University of Westminster Transport Studies Group Annual Report 2001

By Professor Peter Jones, Director

OVERVIEW
The Transport Studies Group, based at the Universitys Marylebone Campus, is a Department of the School of Architecture and the Built Environment and is one of the largest research groups in the university, with around 25 research staff. The Group has three Research Professors, who oversee an extensive research and consultancy programme. Michael Browne (Exel Professor of Logistics) leads work in the freight and logistics areas and heads the MSc in European Logistics, run jointly with Arnhem and Molde Universities. Peter Jones (Professor of Transport Policy and Behavioural Analysis) is Director of the Group, with particular responsibility for work on traffic and travel behaviour, public attitudes, road pricing, urban transport policy and project evaluation, and links between transport and other sectors (e.g. health, social exclusion); he has also been developing a range of training activities for Transport for London. Peter White (Professor of Public Transport Systems) leads work in the area of public land passenger systems, and co-ordinates the MPhil and PhD research programmes. Dr Andrew Cook leads the Groups research on survey and marketing issues, across a variety of transport modes; Dr Nigel Dennis heads the Air Transport section, which covers a range of issues relating to airline and airport planning and operation, and runs a number of successful international short courses. Dr Karen Lucas, currently on parttime secondment to the Cabinet Offices Social Exclusion Unit, is responsible for work in the social policy area, and is playing an active role in the development of the Universitys Centre for Sustainable Development. David Whibley continues as Course Director for the MSc in Transport Planning and Management and has maintained his teaching links with L.E.T./ENTPE (France). Tim Powell remains as the main co-ordinator of the Jubilee Line Extension Impact Study. Ian Plowright recently joined the Group from the London Borough of Lambeth; he is responsible for developing research and training activities, particularly in relation to streetscape and urban design issues. We were also joined during the year by Oumar Ahmed, Tracey Bedford, Emma Shane, Sara Fuller, Stephen Marshall and Sarah

Wixey. During 2001 Ruth Bradshaw left the Group to take up a post at the Countryside Agency. A variety of information about the Group can be found at www.wmin.ac.uk/transport/, which also offers extensive links to other transportrelated sites. Key research activities are summarised below, with details of contact persons; e-mail addresses are provided later in the report.

labour markets, socio-economic conditions, land use patterns, traffic patterns and travel behaviour, development activity, property markets, visitor activity and a perception study of residents living in the vicinity of the new stations. The second wave of after surveys is now complete and, along with various other data sources, is enabling the post-opening studies to assess the short-run impacts of the line. In parallel with this sector-based analysis, the Unit has begun to examine the overall amount and nature of change in the JLE corridor. We are assessing the contribution of the JLE to these observed changes, and evaluating the beneficial and adverse implications of such changes for different sectors of the community. It is intended to report on our findings by October 2002. For further details please visit the website (www.wmin.ac.uk/transport/jle/jle.htm). Civilising Cities Co-ordinating Unit (Contacts: Peter Jones, Karen Lucas, Martin Whittles) Civilising Cities is a national initiative that aims to demonstrate the contribution that implementing well-chosen packages of transport and land use measures in an area can make to improving a range of quality of life indicators. This will show how transport can also contribute to other policy agendas, including health, community safety, wealth creation, environmental sustainability and social inclusion. The Co-ordinating Unit was established at TSG in October 1999 with funding from the RAC Foundation and the DTLR. During the past year, baseline data collection has been carried out in the five main Pilot Project areas (in parts of Blackpool, Medway, Leicester, Middlesbrough and Worksop), using an Indicator Framework previously developed by the project. In each area, detailed designs for packages of transport measures have been finalised and their delivery synchronised with other local sector programmes. The results of the Civilising Cities before monitoring have fed into the design and consultation processes. A range of quantitative and qualitative data have been collected using a variety of methods: drawing on existing sources, traffic counts, household surveys, on-street surveys, workplace surveys, on-board bus surveys,

CROSS-SECTOR IMPACT STUDIES

Jubilee Line Extension Impact Study Unit (Contacts: Tim Eyers, Jon Paris, Tim Powell) The Jubilee Line Extension (JLE) Impact Study Unit was established within the School of Architecture and the Built Environment in January 1997 and is funded by Transport for London. The role of the Unit is to bring together existing sources of data in the corridor through which the line runs, to assist Transport for London in coordinating and implementing a programme of surveys and studies, and to disseminate research findings between study participants and to the wider researcher and practitioner community. A number of the surveys and studies are joint funded by the Department for Transport, Local Government and the Regions (DTLR). The JLE opened in 1999 and represents the largest single urban transport investment in the UK for over 25 years; it was justified on its economic regeneration as well as its transport benefits, and this has encouraged a wide-ranging assessment of its impacts. It provides a direct link from Central London to the Docklands and the Greenwich Peninsula Development, and adds major areas of South East and East London to the Underground network for the first time. It is likely that, in the longer term, the increased transport benefits it brings will affect economic activity around stations, which will in turn alter land use patterns and encourage regeneration. The JLE will also have an impact beyond the immediate area it serves, arising from its comprehensive interchanges with other underground lines, mainline rail services and the bus network. The various surveys and studies that provide information on conditions in the JLE corridor prior to the opening of the extension are now complete. The baseline information includes: economic activity and
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business surveys and focus groups. In each case detailed guidance has been produced, to ensure standardisation and to inform future monitoring projects. Considerable progress has been made in developing a database to manage the wide variety of data and facilitate analysis. Trends in indicators will be plotted on local GIS maps. The types of packages of measures that are being introduced include streetscape and neighbourhood renewal in Blackpool, road reallocation and regeneration in Leicester and improved public transport and leisure activities for young people in Medway. Meanwhile, Middlesbrough is integrating bus corridor improvements with community safety measures and Worksop is implementing a concentrated programme of site-based Travel Plans with infrastructure enhancements. There are also Associate Projects, which serve to broaden the range of measures and urban areas we are able to cover. Full details on pilot projects and progress can be seen on the Civilising Cities website (www.wmin.ac.uk/transport/projects/cc.htm).

