STP 204-26

Standard Test

Section:

ASPHALT MIXES

Procedures Manual

Subject:

CORRELATION OF NUCLEAR GAUGE

DENSITY AND LABORATORY CORE DENSITY

1.

SCOPE
1.1.

Description of Test
The standard test procedure is used to correlate the density results of asphalt concrete
pavements obtained with a nuclear density gauge and with a laboratory test on a cored
sample.

1.2.

Application of Test
This test is to be performed at the beginning of each paving contract for each lift, for
every change in lift thickness, for every change in the job mix formula and anytime there
is a substantial change in the material of the underlying layers to calibrate the density-inplace by nuclear gauge (obtained by STP 204-6) with the density obtained from cored
samples.

2.

APPARATUS AND MATERIALS

2.1.

Equipment Required
A calculator and the form BASIC WORKSHEET FOR LINEAR RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN TWO VARIABLES. Alternatively a computer using Microsoft Windows,
Microsoft Excel and a disk containing the Microsoft Excel Workbook
DENSCOR.XLS.
A printer for hard copy records.

2.2.

Data Required
Seven to ten random test locations where cores and nuclear density readings will be
taken. The test locations are to be determined by STP 107. The core diameter is 150
mm.

3.

PROCEDURE
3.1.

Test Procedure
Determine the sample locations using the procedure described in STP 107. Mark the
core/nuclear gauge sample locations.
Obtain density-in-place measurements with the nuclear gauge using the procedure

Date: 2003 05 30

Page: 1 of 13

STP 204-26

Standard Test Procedures Manual

Section:

ASPHALT MIXES

Subject: CORRELATION OF NUCLEAR GAUGE DENSITY

AND LABORATORY CORE DENSITY

described in STP 204-6. Record the density measurement for each sample location as Xi.
Obtain a core, in the exact same location as the nuclear gauge density readings were
taken, using the procedure described in STP 204-5. Number this core with the same
number that was used to record the in-place-density with the nuclear gauge. Determine
the core density in the laboratory. Record the core density for each sample as Yi.
Enter the results of Xi and Yi on the form BASIC WORKSHEET FOR LINEAR
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN TWO VARIABLES.
Complete the calculations on the form to determine:

Are any of the samples outliers that should not be used.

The linear regression coefficients a and b for the equation y = b X + a.

The regression coefficient ( r =

The tstatistic ( t statistic =

r (n - 2)
2

S xy
S xx

S yy

).

).

(1- r )

Compare the value of the tstatistic to the value of t(0.975) obtained from the Students t
Distribution Table for n-2 degrees of freedom and a 97.5% probability level.

If the tstatistic is larger than t(0.975), there is a 97.5% chance that the correlation
coefficient (r) is significantly different from 0 (a correlation coefficient (r) of 0
indicates a complete absence of correlation and a correlation coefficient (r) of 1 or
-1 indicates perfect correlation). This means that there is a statistically valid
correlation.
If the tstatistic is smaller than t(0.975), there is a 97.5% chance that the correlation
coefficient (r) is not significantly different from zero. This means that there is not
a statistically valid correlation. Two additional random sample locations should
be determined. Cores and nuclear density readings should be obtained. The
correlation procedure should be repeated with the additional samples included.
Plot the sample data and the regression equation on the Correlation Chart to ensure that
the regression line has a good fit to the data and that the data is in fact linear. Check the
value of the standard error Syx. It should be relatively small (less than 1%) compared to
the value of in-place-density by nuclear gauge.
Alternatively enter the values for Xi and Yi into the Microsoft Excel Workbook
DENSCOR.XLS. The program will check for outliers, calculate all of the coefficients
and check for statistical validity.

Page 2 of 13

Date: 2003 05 30

STP 204-26

Standard Test Procedures Manual

Section:

ASPHALT MIXES

Subject:

CORRELATION OF NUCLEAR GAUGE

DENSITY AND LABORATORY CORE DENSITY

The regression line has the form Y = b X + a. Future values of density-in-place by

nuclear gauge (future) can be collected using STP 204-6. For any future density-in-place
by nuclear gauge reading, compute the correlated density using the formula:
Nuclear Densityadjusted = b (future) + a

4.

