 251. 97. Ghazanfar Ali v Province of Punjab, 2005 CLC 144 Lahore. 98. Hafiz Asmatullah v Government of Punjab, PLD 2005 Lahore 354. 99. Mst. Kishwar v Hazara Hill Tract, PLD 2005 Peshawar 136. 100.Haji Muhammad Hanif v CDA, 2005 CLC 678 Lahore.

Session XII.
Principles of Policy Constitutional Provisions. Articles 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39 and 40. Also, Articles 253, 254, 256, 257 and 258. Case Law. 101.Haji Nizam Khan v Additional District Judge, PLD 1976 Lahore 930. 102.Benazir Bhutto v Federation of Pakistan, PLD 1988 SC 416. 103.Farhat Jaleel v Province of Sindh, PLD 1990 Karachi 342.

104.Shahab Matloob v Government of Sindh, PLD 1993 Karachi 83. 105.Zohra v Government of Sindh, PLD 1996 Karachi 1. 106.Sohail Muhammad Shees Farooq v Mizna Romana, 1998 MLD 1972. 107.Yasir Arfat v Vice-Chancellor, 2000 CLC 393. 108.Shazia Irshad Bokhari v Government of Punjab, PLD 2005 Lahore 428.

Session XIII.
Public Interest Litigation and Enforcement of Fundamental Rights. Constitutional Provisions. Articles 184(3) and 199. Themes. Enforcement of Fundamental Rights by the Supreme Court (Article 184(3); Jurisdiction of High Court (Article 199). Case Law. 109.Begum Nusrat Bhutto v Chief of Army Staff, PLD 1977 SC 657. 110.Benazir Bhutto v Federation of Pakistan, PLD 1988 SC 416. 111.Darshan Masih v The State, PLD 1990 SC 513. 112.Shehla Zia v WAPDA, PLD 1994 SC 693. 113.Ameer Bano v S. E., Highways, PLD 1996 Lahore 592. 114.Malik Asad Ali v Federation of Pakistan, PLD 1998 SC 161. 115.The State v M. D., WASA, 2000 CLC 471 Lahore. 116.Philips Electrical Industries v Pakistan, 2000 YLR 2724 Karachi. 117.Javed Ibrahim Paracha v Federation of Pakistan, PLD 2004 SC 482. 118.Moulvi Iqbal Haider v. CDA, PLD 2006 SC 394.

MODULE III STRUCTURE OF THE FEDERATION: POWERS AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE ORGANS OF THE STATE Session XIV:

Powers and Responsibilities of the Executive Constitutional Provisions: (Articles 41-49, 54, 56, 58, 70-73, 75, 89, 90-99, 101, 112, 145, 153, 156, 160, 168, 177, 192-193, 200, 203C, 213, 232-236, 243-245, 247, 248, 249, 250; Annex) Case Law: 119.Malik Muhammad Suleman v Islamic Republic of Pakistan, PLD 1976 Lahore 1250. 120.KhawajaMuhammad Sharif v Federation of Pakistan, PLD 1988 Lahore 725. 121.Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif v President of Pakistan, PLD 1993 SC 473. 122.Pir Sabir Shah v Shad Muhammad Khan, PLD 1995 SC 66. 123.Mahmood Khan Achakzai v Federation of Pakistan, PLD 1997 SC 426. 124.Tanveer A Qureshi v President of Pakistan, PLD 1997 Lahore 263. 125.Al-Jehad Trust v Federation of Pakistan, PLD 1997 SC 84. 126.Sardar Farooq Ahmad Leghari v Federation of Pakistan, PLD 1999 SC 57. 127.Messrs Hino Pak Motors v Federation of Pakistan, 2005 CLC 452. 128.Muhammad Rafique v Federation of Pakistan, PLD 2005 Lahore 150.

Session XV:
Role and Power of the Parliament Constitutional Provisions: (Articles 50-66, 68-69, 89-94, 97-100, 141-144, 237-239, Fourth Schedule). Case Law: 129.Fauji Foundation v Shamimur Rehman, PLD 1983 SC 457. 130.Sharaf Faridi v Federation of Pakistan, PLD 1989 Karachi 404. 131.Shirin Munir v Government of Punjab, PLD 1990 SC 295. 132.Tanveer A Qureshi v President of Pakistan, PLD 1997 Lahore 263. 133.Mahmood Khan Achakzai v Federation of Pakistan, PLD 1997 SC 426.