of congestion charging, through to the period after potential scheme implementation in 2005. The analysis and reporting of Phase II (Preparatory Market Research) was carried out early in 2001, on the basis of which some basic elements of the scheme design have been agreed, including the days of operation (Monday to Friday) and the charging basis (a cordon design incorporating a daily charge for unlimited inbound crossings). Phase III of the strategy has recently been completed; this has focused on further refinement of the scheme design options in order to produce a small number of complete designs to present for full public consultation in spring 2002. For more information please visit the website (www.progress-project.org). Road User Charging (RUC): Option Generation and Public Acceptability (contacts: Nazan Celikel, Peter Jones) This work is being carried out under a DTLR-sponsored PhD studentship. It is focusing on the development of a new methodology for generating options to assist in the selection of RUC schemes and complementary measures that best meet the objectives of local authorities and the concerns of various stakeholder groups. It is based around an option generation framework that sets out the key parameters of an RUC scheme (covering scheme design, administration and technology) and the various options available in each case. This incorporates a simple spreadsheet model that gives a broad indication of the amount of revenue raised and the level of traffic reduction likely to result from different configurations of scheme design. The methodology also includes an objectivesmeasures matrix, based on a set of causal chains, that helps to identify measures that can substitute for RUC or complement its introduction. The framework is intended to enable professionals to think more broadly and innovatively about design options and it can also be used in the public participation/consultation process to help identify the concerns and the needs of various stakeholder groups and to feed their preferences into the formal scheme design process. During the final year of the research, the framework is being tested among professionals and the public in two UK cities. It is being adapted into a web-based RUC option generation tool, in order to provide an interactive version to assist the RUC option design process. GUIDEMAPS (contact: Peter Jones) GUIDEMAPS is a new three-year European Commission project, that is developing and testing various techniques for involving the public in all aspects of urban and regional
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transport planning and implementation from identifying issues, through scheme design to post implementation assessment. It recognises, first that conventional public consultation is an insufficient basis for developing policies and schemes that have broad public support and, second that public involvement needs to be set in the wider context of a comprehensive communications strategy (including public relations, complaints handling, etc.). Brighton and Hove Council is participating in the project as a Good Practice example. The first year of the project will involve developing draft guidance for different situations, which will then be tested in field trials by several cities in different European countries. One objective of the project is to provide training on public involvement in the EU Accession Countries.

TRAVEL PLANS AND TRAVEL AWARENESS/MARKETING INITIATIVES

MOST (Contacts: Sarah Wixey, Peter Jones) MOST (Mobility Strategies for the Next Decades) is a three year research and demonstration project funded by the European Commission. It aims to further develop the concept of mobility management (MM) and expand the current scope of experience by reaching out for new partnerships in regions and subject areas where it is less known. The key objectives of the research are to identify success and failure factors through better evaluation and to show ways in which to integrate MM into general transport policy in practice across all levels. The project has prepared implementation and monitoring/evaluation toolkits, and has working with case studies to apply these to address local problems. The project includes more than thirty case studies throughout Europe where MM is being tested. The case studies are grouped into six thematic clusters (educational institutions, tourism, health facilities, site development, temporary sites and mobility consulting/centres). The project is also divided into four horizontal work packages, covering long-term impact assessment, the development of monitoring and evaluation tools and standards, the investigation of policy frameworks and implementation strategies, and the transfer of knowledge and experience. TSG is involved in the overall management of the project, with particular responsibility for quality control. It is also leading the cluster on travel to health facilities, which includes a hospital in the UK and in Belgium, a day care centre in Spain and a

CONGESTION CHARGING AND PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT

PROGRESS (Contacts: Alasdair Cain, Peter Jones) The PRoGRSS Initiative is part of the European Commissions Competitive and Sustainable Growth Programme. PRoGRSS stands for Pricing Road use for Greater Responsibility, Efficiency and Sustainability in citieS, and aims to assess the effectiveness and acceptance of urban transport pricing schemes across Europe. Edinburgh is one of the eight cities participating in the PRoGRSS Initiative. Since the publication of its Local Transport Strategy, the City of Edinburgh Council has been developing its New Transport Initiative (NTI), a plan for major transport investment in the city based around the implementation of a congestion charging scheme. The NTI project team has commissioned TSG to develop a public involvement and consultation strategy that ensures public participation in the various stages of the scheme design and implementation process. The Council has started with a blank sheet and is taking full account of public and business opinion in the design process. The aim is to identify a congestion charging scheme and package of transport improvements that maximises public support, while meeting NTI policy objectives. The year 2001 has seen the development of a six phase public consultation strategy, which carries the project from in-principle Council agreement to explore the possibility

clinic in Austria. The City of Sarajevo will benefit from the experience of the four other sites as it develops MM for the large number of people with physical disabilities in the city. The project is due to finish in late 2002; for further details see http://mo.st. TAPESTRY (Contacts: Sophie Andrew Cook, Peter Jones) Tyler,

SUSTAINABILITY AND SOCIAL EXCLUSION

Centre for Sustainable Development (Contact: Karen Lucas, Sara Fuller www.wmin.ac.uk/cfsd) The Centre for Sustainable Development (CfSD) was established within the School of Architecture and the Built Environment in 1998, in recognition that a growing number of our research activities were relating to the broader context of the sustainability agenda. The Centre provides a vehicle for an annual series of public seminars on topics relating to best practice in the delivery of sustainable development and also hosts a network of staff members within the University who are actively involved in researching various aspects of sustainable development. In this way, CfSD raises the profile of sustainable development as a discipline within the University and with its outside contacts and provides a multi-disciplinary research platform from which to bid for research, consultancy and training contracts. CfSD also enables researchers from the fields of: transport; governance and democracy; environment; public health; estate management; public and social policy; architecture and design; engineering and technology and land-use planning and design to share and discuss their work. Sustainable Lifestyles (Contact: Tracey Bedford, Peter Jones, Helen Walker) The Sustainable Lifestyles project is a one year project funded by the DTLR under its New Horizons initiative. The aim of the research is to quantify what levels of household resource use and waste are sustainable, predominantly from an environmental perspective (but taking into account economic and social aspects), and to use these figures to develop models of typical sustainable lifestyles. Whilst there are several organisations campaigning for greener lifestyles, as yet there is no research that has attempted to quantify what a sustainable lifestyle would look like in its entirety. This project will, therefore, provide the first attempt to sketch out what sustainability would mean for average British households. The project will use predictions of sustainable levels of resource use to construct indicators of sustainable lifestyles and models of what a sustainable lifestyle would look like for a series of typical households. These will then be compared to current lifestyles to reveal the scale of the changes necessary if we are to move towards a sustainable society. The final aim of the research project is to assess the prospects for achieving a move towards sustainable lifestyles. An audit of current
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TAPESTRY (Travel Awareness, Publicity and Education Supporting a Sustainable Transport Strategy in Europe) is a three year research and demonstration project, funded by the European Commission. It aims to increase knowledge and understanding of how to develop effective communication programmes to support sustainable transport strategies and encourage sustainable travel behaviour in Europe. TAPESTRY also aims to build on previous research such as the INPHORMM project, led by TSG and completed in 1999. The project began in November 2000 and involves over twenty partners from across the European Union, plus Moldova and Romania. Fifteen demonstration sites are divided into three thematic clusters: the first involving campaigns to promote the use of a combination of sustainable modes, the second focusing on initiatives to boost the image and use of public transport, and the third looking at campaigns which link to wider health and environment issues. TSG are the Research co-ordinators for the project, ensuring the overall quality of the research carried out in fifteen demonstration sites, as well as being responsible for the monitoring and assessment strategy and the final analysis of results at the end of the project. Work carried out in 2001 has focused on the creation of a common assessment framework for the demonstration sites, which ensures that the campaigns implemented can be compared in terms of their impacts and design. This included the development of a model to measures progress towards behavioural change in favour of sustainable modes, in terms of changes in awareness, attitudes and perceptions. A second major task has been the completion of a state-of-the-art review, which draws on previous research into campaign planning and implementation, as well as examples of past and ongoing campaigns from throughout Europe. In addition, TSG has been advising the demonstration sites on the local implementation of the common assessment framework and on elements of the campaign design process, such as target group definition. Further information about the project and regular newsletters can be found on the projects website (www.eu-tapestry.org).