RESULTS AND CALCULATIONS

4.1.

Calculations
The procedure for correlating the in-place-density by nuclear gauge to laboratory core
densities can best be illustrated by an example.
4.1.1. Determine In-Place-Density by Nuclear Gauge and Laboratory Core Density
Assume that seven random test locations were determined by STP 107. The
locations were marked and the in-place-density was determined for each location
using STP 204-5. Each location was also cored. The in-place-density by nuclear
gauge was determined as shown below. The laboratory density was determined
for each core.
The in-place-density by nuclear gauge measurements were:
3

Location 5: 2,325.3 kg/m

Location 6: 2,354.3 kg/m

Location 7: 2,359.9 kg/m

Location 1: 2,237.1 kg/m

Location 2: 2,239.8 kg/m

Location 3: 2,290.9 kg/m

Location 4: 2,312.0 kg/m

3
3
3

The corresponding laboratory core density results were:

3

Location 5: 2,264.0 kg/m

Location 6: 2,296.0 kg/m

Location 7: 2,289.0 kg/m

Location 1: 2,222.0 kg/m

Location 2: 2,196.0 kg/m

Location 3: 2,240.0 kg/m

Location 4: 2,285.0 kg/m3

3
3
3

4.1.2. BASIC WORKSHEET FOR LINEAR RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN TWO

VARIABLES
Enter the values of Xi and Yi in the table BASIC WORKSHEET FOR LINEAR
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN TWO VARIABLES and compute Xi2, Yi2 and
XY as illustrated in Table 1: Sample Data and Base Calculations.

Date: 2003 05 30

Page 3 of 13

STP 204-26

Standard Test Procedures Manual

Section:

Subject: CORRELATION OF NUCLEAR GAUGE DENSITY

ASPHALT MIXES

AND LABORATORY CORE DENSITY

Table 1: Sample Data and Base Calculations

di

Individual Core
Density

Individual Nuclear
Density
Xi2

Xi

Outlier

d
Yi2

Yi

XY

di2

(Xi - Yi)

(Yes/No)

2,237.1

5,004,616.410

2,222.0

4,937,284.000

4,970,836.200

15.100

228.010

1.601

No

2,239.8

5,016,704.040

2,196.0

4,822,416.000

4,918,600.800

43.800

1,918.440

0.150

No

2,290.9

5,248,222.810

2,240.0

5,017,600.000

5,131,616.000

50.900

2,590.810

0.210

No

2,312.0

5,345,344.000

2,285.0

5,221,225.000

5,282,920.000

27.000

729.000

0.999

No

2,325.3

5,407,020.090

2,264.0

5,125,696.000

5,264,479.200

61.300

3,757.690

0.735

No

2,354.3

5,542,728.490

2,296.0

5,271,616.000

5,405,472.800

58.300

3,398.890

0.584

No

2,359.9

5,569,128.010

2,289.0

5,239,521.000

5,401,811.100

70.900

5,026.810

1.221

No

X = 16,119.300

X2 = 37,133,763.850

Y = 15,792.000

Y2 =35,635,358.000

XY = 36,375,736.100

d = 327.300

d2 = 17,649.650

4.1.3. Compute the sum of Xi (X), sum of Xi2 (X2), sum of Yi (Y), sum of Yi2 (Y ),
and sum of XiYi (XY).
2

4.1.4. Calculate the average in-place-density by nuclear gauge ( X ).

X =

X
n

16,119.300
7

= 2,302.757

Where:
n = number of test locations
4.1.5. Calculate the average in-place-density by laboratory cores ( Y ).
Y =

Y
n

15,792.00
7

= 2,256.000

4.1.6. Calculate the difference (di) and the square of the difference (di2) between the
Nuclear Density and the Core Density for each sample in Table 1: Sample Data
and Base Calculations.
4.1.7. Calculate the average difference between the Nuclear Density and Core Density
( d ).
d =

Page 4 of 13

d
n

327.300
7

= 46.757

Date: 2003 05 30

STP 204-26

Standard Test Procedures Manual

Section:

ASPHALT MIXES

Subject:

CORRELATION OF NUCLEAR GAUGE

DENSITY AND LABORATORY CORE DENSITY

4.1.8. Calculate the standard deviation for the difference between Nuclear Density and
Core Density (d).
2

( d) 2
n

n -1

d d
i

4.1.9. Calculate the term

17,649.650 =

(327.300) 2
7

7 -1

= 19.774

for each value of di in Table 1: Sample Data and

Base Calculations. Compare that value to the value listed in Table 2: Criteria for
Rejecting of Outliers for a sample size of 7 (n = 7). If the computed value for
d d
i

is greater than the tabulated value, then the sample is an outlier and

should be rejected. Another sample should be taken to replace the sample that is
an outlier.
d d
i

=
d

15.100 46.757
19.774

= 1.601

For a sample size of 7 (n = 7), the computed value of 1.601 < tabulated value of
1.800, so the sample should not be rejected. Enter a No beside the term
d d
i

Date: 2003 05 30

in Table 1: Sample Data and Base Calculations.

Page 5 of 13

STP 204-26

Standard Test Procedures Manual

Section:

Subject: CORRELATION OF NUCLEAR GAUGE DENSITY

ASPHALT MIXES

AND LABORATORY CORE DENSITY

Table 2: Criteria for Rejecting of Outliers

Sample
Size
(n)

d d
i

Sample
Size
(n)

d d
i

1.730

12

2.040

1.800

13

2.070

8
9
10
11

1.860
1.910
1.960
2.000

14
15
16
17

2.100
2.125
2.150
2.175

4.1.10. The equations for Step (2) - Step (17) are shown on the BASIC WORKSHEET
FOR LINEAR RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN TWO VARIABLES. An
example follows:
Step (1): XY = 36,375,736.100 __________________________________
Step (2): (X) (Y) n = (16,119.300)(15,792.000) 7 = 36,365,140.800 _
Step (3): Sxy = (1) - (2) = 36,375,736.100 - 36,365,140.800 = 10,595.300 ___
Step (4): X2 = 37,133,763.850 ___________________________________ Step (11): Y2 = 35,635,358.000 ___________________________________
Step (5): (X)2 n = (16,119.300)2 7 = 37,118,833.213 _______________ Step (12): (Y)2 n = (15,792.000)2 7 = 35,626,752.000 ______________
Step (6): Sxx = (4) - (5) = 37,133,763.850 - 37,118,833.213 = 14,930.637 ___ Step (13): Syy = (11) - (12) = 35,635,358.000 - 35,626,752.000 = 8,606.000 _

Step (7): b =

S xy
S xx

(S
=

10,595.300
14,930.637

= 0.7096 ____________________ Step (14):

xy

2
=

S xx

(10,595.300)
14,930.637

2
= 7,518.794 _______________

Step (8): Y = 2,256.000 ________________________________________ Step (15): (13) - (14) = 8,606.000 - 7,518.794 = 1,087.206_______________
Step (9): b X = 0.7096 2,302.757 = 1,634.036 __________________ Step (16): (15) (n - 2) = 1,087.206 (7-2) = 1,087.206 5 = 217.441_____
Step (10): a = Y - b X = (8) - (9) = 2,256.000 - 1,634.096 = 621.904 _ Step (17): S

y. x

(16) =

217.441 = 14.746 __________________

The final equation is: Y = b X + a = 0.7096 (X) + 621.904

4.1.11. The equations for Step (18) and Step (19) are shown on the BASIC
WORKSHEET FOR LINEAR RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN TWO
VARIABLES. The value of t(0.975) can be determined from the table by finding
the intersection of Percent of Area and degrees of freedom. In this case the
degrees of freedom from Step (18) = 5 and the desired Percent of Area = 97.5%.
As a result t(0.975) = 3.1634.
Step (18): Degrees of Freedom = (n - 2) = 7 - 2 = 5 _____________________ Step (19): t(0.975) = 3.1634 _________________________________________

Page 6 of 13

Date: 2003 05 30

STP 204-26

Standard Test Procedures Manual

Section:

ASPHALT MIXES

CORRELATION OF NUCLEAR GAUGE

DENSITY AND LABORATORY CORE DENSITY

Subject:

Preview of Student's T(5.00)