134.Al-Jehad Trust v Federation of Pakistan, PLD 1997 SC 84. 135.Messrs Hino Pak Motors v Federation of Pakistan, 2005 CLC 452. 136.Pakistan Lawyers Forum v Federation of Pakistan, PLD 2005 SC 719.

Session XVI:
Guest Speaker

Session XVII & XVIII:

Judicial Role, Power & Independence. Constitutional Provisions: (Articles 175-186A, 188-190, 192-201, 203, 203A-203J, 204, 206, 207, 209-212). Case Law: 137.Fauji Foundation v Shamimur Rehman, PLD 1983 SC 457. 138.Sharaf Faridi v The Federation, PLD 1989 Karachi 404. 139.Federation of Pakistan v Malik Ghulam Mustafa Khar, PLD 1989 SC 26. 140.Federation of Pakistan v Haji Muhammad Saifullah Khan, PLD 1989 SC 166. 141.Muhammad Azim Malik v A.C. & S.D.M PREEDY (South) Karachi, PLD 1989 SC
266.

142.Government of Baluchistan v Azizullah Memon, PLD 1993 SC 341. 143.Government of Sindh v Raeesa Farooq, 1994 SCMR 1283. 144.Pir Sabir Shah v Federation of Pakistan, PLD 1994 SC 738. 145.M. D. Tahir v Chief Secretary, 1995 CLC 1687 Lahore. 146.Dr. Suhail Abbass Khan v Punjab Province, 1996 MLD 1078 Lahore. 147.Al-Jehad Trust v Federation of Pakistan, PLD 1996 SC 324. 148.Tanveer A Qureshi v President of Pakistan, PLD 1997 Lahore 263. 149.Mahmood Khan Achakzai v Federation of Pakistan, PLD 1997 SC 426.

150.Al-Jehad Trust v Federation of Pakistan, PLD 1997 SC 84. 151.Mehram Ali v Federation of Pakistan PLD 1998 SC 1445. 152.Philips Electrical Industries v Pakistan, 2000 YLR 2724 Karachi. 153.Zafar Ali Shah v Pervez Musharraf, PLD 2000 SC 869. 154.State v Tariq Aziz, 2000 SCMR 751. 155.Mst. Badshah Begum v Additional Commissioner, 2003 SCMR 629. 156.Syed Wajihul Hassan v Government of the Punjab, PLD 2004 SC 801. 157.Muhammad Amin v Government of Pakistan, 2005 MLD 51 Karachi. 158.Shehzad Riaz v Federation of Pakistan, 2006 YLR 229 Karachi.

Session XIX:
Relations between the Federation and Provinces Constitutional Provisions: (141-154, 156-161, 164, 166-167, 234, 246-247, 257-258, Fourth Schedule) Case Law: 159.Arshad Akram v Superintendent, Pakistan Railways, PLD 1982 Lahore 109. 160.Haji Muhammad Shafi v Wealth Tax Officer, PLD 1989 Karachi 15. 161.Khalid Malik v Federation of Pakistan, PLD 1991 Karachi 1. 162.National Industrial Credit Corporation v Province of Punjab, PLD 1992 Lahore 462. 163.Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif v President of Pakistan, PLD 1993 SC 473. 164.Pir Sabir Shah v Federation of Pakistan, PLD 1994 SC 738. 165.Star Flour Mills v Province of Punjab, PLD 1996 Lahore 687. 166.Amin Ahmed v Ministry of Production, PLD 1996 Karachi 27. 167.Shaikh Nadeem Younas v WAPDA, 1996 CLC 1090. 168.Messrs Gadoon Textile Mills v WAPDA, 1997 SCMR 641. 169.Manzoor Wattoo v Federation of Pakistan, PLD 1997 Lahore 38.

170.Mahmood Majid v State, PLD 1998 Lahore 296. 171.Siemens Pakistan v Province of Punjab, PLD 1999 Lahore 244. 172.Shaukat Ali Mian v Federation of Pakistan, 1999 CLC 607 Lahore. 173.Al-Jehad Trust v Federation of Pakistan, 1999 SCMR 1379. 174.Shamas Textile Mills v Province of the Punjab, 1999 SCMR 1477.

Session XX:
Review Session.