policy initiatives surrounding the different aspects of sustainability will be undertaken to indicate whether current government policy is steering institutions, business and individuals towards the targets for sustainable lifestyles. Finally, focus groups will be conducted with members of the public to determine the acceptability of sustainable lifestyles to individuals. The project will provide an assessment of how much needs to be done throughout all sectors of society, if the UK is to meet its international environmental obligations. Transport, the Environment and Social Exclusion (Contact: Karen Lucas) Early in 1999, the Joseph Rowntree Foundation (JRF) initiated a new programme of research under the general heading Reconciling Environmental and Social Concerns. As part of this programme, the TSG was commissioned to undertake a study to characterise the views and aspirations of disadvantaged groups and people living in disadvantaged communities vis-a-vis their transport and mobility needs, in the context of the changing transport policy agenda. This study analyses current evidence on the opinions and perspectives, behaviour and expenditure patterns of low income and other disadvantaged groups in relation to transport and travel. In addition, it reports qualitative case study research in five different locations in the UK. It explores to what extent the availability and the affordability of local services influences peoples decisions about travel, the distances people are prepared to travel to reach services, and the impact of reliability and availability of current transport provision. The particular transport needs of some low income groups (for example women shift workers) and some areas (rural or isolated homes) are also explored. The findings of this study indicate that policies which result in car ownership and car use becoming unaffordable for low income groups, without first improving local service provision, are inequitable and unjust. They also suggest that implementing an approach that discourages car use before putting in place adequate public transport measures will prove ineffective in reducing environmentally damaging travel behaviour. This report was published in July 2001 (Lucas et al, 2001). Factoring Social Exclusion/Inclusion into Local Transport Planning (Contact: Karen Lucas) The aim of this study, which was carried out for the DTLRs Mobility and Social Inclusion Unit, is to identify, evaluate and disseminate ways in which the needs of deprived areas and people can be addressed through the local transport planning process. The work

was project managed by TSG, in conjunction with TraC at the University of North London, STRS and Paul Beecham Associates. The research has involved a review of all 85 English Local Transport Plans outside London, submitted in July 2000, and more detailed audits of LTPs with six case study authorities to evaluate their social inclusiveness (i.e. Cambridgeshire, Leicester, Lincolnshire, Greater Manchester, Southampton and West Midlands). As well as acting as a test-bed for the methodology that was developed by the project, local area-based transport initiatives have been developed within each authority to tackle aspects of social exclusion/isolation within communities. Good practice evaluations have also been undertaken of a further ten local authorities who are already delivering transport initiatives aimed at the reduction of social exclusion in their areas. The research builds upon a scoping study by TraC at the University of North London, which examined Social Exclusion and Availability of Public Transport. The research has made a number of recommendations to DTLR and the findings will be used to develop good practice guidance for local authorities. Local Agenda 21 (LA21): When is it a model for joined-up, community-based activity? (Contact: Karen Lucas, Sara Fuller) It is now almost ten years since local governments were given the task of implementing at the local level many of the principles of Agenda 21, the global charter produced at the Earth Summit in Rio in 1992. This study, commissioned by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation in the second round of their Reconciling Environmental and Social Concerns programme, evaluates the effectiveness of LA21 strategies developed by local authorities in terms of their ability to contribute to the economic, environmental and social well-being of the communities they serve. The study involves in-depth research on the development, delivery and outcomes of LA21 strategies in eight case study areas across the UK. The case studies have been chosen to reflect local authorities that have been actively engaged in developing and implementing LA21 over several years and have made some progress in stimulating community based activity programmes through this process. Given the nature of the research, the emphasis has been placed on LA21-related activities in recognised areas of deprivation, where the objective of integrating environmental and social concerns has most resonance. The case studies will serve to better identify, in a local context, the processes involved in

implementing LA21, through both the experiences of those who have been responsible for developing and delivering the initiative in disadvantaged communities and those individuals and communities who have been engaged in this process. The case studies will also aim to record the reactions of the wider community and their perceptions of LA21 as a model for joinedup community-based activity in their local area. The ultimate aim of the study is to develop an evidence-based model for monitoring and evaluating the role of process in the achievement of community-based projects aimed at the joint delivery of social, economic and environmental well-being at the neighbourhood level. The research is timely in light of the Local Government Act 2000 which has placed a duty on local authorities to promote the environmental, economic and social well-being of their communities through a number of emerging policy initiatives, particularly Community Strategies and Local Strategic Partnerships. It is hoped that the development of an evidence based model with the potential to inform future policy making can be used to carry forward lessons from practice at the local level to these developing arenas. Following a review of LA21 activity in the UK, fieldwork is ongoing and it is anticipated that the final report and model will be submitted in summer 2002.

social, economic and environmental factors. The intention is to guide and facilitate the redesign of arterial streets in such a way as to improve the quality of life of those using urban arterial streets, while achieving more sustainable access. The project begins by defining core characteristics of arterial streets and a set of indicators by which performance can be assessed. In parallel with this activity, examples of urban arterial streets in different European countries are being examined, as an input to draft guidance on how to improve the design and management of arterial streets. This guidance will be field-tested and refined at a number of sites during the project. Transport for London is one of the project partners and will be providing one of the trial sites. For more information please visit the website (www.ess.co.at/LUTR/artists.html). Developing a Streetspace Reallocation Tool: Feasibility Study (Contact: Ian Plowright, Peter Jones) TSG has been funded by the EPSRC/DTLR FIT research programme to examine the feasibility of developing a design tool and expert system, that will lead to higher quality and more innovative streetscape designs. Aimed primarily at the designer and decision maker, the tool would bring together a number of functionalities: (i) a GIS-based design tool with CAD capabilities, incorporating broad and detailed knowledge/data relating to road casualties, land uses etc; (ii) a formal approach to the assessment and balancing of street user needs; (iii) a systematic approach to streetspace reallocation; (iv) detailed information on elements of the street, and (v) examples of good practice drawn from across Europe. The study has identified potential markets for such a tool, with interested heighted as a result of skill shortages, the recent sharp increase in guidance and the need to take a more comprehensive approach to street design issues. An application for funding to develop such a tool over a two-year period has now been prepared, in conjunction with commercial partners and Transport for London. During the course of the feasibility study, a number of good practice examples of streetspace reallocation have been identified, and it is intended to publish these as an interim guide in the near future.