0.4

0.2

0.0
-5.9

-4.7

-3.5

-2.4

-1.2

0.0

1.2

2.4

3.5

4.7

5.9

Student's t Distribution (5 Degrees of Freedom)

STUDENTS t DISTRIBUTION CURVE
Percent of
Area

80.0%

82.5%

85.0%

87.5%

90.0%

92.5%

Degrees of
Freedom

95.0%

96.0%

97.0%

97.5%

98.0%

99.0%

Values of t

3.0777

3.5457

4.1653

5.0273

6.3137

8.4490

12.7062

15.8945

21.2051

25.4519

31.8210

63.6559

1.8856

2.0645

2.2819

2.5560

2.9200

3.4428

4.3027

4.8487

5.6428

6.2054

6.9645

9.9250

1.6377

1.7692

1.9243

2.1131

2.3534

2.6808

3.1824

3.4819

3.8961

4.1765

4.5407

5.8408

1.5332

1.6465

1.7782

1.9357

2.1318

2.3921

2.7765

2.9985

3.2976

3.4954

3.7469

4.6041

1.4759

1.5798

1.6994

1.8409

2.0150

2.2423

2.5706

2.7565

3.0029

3.1634

3.3649

4.0321

1.4398

1.5379

1.6502

1.7822

1.9432

2.1510

2.4469

2.6122

2.8289

2.9687

3.1427

3.7074

1.4149

1.5092

1.6166

1.7422

1.8946

2.0897

2.3646

2.5168

2.7146

2.8412

2.9979

3.4995

4.1.12. The equations for Step (20) - Step (22) are shown on the BASIC WORKSHEET
FOR LINEAR RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN TWO VARIABLES. An
example follows:
Step (20): Sy.x t(0.975) = (17) (19) = 14.746 3.1634 = 46.647 _________

Step (21): r =

S xy
S xx

Step (22): t statistic =

S yy

r (n - 2)
2
(1 - r )

10,595.300
14,930.637

8,606.000

0.9347 (7 - 2)
2
(1 - 0.9347 )

= 0.9347

= 5.880 _____

The value of the regression coefficient (r) calculated in Step (21) is close to 1.0.
This indicates that there is a strong linear correlation between the equation and
the data. The regression coefficient can be checked for statistical significance by
computing the value of the tstatistic for the regression coefficient. In this case, the
tstatistic calculated in Step (22) is greater than the value of t(0.975) found in Step (19).
This means that there is a 97.5% chance that the regression coefficient is
significantly different from 0. There is a statistically significant correlation.
4.1.13. The equation of the line and the data points can be graphed on the Correlation
Chart to ensure that the equation fits the data and that the data is in fact linear.
The equation of the line can be drawn after Table 3: Sample Data and Regression
Line is filled out.
Date: 2003 05 30

Page 7 of 13

STP 204-26

Standard Test Procedures Manual

Section:

Subject: CORRELATION OF NUCLEAR GAUGE DENSITY

ASPHALT MIXES

AND LABORATORY CORE DENSITY

Table 3: Sample Data and Regression Line

In Place Density
by Nuclear Density
Gauge

Density by Core
(Yi)

(Xi)

Adjusted
Nuclear
Density

$ i = b Xi + a)
(Y

2,237.1

2,222.0

2,209.4

2,239.8

2,196.0

2,211.3

2,290.9

2,240.0

2,247.5

2,312.0

2,285.0

2,262.5

2,325.3

2,264.0

2,271.9

2,354.3

2,296.0

2,292.5

2,359.9

2,289.0

2,296.5

Correlation Chart
In-Place-Density by Nuclear Gauge vs. Core Density

Core or Adjusted Nuclear Density (kg/m )

2,400

2,350

2,300
Adjusted Nuclear Density

2,250

Core Density

2,200

2,150

2,100
2,100

2,150

2,200

2,250

2,300

2,350

2,400

In-Place-Density by Nuclear Gauge (kg/m )

4.1.14. Check the value of the Standard Error Syx calculated in Step 17. If this value is
relatively small compared to the values for density, then the regression equation
will provide a good estimate of core density. In this example, Syx = 14.746 kg/m3
Page 8 of 13

Date: 2003 05 30

STP 204-26

Standard Test Procedures Manual

Section:

ASPHALT MIXES

Subject:

CORRELATION OF NUCLEAR GAUGE

DENSITY AND LABORATORY CORE DENSITY

is relatively small (< 1.0%) compared to the in-place nuclear density values of
2,200-2,360 kg/m3, so it should provide a good estimate of the core density.
4.1.15. Once the correlation has been completed the equation is used to adjust in-placedensity by nuclear gauge readings. If a nuclear density reading of 2,250.0 kg/m3
was obtained, the adjusted density would be computed using the equation:
Y = Adjusted Nuclear Density
= b (X) + a
= 0.7096 (X) + 621.904
= 0.7096 (2,250.0 kg/m3) + 621.904
= 2,218.5 kg/m3
The value of 2,218.5 kg/m3 would be used to determine acceptance.
4.2.

Reporting Results
The Department will develop the regression equation to be used for correcting the
nuclear density gauge readings.

5.

CALIBRATIONS, CORRECTIONS, REPEATABILITY

5.1.

Tolerances and Repeatability

The correlation coefficient (r) is an index of the degree of correlation between the data.
The size of the correlation coefficient (r) is an indication of the degree of relationship
between two variables. A high value of the correlation coefficient (r), i.e. close to 1 or 1, merely indicates a close straight line relationship between the two variables. It does
not mean that one caused the other. Values of the correlation coefficient (r) equal to 1 or
-1 indicate perfect correlation and values of the correlation coefficient (r) equal to 0
indicate the complete absence of linear correlation.
If the relationship line is based on a relatively small number of points, in our case 7
points, the value of the correlation coefficient may be due to chance variations in
sampling and errors of measurement. The value of the regression coefficient should be
checked for statistical significance by computing the tstatistic. and comparing it with the t
value at a 97.5 % probability level (t(0.975)) (and the appropriate degrees of freedom). If
the tstatistic is greater than the value of t(0.975) then there is a 97.5% chance that the
correlation coefficient (r) is significantly different than 0 and there is a correlation
between the two variables.
The standard error of the estimate (Sy.x) gives an indication of the error associated with the
regression line. In the previous example, the standard error is 14.746 kg/m3. The value
of Sy.x is of practical importance because it gives an indication of the reliability of the

Date: 2003 05 30

Page 9 of 13

Standard Test Procedures Manual

Section:

ASPHALT MIXES

STP 204-26
Subject: CORRELATION OF NUCLEAR GAUGE DENSITY
AND LABORATORY CORE DENSITY

equation. If the value of Sy.x is relatively small (<1.0%), compared to the values of the inplace-density by nuclear gauge, and the regression coefficient is statistically significant,
the equation will provide a good estimate of the density that would have been obtained
by coring.
5.2.

Sources of Error
Possible sources of error include those listed in STP 204-6 and STP 204-5.

6.

ADDED INFORMATION
6.1.

References
References are STP 204-5, STP 204-6 and the owners manual for the nuclear gauge.

6.2.

Sample Retention
Samples should be retained according to the procedures laid out in STP 204-5.
Correlation worksheets and equations should be retained as part of the contract
documents.

6.3.

Protection of Samples
The core samples should be protected according to the procedures set out in STP 204-5.

6.4.

Proper Sample Identification

It is vital to ensure that the samples are identified so that the in-place-density by nuclear
gauge corresponds to the laboratory core density for the same sample location.

6.5.

Safety
The current safety regulations are to be followed as outlined in the Traffic control
Devices Manual For Work zones and the Safety Manual.

Page 10 of 13

Date: 2003 05 30

STP 204-26

Standard Test Procedures Manual

Section:

ASPHALT MIXES

Subject:

CORRELATION OF NUCLEAR GAUGE

DENSITY AND LABORATORY CORE DENSITY
Project:__________________________________________
Date: ___________________________________________
By: _____________________________________________

BASIC WORKSHEET FOR LINEAR RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN TWO VARIABLES

(Carry at least two more places of figures than in the single measurements)
X denotes: In-Place-Density by Nuclear Gauge ______ Y denotes: Core Density ______________________
Individual Nuclear
Density
Xi
X1 =
X12 =