URBAN STREET MANAGEMENT

ARTISTS: (Contact: Ian Plowright, Stephen Marshall, Nazan Celikel) ARTISTS (Arterial Streets Towards Sustainable Development) is a new European Commission funded research and demonstration project which forms part of the Sustainable Cities research programme. It involves university, consultant and city participants from six countries. The project focuses on urban arterial streets. These streets present a major challenge to realising sustainable urban planning, as they attempt to meet four basic (often competing) urban space functions. Arterial streets provide (i) the main movement channels for through traffic between different parts of the city, (ii) access points for the various kinds of person and freight traffic needing to reach buildings, (iii) they are often major market places, and (iv) are points of congregation where residents and visitors meet, talk and take part in events. The aim of the project is to improve our understanding of the issues and options and hence inform the basis for decisions to resolve the conflicts between these four functions, taking into account a broad set of
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FREIGHT POLICY
Freight and Logistics Developments in Urban Areas (Contact: Michael Browne, Julian Allen, Stephen Anderson) The Group is continuing to conduct work into logistics development in British towns and cities. The research aims to consider the economic and social importance of urban logistics and the difficulties experienced by distribution companies in servicing urban locations, together with the traffic and environmental impacts caused by goods vehicle movements. The work is also concerned with new directions in urban freight transport, such as fuel and vehicle technologies, urban transhipment, and service vehicle traffic. Work has been completed on an exploratory study funded by the EPSRC into goods and services flows to and from premises in Norwich and parts of London, and vehicle activity that supports these flows. The aim of the research was to develop and apply a framework for understanding urban freight transport in its broadest sense that reflects the breadth of freight and service-related transport activity in urban areas. The work has illustrated the range and scale of freight and commercial service requirements of city businesses, how these requirements are met by distribution and logistics services and are manifest in vehicle movements. (See Allen et al 2001 and Anderson et al 2001.) The exploratory research has led to a further EPSRC project entitled Modelling policy measures and company initiatives for sustainable urban distribution which is being carried out with Birmingham City Council, Hampshire County Council, Norfolk County Council and several logistics companies including Exel, the CERT Group, Securicor Omega Express and TDG. The project is receiving DTLR and EPSRC funding as part of the Future Integrated Transport programme. The intention is that the project will provide a more detailed understanding of the way in which a range of policy measures and company initiatives are likely to result in changes to patterns of goods flows and goods vehicle collection and delivery activity. We will consider how these changes in goods vehicle operating patterns would affect the cost and efficiency of the goods collection/delivery operation, as well as social and environmental impacts. Detailed survey data for a range of urban distribution trips has now been collected and is being analysed. In addition, survey work has taken place in three urban areas in order to identify interaction between goods vehicle loading and unloading and other activities. In addition, the Group is also a member of the steering committee of the BESTUFS project. This is an EU-funded thematic network

concerned with establishing and maintaining an open European network between urban freight transport experts, user groups/ associations, ongoing projects, interested cities, the relevant European Commission Directorates and representatives of national, regional and local transport administrations. The aim is to identify, describe and disseminate best practices, success criteria and bottlenecks with respect to the movement of goods in urban areas; to identify the problems and requirements of cities, and to establish recommendations and best practice scenarios. E-commerce and Home Delivery (Contact: Michael Browne, Julian Allen, Stephen Anderson) Several projects have been carried out under this theme, including an examination of the ways in which both business-tobusiness (B2B) and business-to-consumer (B2C) e-commerce are likely to affect supply chains and distribution networks, and to evaluate the changes in commercial vehicle users requirements as a consequence of growth in e-commerce. This work was conducted for ACEA, and consisted of facilitating an ACEA-hosted discussion group and writing a paper based on this event (see Browne, 2001a). Further work on the importance of e-commerce and home delivery in urban areas was reported in Browne (2001d). The major research project in this area carried out in 2001 was a study commissioned by the DTI as a continuation of the Foresight Retail Task Force work on e-commerce and home delivery. The purpose of the study was: (i) to gauge current knowledge about business to consumer (B2C) home deliveries (ii) to identify gaps in current understanding of B2C home deliveries, (iii) to consider future research needs related to B2C home deliveries. The study was carried out in conjunction with the Freight Transport Association (see Browne et al 2001a and Browne et al 2001b). The study highlighted the importance of recognising the differences between home delivery of parcels, groceries and large items in terms of logistics requirements, as well as the very different planning and traffic implications of each of these types of service. The significance of logistics costs in home delivery operations was identified, especially for e-commerce retailers - many of whom are experiencing difficulties in achieving profits due to fulfilment and delivery costs. There remains considerable uncertainty about the best approach to dealing with unattended deliveries. Alternative systems, including collection and delivery points (CDPs), are still in the early stages of development. Consumer dissatisfaction that can arise from home
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shopping and home delivery service failure can jeopardise a consumers repeat purchasing behaviour. A number of other features of home delivery systems were identified. Potential growth in the use of home delivery services could lead to significant delivery vehicle trip generation. There is currently a lack of evidence about whether the overall impacts of replacing customers shopping trips with home delivery operations are positive or negative. As home delivery operations take place in sensitive residential areas, their traffic, social and environmental impacts tend to be high. Parking is already a major problem when performing home deliveries. It is likely that this problem will worsen. The spacerelated requirements of home shopping and delivery, such as fulfilment centres, and CDPs, will require planning decisions. Planning guidance has yet to adequately reflect developments in e-commerce and home deliveries. Home delivery offers positive benefits that could help to reduce social exclusion. However the migration towards e-commerce technology may prevent these benefits from being realised. (Details of the research can be found at in the report @yourhome: New Markets for Customer Service and Delivery published by the DTI and on the following websites: (i) www.foresight.gov.uk (ii) www.wmin.ac.uk/transport/ (iii) http://bestpractice.fta.co.uk). Freight: Environmental and Intermodalism (contact: Frank Worsford) In conjunction with industry partner Exel, a book was published during 2001 addressing the wide range of issues concerning recommended managerial strategies for greening all aspects of the operation of a logistics company (Worsford 2001). The book has been widely disseminated throughout the industry and has been extensively cited. Advisory work continues on the development of large-scale inter-modal freight villages, with an increasing focus on rail and water modal accessibility to markets. The knowledge gained has been disseminated through conferences and papers. New interest has been expressed in the potential of water transport for domestic freight movements at both an official and industry level. A detailed memorandum was prepared on the future role of inland waterways for the House of Commons Transport Select Committee and published in their final report. In addition, detailed research work was completed on the environmental benefits of using a small cargo ship between Liverpool and Manchester, which is to be incorporated into an on-going Government study on the use of water transport for the domestic freight

market. Frank Worsford has been actively engaged in the Governments water freight study and chaired the sub-committee group on water statistics.

The Demand for Public (Contact: Peter White)

Transport

PUBLIC TRANSPORT POLICY

Monitoring Policy (Contact: Peter White) Developments

Activities have been maintained in monitoring policy developments in sectors in which strong research interests have been established for some years. Within the express coach sector, a review of developments in Britain and other countries was presented to an ECMT round table, published in White (2001a). In Britain itself, little further development has occurred, with increasing consolidation of the National Express network and little new competition, despite the existence of a deregulated framework. Conversely, the Norwegian network has grown under a regulated regime and now represents a larger system in ridership and fleet size, vis a vis national population, than that in Britain (White 2001b). In the privatised rail network, further analysis of ridership trends up to 2000/01 suggests that these are mainly a function of economic growth and fares regulation. An overall review paper was presented at a plenary session of the Seventh International Conference on Competition and Ownership in Land Passenger Transport in Molde, Norway, in June (White 2001c). Issues in rail privatisation and bus deregulation were also examined in a paper for the Competition and Integration in Public Transport conference in February 2001 (White 2001d). A review of performance measurement in rail, bus and underground networks was presented to a seminar of the Royal Statistical Society (White 2001e). Marked differences in criteria currently used are evident between the modes, with scope for a more systematic approach. While considerable amounts of data are now being collected on a regular basis on customer satisfaction indicators, it is not entirely clear how far these explain observed variations in ridership. Globalisation has emerged as a theme in many sectors of the economy. A short review of its role in public passenger transport has been published in the UITP journal (White 2001f). Evidence was presented in December to a hearing of a Scrutiny Committee of the Greater London Authority, examining the Mayors Transport Strategy in respect of transport provision in outer London (White 2001g).

Following the publication in 1980 of the Demand for Public Transport handbook by the Transport Research Laboratory, the need for an updated version has become evident, incorporating new research evidence and techniques. Funding was awarded through EPSRC to a consortium including UCL, TSU Oxford, ITS Leeds and TSG Westminster. The public transport operating industries are involved through the Association of Train Operating Companies (ATOC) and Confederation of Passenger Transport (CPT). Work is now in progress with a view to publication of a new report through TRL in early 2003. To date, work has largely focussed on updating evidence based on traditional elasticity concepts for fare and service level, together with other factors. TSG is specifically involved in the current stage, setting out the market structure for public transport in Britain and other similar countries, methodologies to be employed, and evidence from the operating industry of the impacts of factors such as improved vehicle quality, marketing campaigns and changes in fare structure. Meetings are currently being held with the major operating groups in Britain. Smart Cards in Public Transport (Contacts: Paula Bagchi, Peter White) Paula Bagchi has been undertaking PhD research looking at the potential for improved data collection and marketing from the use of smart cards for bus travel. Since August 2001 the research is being funded by the DTLR (the first two years of research were funded by the Rees Jeffreys Research fund and University of Westminster). In order to assess how effective the contribution of smart cards in data collection and marketing may be, she has undertaken a survey of transport providers (PTEs, local authorities and bus operators) in the United Kingdom, to identify current practices and needs in those areas. Smart card data are currently being analysed to show how the market structure for public transport can be examined more thoroughly when trips attributable to individual holders can be identified. Data is being obtained from the First Group (from a smart card scheme operating on buses in Bradford), and other sources. Following this, and drawing on the assessment work findings, a case study of a specific phenomenon - public transport market turnover - will then be used to illustrate the potential of such data to quantify user turnover in the transport market, a concept developed in the earlier phase of the PhD work. Paula presented a poster on her work at the Association for European Transport (AET) conference at Cambridge in September 2001.
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AIRLINE MARKETING AND OPERATIONS

Airline Marketing (Contact: Nigel Dennis) In a demanding commercial environment, airline marketing strategies are coming under closer scrutiny. Research has been carried out into airline pricing (Dennis, 2001n) and a workshop produced to examine the interaction between price, schedule, product and market share for a new-entrant carrier (University of Westminster, 2001g). The eighth annual Marketing and Market Research seminar was held in December, bringing together the expertise of the groups air transport and market research interests along with industry practitioners (University of Westminster, 2001h). Airline Economics and (Contact: Nigel Dennis) Regulation

A new seminar on Air Transport Economics and Planning was launched in November 2001 (University of Westminster, 2001e). A range of papers cover the background to the industry, the international regulatory framework and the impact of deregulation together with a study of airline cost structures (Dennis, 2001i, 2001j, 2001k, 2001m). A workshop exercise was created to further investigate the ways in which airline costs differ (University of Westminster, 2001f). Low-cost Airlines (Contact: Nigel Dennis) This fast developing sector of the industry continued to attract much interest in 2001. A paper was given to the Tourism Society on how low-cost airlines have found a successful business formula (Dennis, 2001d) and further research has been conducted into the economics of low-cost operations and future challenges these may present (Dennis, 2001l). A key characteristic of the low-cost airlines is their use of secondary airports away from the main population centres and these were considered in a seminar presentation (Dennis, 2001c). Airline Scheduling and Hub Operations (Contact: Nigel Dennis) Building on the groups long experience in this area, a journal article was produced examining the current developments of hubbing at European airports (Dennis, 2001a). The major airlines key competitive advantage over the low-cost operators lies in the breadth of their route network. Techniques for network and schedule optimisation have been researched (Dennis,

2001g) and related to marketing strategy and competitive performance (Dennis, 2001p). Issues such as airport capacity and slot allocation were developed in a seminar paper (Dennis, 2001o). Demand Forecasting and (Contact: Anne Graham) Modelling

in the Airport Policy and Planning seminar in May (University of Westminster, 2001c). Airport Economics and Globalisation (Contact: Anne Graham) TSG has been involved with research into airport economics for over 25 years. The annual Airport Economics and Finance Symposium, in its 24th year, was held in March (University of Westminster/Cranfield University, 2001). This attracted delegates from all over the world and University of Westminster papers covered airport economic benchmarking and US airport economics (Graham, 2001b, 2001c). An external paper on benchmarking airport performance were also presented (Graham, 2001a) and a workshop related to this topic was developed for the Symposium (University of Westminster, 2001a). This workshop complemented the other Symposium workshop examining the use of airport aeronautical charges as an instrument to further various policy objectives (University of Westminster, 2001b). Research has continued into the principles of airport economics (Graham, 2001i). Ownership and control of the airport industry, as with the airline industry, is no longer just within the scope of national boundaries and there is a growing trend towards airport internationalisation and globalisation. This topic is a key theme of a major new book on contemporary airport management issues, entitled Managing Airports: An International Perspective which was published in 2001 (Graham, 2001f). Seminar papers were presented summarising the principal developments (Graham, 2001d, 2001h).

Euroteam Research Consortium (Eurocontrol) (Contact: Andrew Cook) Building on successful projects carried out for Eurocontrols Performance Review Unit (Brussels), studying Air Traffic Flow Management and Conditional Route implementation, the Group has joined the Euroteam consortium. This is an international collaboration, headed by Coframi (France), and comprising Pacte Novation, Alcatel Space Industries, Lilith Europe and the Universita di Siena, established to bid under the Eurocontrol Experimental Centres Framework Agreement for research projects in the airspace sector.

Key topics in the understanding of passenger demand and its relationship with airport and airline capacity were addressed in the Demand Analysis and Capacity Management seminar in October (University of Westminster, 2001d). A paper investigated ways of modelling demand for new or enhanced air services and distributing traffic between airports (Dennis, 2001h). Forecasting of tourism demand, which is so closely related to air transport, is also a major research area. Forecasts have been made for long-term tourism demand from the 30 largest tourism generating countries in the world (Graham and Humphreys, 2001). Two papers related to this topic have been given (Graham, 2001e, 2001g). Market maturity and its relevance to air transport and tourism demand has also been assessed (Graham, 2001j).