Xi2

Individual Core
Density
Yi
Y1 =
Y12 =

di
Yi2

di2

(Xi - Yi)

XY
X1 Y1 =

d1 =

d1 =

Y2 =

Y2 =

X2 Y2 =

d2 =

d2 2 =

X32 =

Y3 =

Y32 =

X3 Y3 =

d3 =

d3 2 =

X4 =

X42 =

Y4 =

Y42 =

X4 Y4 =

d4 =

d4 2 =

X5 =

X52 =

Y5 =

Y52 =

X5 Y5 =

d5 =

d5 2 =

X6 =

X62 =

Y6 =

Y62 =

X6 Y6 =

d6 =

d6 2 =

X7 =

X72 =

Y7 =

Y72 =

X7 Y7 =

d7 =

d7 2 =

X =

X2 =

Y =

Y2 =

XY =

d =

d =

X2 =

X2 =

X3 =

Outlier
(Yes/No)

di d

Number of Points (n) = _____________________________________

X =

d =

X
n

d
n

= _____________________________________________ Y =

= _____________________________________________ d =

Y
= _____________________________________________
n
( d)2
n
n -1

2
d

= ______________________________________

Step (1): XY = ___________________________________________

Step (2): (X) (Y) n = ____________________________________
Step (3): Sxy = (1) - (2) = ____________________________________
Step (4): X2 = ___________________________________________ Step (11): Y2 = __________________________________________
Step (5): (X)2 n = _______________________________________ Step (12): (Y)2 n = ______________________________________
Step (6): Sxx = (4) - (5) = ____________________________________ Step (13): Syy = (11) - (12) = _________________________________
Step (7): b =

S xy
S xx

= _____________________________________ Step (14):

(S xy ) 2
S xx

= _______________________________________

Step (8): Y = ____________________________________________ Step (15): (13) - (14) = _____________________________________

Step (9): b X = ___________________________________________ Step (16): (15) (n - 2) = ___________________________________
Step (10): a = Y - b X = (8) -(9) = ____________________________ Step (17): Sy.x =

(16) = ___________________________________

Step (18): Degrees of Freedom = (n - 2) = ______________________ Step (19): t(0.975) = _________________________________________

Equation of the Line:
Y = a + b X = ________________________________________

Step (20): Sy.x t(0.975) = (17) (19) ___________________________

Note:

Step (21): r =

If tstatistic t(0.975) : Then correlation equation is valid.

If tstatistic < t(0.975) : Then correlation equation is not valid,
additional samples must be taken

Date: 2003 05 30

S xy
S xx

Step (22): t statistic =

= ______________________________

S yy
r (n - 2)

= ____________________________

(1- r 2 )

Page 11 of 13

STP 204-26

Standard Test Procedures Manual

Section:

Subject: CORRELATION OF NUCLEAR GAUGE DENSITY

ASPHALT MIXES

AND LABORATORY CORE DENSITY

Sample Data and Regression Line

In Place Density by Nuclear
Density Gauge

Density by Core

(Xi)

(Yi)

Adjusted Nuclear Density

$ = b X + a)
(Y
i
i

X1 =

Y1 =

$
Y

X2 =

Y2 =

$
Y

X3 =

Y3 =

$
Y

X4 =

Y4 =

$
Y

X5 =

Y5 =

$
Y

X6 =

Y6 =

$
Y

X7 =

Y7 =

$
Y

Correlation Chart
In-Place-Density by Nuclear Gauge vs. Core Density
2,400

Core Density (kg/m )

2,350

2,300

2,250

2,200

2,150

2,100
2,100

2,150

2,200

2,250

2,300

2,350

2,400

In-Place-Density by Nuclear Gauge (kg/m )

Page 12 of 13

Date: 2003 05 30

STP 204-26

Standard Test Procedures Manual

Section:

ASPHALT MIXES

CORRELATION OF NUCLEAR GAUGE

DENSITY AND LABORATORY CORE DENSITY

Subject:

Criteria for Rejection of Outliers

Sample Size

(n)

6
7
8
9
10
11

Sample Size

(n)