OTHER ACTIVITIES
Staff Activities Five books have been published by members of the group during the year, covering airport economics (Graham, 2001f), greening logistics (Worsford, 2001l), public transport (White, 2002c) and two books on transport economics (Powell, 2001a, 2001b). Michael Browne convened the Special Interest Group on Urban Goods Movement at the 9th World Conference on Transport Research held in Seoul in July 2001. He has recently been nominated by the DTLR to participate in the OECD Urban Freight Logistics Project. In addition, he acted as a member of an advisory board established by the French Ministry of Transport to provide advice on future research in the area of urban freight and city logistics. In June 2001 he was a rapporteur for OECD/ECMT seminar on e-commerce and impact on logistics held in Paris. Peter Jones was appointed to the Assurance Group for the World Business Council for Sustainable Developments global study into Sustainable Mobility. He is also advising Transport for London on the social impacts element of the congestion charging monitoring programme, and has contributed to a TfL review of their consultation processes and a Best Value review of street maintenance. He co-chaired the International Conference on Transport Survey Quality and Innovation in South Africa, in August 2001. Peter White stepped down as chairman of the Transport Economists Group (a role held since 1983) but remains as a member of the Committee; his role has been taken by Prof. Roger Mackett of UCL. He acted as a judge in the Bus Industry Awards held in Autumn 2001, and is involved in training aspects of that industry through membership of the Future Skills Requirements panel and the Education and

AIRPORT OPERATIONS
The Airport/Airline Relationship (Contact: Nigel Dennis) Successful airports appreciate that a focus simply on economic or operational objectives is no longer sufficient and they must better understand the needs of their airline customers. A study has been conducted of the impact of changes in the airline industry on airports (Dennis, 2001b). These are mainly due to evolving airline strategies in a deregulated environment but also to external factors such as new aircraft technologies. One example of this is the new opportunity provided by regional jets to open up thin routes that were too long for a turbo-prop operation (Dennis, 2001f). An important issue for airports arises from the consolidation of the airline industry through mergers, alliances and franchise arrangements. A paper presented to the AMERC conference in Montreal shows that as well as altering the requirements of terminal facilities, this increases the risk to an airport should that airline withdraw or fail (Dennis, 2001e). Airports are increasingly influenced by environmental concerns and a paper to the SCAN-UK conference considered the implications of different patterns of airline service for environmental capacity (Dennis and Graham, 2001). A range of wider airport policy issues featured

AIRSPACE RESEARCH
(Contact: Andrew Cook research@wmin.ac.uk) airspace-

Air Traffic Services Performance Measurement and Benchmarking Following successive waves of a customer satisfaction monitor for UK National Air Traffic Services, including both quantitative and qualitative assessments of NATS strategic and tactical service delivery, at the time of printing the Group was in the final stages of detailing a similar project for NATS Dutch counterpart, Luchtverkeersleiding Nederland. Again, this would be centred on quantitative analyses of pilots questionnaire data, but would include more qualitative feedback from operations managers, and would be further extended to encompass interviews of air traffic controllers, in order to undertake a gap analysis of performance.
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Professional Advisory group of Transfed. He is a member of the Bus Review Board established by DTLR to review the quality of statistics collected in the bus and coach industry. Part-time Research students Julian Heathcote is pursuing a part-time M Phil study in the economics of charging for track access on rail systems, based on comparative studies of Britain, Germany, Austria and Sweden. Len Nockles is undertaking M Phil/PhD research into the role of freight forwarders. Financial data from a large sample has been analysed to evaluate profitability, comparing forwarders with large companies engaged in wider transport activity. A presentation was made to the Logistics Research Network conference at HeriotWatt University during the year. Hans-Arthur Vogel has continued his parttime PhD studies into airport efficiency and performance. Data from samples of privatised and public sector airports of comparable size have been assembled, and analysis is now in progress using DEA and similar techniques to identify differences in efficiency. Robin Whittaker was awarded the degree of Master of Philosophy during 2001 for his study Network effects on rail systems. This examined the effect on total ridership of adding further links to an existing network, using the Mansfield - Nottingham line as a case study. Teaching and Training During 2001, agreement was reached with Transport for London to fund a number of their own staff and those from London Boroughs on the MSc Transport Planning & Management course at Westminster and the MSc Transport Course run by Imperial and University Colleges. At Westminster, the Buchanan Prize for the best student dissertation was awarded to John Ball for his work on Vertical Separation and the Restructuring of EU Metros. During the past year TSG has carried out a series of in-house training courses for DTLR covering airline and airport issues. In conjunction with Tim Grosvenor and Alan Lovell, it has also conducted a comprehensive training programme for TfL Street Management, dealing with the implementation of the mayors Transport Strategy, including the use of lateral thinking techniques.

RESEARCH STAFF CONTACT DETAILS

Julian Allen allenj@wmin.ac.uk Stephen Anderson anderss@wmin.ac.uk Paula Bagchi bagchipa@wmin.ac.uk Tracey Bedford bedfort@wmin.ac.uk Michael Browne brownem@wmin.ac.uk Alasdair Cain caina@wmin.ac.uk Nazan Celikel celiken@wmin.ac.uk Andrew Cook cookaj@wmin.ac.uk Adrian Davis adrian_l_davis@hotmail.com Nigel Dennis dennisn@wmin.ac.uk Tim Eyers eyerst@wmin.ac.uk Sara Fuller fullers@wmin.ac.uk Anne Graham grahama@wmin.ac.uk Peter Jones jonesp2@wmin.ac.uk Karen Lucas lucask1@wmin.ac.uk Stephen Marshall marshas@wmin.ac.uk Jon Paris parisj@wmin.ac.uk Ian Plowright plowrii@wmin.ac.uk Tim Powell tim.powell@btinternet.com Alan Sturt sturta@wmin.ac.uk Graham Tanner tannerg@wmin.ac.uk Sophie Tyler tylers@wmin.ac.uk David Whibley whibled@wmin.ac.uk Peter White whitep1@wmin.ac.uk Martin Whittles whittlm@wmin.ac.uk Sarah Wixey wixeys@wmin.ac.uk Frank Worsford worsfof@wmin.ac.uk

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SELECTED PUBLICATIONS ALLEN, J. AND BROWNE, M. (2001). Logistics Outsourcing, chapter in Handbook in Transport 2: Transport, Supply Chain and Logistics, Pergamon. (TSG2001/44). ALLEN, J.; ANDERSON, S.; BROWNE, M. AND JONES, P. (2001). Urban freight transport and logistics th systems: moving towards sustainability; 9 World Conference on Transport Research, Seoul, Korea, July. (TSG2001/45). ANDERSON, S. (2001). The integration of telematics applications in road freight transport companies: a systems architecture approach; UTSG 33rd Annual Conference, St Annes College, Oxford, January. (TSG2001/01). ANDERSON, S.; BROWNE, M.; ALLEN, J. AND JACKSON, M. (2001). @ Your Home. Department of Trade and Industry, October 2001, DTI. (TSG2001/46). ANDERSON, S.; BROWNE, M.; AND ALLEN, J. (2001). Service-related vehicle activity in urban areas; 2 International Conference on City Logistics, Okinawa. June. (TSG2001/47).
nd

BATES, J.; POLAK, J.; JONES, P. AND COOK, A. (2001). The valuation of reliability for personal travel. Transportation Research E, 37, 191-229. (TSG2001/59). BROWNE, M. (2001a). E-commerce, freight distribution and the truck industry. ACEA discussion paper, ACEA, Brussels, 2001. (TSG2001/48). BROWNE, M. (2001b). Urban freight transport in the UK. EU BESTUFS Conference, Barcelona, March. (TSG2001/49). BROWNE, M. (2001c). Road freight transport for own account in Europe. Round Table 115, European Conference of Ministers of Transport. (TSG2001/50). BROWNE, M. (2001d). E-commerce and the implications for local transport. OECD/ECMT Seminar on ecommerce. Paris, June. (TSG2001/51). BROWNE, M. (2001e) Recent developments in e-commerce: the implications for logistics operations and policy. Logistics Consultants Forum. London, June. (TSG2001/52). BROWNE, M. (2001f) The benefits of a supply chain approach to urban freight transport. Conference paper, Lintgration des merchandises dans le systme des dplacements urbains, Jacques Cartier Conference, Montreal. (TSG2001/53). BROWNE, M.; ALLEN, J.; ANDERSON, S. AND JACKSON, M. (2001). Overview of home deliveries in the UK. Available from TSG website (www.wmin.ac.uk/transport/) and from Freight Transport association website (http://bestpractice.fta.co.uk). (TSG2001/54). BROWNE, M.; JACKSON, M.; ALLEN, J. AND ANDERSON, S. (2001). Home delivery market size and operations in the UK. Logistics Research Network Annual Conference, Edinburgh, September. (TSG2001/55). CAIN, A.; BURRIS, M.W. AND PENDYALA, R.M. (2001). Impact of Variable Pricing on Temporal Distribution of Travel Demand. Transportation Research Record 1747, 36-43. (TSG2001/56). CAIN, A.; CELIKEL, N. AND JONES, P.M. (2002). Incorporating public participation into the detailed design th of a congestion charging scheme for Edinburgh. UTSG 34 Annual Conference, Napier University, Edinburgh, 3-5 January 2002. (TSG2002/09). COOK, A. AND TANNER, G. (2001). ATFM Independent Study - Communication Flows, January 2001. (Report confidential to client). (TSG2001/77). COOK, A.; TANNER, G. AND ANDERSON, S. (2001) Conditional Route Implementation Phase 1: AO use of CDRs, July 2001. (Report confidential to client). (TSG2001/78).

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COOK, A. AND TANNER, G. (2001). Report on the NATS 2000/2001 Customer Satisfaction Monitor, March 2001. (Report confidential to client). (TSG2001/78). DENNIS, N. (2001a). Developments of hubbing at European airports. Air & Space Europe 3(1/2), 51-55. (TSG2001/11). DENNIS, N. (2001b). The impact of airline industry changes on airports. Airport Economics and Finance Symposium, University of Westminster/Cranfield University, March. (TSG2001/12). DENNIS, N. (2001c). The role of secondary airports. Airport Policy and Planning Seminar, University of Westminster, May. (TSG2001/13). DENNIS, N. (2001d). The low-cost airline perspective. The Tourism Society Annual Conference, Peterborough, June. (TSG2001/14). DENNIS, N. (2001e). Impact of airline alliances and mergers on airports. Aviation Management Education and Research Conference, Concordia University, Montreal, July. (TSG2001/15). DENNIS, N. (2001f). Development of regional air services in Europe. European Transport Conference, Cambridge, September. (TSG2001/16). DENNIS, N. (2001g). Optimisation of schedules and route networks. Demand Analysis and Capacity Management Seminar, University of Westminster, October. (TSG2001/17). DENNIS, N. (2001h). Ideas for modelling air transport demand. Demand Analysis and Capacity Management Seminar, University of Westminster, October. (TSG2001/18). DENNIS, N. (2001i). Introduction to the air transport industry. Introduction to Air Transport Economics and Planning Seminar, University of Westminster, November. (TSG2001/19). DENNIS, N. (2001j). The international regulatory framework. Introduction to Air Transport Economics and Planning Seminar, University of Westminster, November. (TSG2001/20). DENNIS, N. (2001k). Airline cost structures. Introduction to Air Transport Economics and Planning Seminar, University of Westminster, November. (TSG2001/21). DENNIS, N. (2001l). The economics of low-cost airlines. Introduction to Air Transport Economics and Planning Seminar, University of Westminster, November. (TSG2001/22). DENNIS, N. (2001m). Impact of deregulation. Introduction to Air Transport Economics and Planning Seminar, University of Westminster, November. (TSG2001/23). DENNIS, N. (2001n). Airline pricing and revenues. Introduction to Air Transport Economics and Planning Seminar, University of Westminster, November. (TSG2001/24). DENNIS, N. (2001o). Airport operations. Introduction to Air Transport Economics and Planning Seminar, University of Westminster, November. (TSG2001/25). DENNIS, N. (2001p). The importance of scheduling decisions. Marketing and Market Research Seminar, University of Westminster, December. (TSG2001/26). DENNIS, N. AND GRAHAM, A. (2001). Airport environmental capacity and developments in airline operations. SCAN-UK Conference, Manchester Metropolitan University, April. (TSG2001/27). GRAHAM, A. (2001a). Performance indicators for airports. Airport Management Course, Loughborough University, January. (TSG2001/38). GRAHAM, A. (2001b). The US experience. Airport Economics and Finance Symposium, University of Westminster/Cranfield University, March. (TSG2001/28). GRAHAM, A. (2001c). Performance measures and benchmarking in the airport industry. Airport Economics and Finance Symposium, University of Westminster/Cranfield University, March. (TSG2001/29).

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GRAHAM, A. (2001d). The changing nature of airports. Airport Policy and Planning Seminar, University of Westminster, May. (TSG2001/30). GRAHAM, A. (2001e). Tourism forecasts. Air Transport Forecasting Course, Cranfield University, June. (TSG2001/39). GRAHAM, A. (2001f). Managing Airports: An International Perspective, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford. (TSG2001/40). GRAHAM, A. (2001g). Forecasting issues in air transport and tourism. Demand Analysis and Capacity Management Seminar, University of Westminster, October. (TSG2001/31). GRAHAM, A. (2001h). Airport organisational structures. Introduction to Air Transport Economics and Planning Seminar, University of Westminster, November. (TSG2001/32). GRAHAM, A. (2001i). Airport economics. Introduction to Air Transport Economics and Planning Seminar, University of Westminster, November. (TSG2001/33). GRAHAM, A. (2001j). Using Tourism Statistics To Measure Demand Maturity, chapter in Lennon, I. (eds) Tourism Statistics: International Perspectives and Current Issues, Continuum, London. (TSG2001/41). GRAHAM, A. AND HUMPHREYS, C. (2001). International Tourism Forecasts to 2015. Report to Travel and Tourism Intelligence. (Report confidential to client). (TSG2001/42). JONES, P. (2001). Stated preference: problems and potentials. AMUS Conference, Aachen, June 2001. LUCAS, K.; BEECHAM, P.; BROOKS, R.; SOLOMON, J.; WORSLEY, L. AND WOFINDEN, D. (2001a). Exploring Ways to Factor Social Exclusion into Local Transport Planning, Project Report to DTLR, June 2001. (TSG2001/57). LUCAS, K.; GROSVENOR, T. AND SIMPSON, R. (2001b). Transport, the Environment and Social Exclusion, Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 2001. (TSG2001/79). POWELL, T. (2001a). Principles of Transport Economics. PTRC, London, February 2001. (TSG2001/81). POWELL, T. (2001b). The Transport System: Markets, Modes and Policies. PTRC, London, February 2001. (TSG2001/82). STOPHER, P. AND JONES, P. (2001). Developing standards of transport survey quality. Keynote paper, International Conference on Transport Survey Quality and Innovation, South Africa, August 2001. SWENSON, C.R; CAIN, A AND BURRIS, M.W. (2001). Toll price - traffic demand elasticity analysis on variable priced toll bridges. Institute of Traffic Engineers Annual Meeting, Chicago, USA, 19-22 August 2001. (TSG2001/80). UNIVERSITY OF WESTMINSTER (2001a). Airport benchmarking workshop. Airport Economics and Finance Symposium, University of Westminster/Cranfield University, March. (TSG2001/35). UNIVERSITY OF WESTMINSTER (2001b). Aeronautical charges workshop. Airport Economics and Finance Symposium, University of Westminster/Cranfield University, March. (TSG2001/34). UNIVERSITY OF WESTMINSTER (2001c). Airport Policy and Planning Seminar. May, Proceedings. (TSG2001/62). UNIVERSITY OF WESTMINSTER (2001d). Demand Analysis and Capacity Management Seminar. October, Proceedings. (TSG2001/63). UNIVERSITY OF WESTMINSTER (2001e). Introduction to Air Transport Economics and Planning Seminar. November, Proceedings. (TSG2001/64). UNIVERSITY OF WESTMINSTER (2001f). Airline cost structures workshop. Introduction to Air Transport Economics and Planning Seminar, University of Westminster, November. (TSG2001/36).

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UNIVERSITY OF WESTMINSTER (2001g). New entrant strategy workshop. Introduction to Air Transport Economics and Planning Seminar, University of Westminster, November. (TSG2001/37). UNIVERSITY OF WESTMINSTER (2001h). Marketing and Market Research Seminar. December, Proceedings. (TSG2001/65). UNIVERSITY OF WESTMINSTER/CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY (2001). Airport Economics and Finance Symposium. March, Proceedings. (TSG2001/66). WHITE, P.R. (2001a). Regular Interurban Coach Services in Europe. In European Conference of Ministers of Transport Round Table 114, Paris March 1999 (published by OECD 2001). (TSG2001/58). WHITE, P.R. (2001b). An independent review of rail privatisation in Britain. Seventh International Conference on Competition and Ownership in Land Passenger Transport, Molde, Norway (Thredbo 7). (TSG2001/60). WHITE, P.R. (2001c). An overview of the impact of rail privatisation and bus deregulation. Competition and Integration in Public Transport Conference, London, 7th February 2001 (Waterfront Conference Company). (TSG2001/03). WHITE, P.R. (2001d). Selection of suitable performance indicators for national railways, London Underground and local buses, and the extent to which quality revealed by such indicators affects ridership. Seminar on Performance measures in rail transport, Royal Statistical Society, London, 16 October 2001. (TSG2001/09). WHITE, P.R (2001e). Evidence presented to Greater London Assembly Scrutiny Committee on public transport in Outer London, 4 December 2001. (TSG2001/61). WHITE, P.R. (2002a). Globalisation in Public Transport. Public Transport International (UITP, Brussels). (TSG2002/01). WHITE, P.R. (2002b). Public Transport: Its Planning, Management and Operation. 4 Edition, Spon press. (TSG2002/02). WIXEY, S. (2002). Policy-making dynamics within the Trans-European Transport Network Programme. th UTSG 34 Annual Conference, Edinburgh, 3-5 January 2002. (TSG2002/04). WORSFORD, F. (2001a). Pan European: Gibraltar poses its own unique logistics challenges. Logistics Manager, April 2001. (TSG2001/67). WORSFORD, F. (2001b). Eurocentral - Scotlands premier freight village. Chapter case study in Croners Logistics Management, Warehousing and Distribution, April 2001. (TSG2001/68). WORSFORD, F. (2001c). Logistics and the role of inland waterways. Memorandum submitted for publication in the House of Commons Transport Select Committees report into Inland Waterways (House of Commons paper 317, 2001). (TSG2001/69). WORSFORD, F. (2001d). Planning issues in the expansion of cargo activities at an airport. Airports Conference, University of Westminster, 16-18 May 2001. (TSG2001/70). WORSFORD, F. (2001e). Logistic & the environment: the significance of green issues to those managing the supply chain has never been greater. Logistics Manager, July 2001. (TSG2001/71). WORSFORD,F. (2001f). Managerial issues in greening the supply chain. Supply Chain Practise, Vol 3, No 3, 2001, Cranfield University School of Management, September 2001. (TSG2001/72). WORSFORD, F. (2001g). Going for green, Supply Chain Guide 2001. Retail Week, September 2001. (TSG2001/73). WORSFORD, F. (2001h). The development of modern warehousing. Westminster Business School Seminar, October 2001. (TSG2001/74).
th

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WORSFORD, F. (2001i). Establishing first principles in greening a logistics company. Supply Chain Knowledge, COM conference, October 2001, Cranfield University School of Management. (TSG2001/75). WORSFORD, F. (2001j). KD Marine & the Manchester Ship Canal. Report submitted to the Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (DEFRA) freight study on water transport, December 2001. (TSG2001/76). WORSFORD, F. (2001k). Case study on Liverpool Ports Intermodal Freight Village. Logistics Manager, Volume 8. (TSG2001/05). WORSFORD, F. (2001l). The Green Logistics Company, A managerial strategy to greening the supply chain. In conjunction with Exel, Croner Transport Publications, Surrey. (TSG2001/06). WORSFORD, F. (2002a). Industry overview - new and emerging government transport and environmental policies and changing social patterns have important implications for moderns logistics operations. Logistics Manager, January 2002. (TSG2002/05). WORSFORD, F. (2002b). An operators perspective on the use of waterborne transport detailing environmental benefits in comparison to road freight transport. Logistics Manager, February 2002. (TSG2002/06). WORSFORD, F. (2002c). Strategic issues involved in logistics warehouse selection, an industry special report. Croner Publications Ltd, March 2002. (TSG2001/08). WORSFORD, F. AND BELL, C. (2002). Green logistics in the public sector. Green Government, January 2002. (TSG2002/07).

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