1.730
1.800
1.860
1.910
1.960
2.000

12
13
14
15
16
17

2.040
2.070
2.100
2.125
2.150
2.175

Students t Distribution Table

Preview of Student's T(5.00)
0.4

0.2

0.0
-5.9

-4.7

-3.5

-2.4

-1.2

0.0

1.2

2.4

3.5

4.7

5.9

Student's t Distribution (5 Degrees of Freedom)

STUDENTS t DISTRIBUTION CURVE
Percent of
Area

80.0%

82.5%

85.0%

87.5%

90.0%

Degrees of
Freedom

92.5%

95.0%

96.0%

97.0%

97.5%

98.0%

99.0%

Values of t

3.0777

3.5457

4.1653

5.0273

6.3137

8.4490

12.7062

15.8945

21.2051

25.4519

31.8210

63.6559

1.8856

2.0645

2.2819

2.5560

2.9200

3.4428

4.3027

4.8487

5.6428

6.2054

6.9645

9.9250

1.6377

1.7692

1.9243

2.1131

2.3534

2.6808

3.1824

3.4819

3.8961

4.1765

4.5407

5.8408

1.5332

1.6465

1.7782

1.9357

2.1318

2.3921

2.7765

2.9985

3.2976

3.4954

3.7469

4.6041

1.4759

1.5798

1.6994

1.8409

2.0150

2.2423

2.5706

2.7565

3.0029

3.1634

3.3649

4.0321

1.4398

1.5379

1.6502

1.7822

1.9432

2.1510

2.4469

2.6122

2.8289

2.9687

3.1427

3.7074

1.4149

1.5092

1.6166

1.7422

1.8946

2.0897

2.3646

2.5168

2.7146

2.8412

2.9979

3.4995

1.3968

1.4883

1.5922

1.7133

1.8595

2.0458

2.3060

2.4490

2.6338

2.7515

2.8965

3.3554

1.3830

1.4724

1.5737

1.6915

1.8331

2.0127

2.2622

2.3984

2.5738

2.6850

2.8214

3.2498

10

1.3722

1.4599

1.5592

1.6744

1.8125

1.9870

2.2281

2.3593

2.5275

2.6338

2.7638

3.1693

11

1.3634

1.4499

1.5476

1.6606

1.7959

1.9663

2.2010

2.3281

2.4907

2.5931

2.7181

3.1058

12

1.3562

1.4416

1.5380

1.6493

1.7823

1.9494

2.1788

2.3027

2.4607

2.5600

2.6810

3.0545

13

1.3502

1.4347

1.5299

1.6398

1.7709

1.9354

2.1604

2.2816

2.4358

2.5326

2.6503

3.0123

14

1.3450

1.4288

1.5231

1.6318

1.7613

1.9235

2.1448

2.2638

2.4149

2.5096

2.6245

2.9768

15

1.3406

1.4237

1.5172

1.6249

1.7531

1.9132

2.1315

2.2485

2.3970

2.4899

2.6025

2.9467

16

1.3368

1.4193

1.5121

1.6189

1.7459

1.9044

2.1199

2.2354

2.3815

2.4729

2.5835

2.9208

17

1.3334

1.4154

1.5077

1.6137

1.7396

1.8966

2.1098

2.2238

2.3681

2.4581

2.5669

2.8982

18

1.3304

1.4120

1.5037

1.6091

1.7341

1.8898

2.1009

2.2137

2.3562

2.4450

2.5524

2.8784

19

1.3277

1.4090

1.5002

1.6049

1.7291

1.8837

2.0930

2.2047

2.3457

2.4334

2.5395

2.8609

20

1.3253

1.4062

1.4970

1.6012

1.7247

1.8783

2.0860

2.1967

2.3362

2.4231

2.5280

2.8453

21

1.3232

1.4038

1.4942

1.5979

1.7207

1.8734

2.0796

2.1894

2.3278

2.4138

2.5176

2.8314

22

1.3212

1.4016

1.4916

1.5949

1.7171

1.8690

2.0739

2.1829

2.3202

2.4055

2.5083

2.8188

23

1.3195

1.3995

1.4893

1.5922

1.7139

1.8649

2.0687

2.1770

2.3132

2.3979

2.4999

2.8073

24

1.3178

1.3977

1.4871

1.5897

1.7109

1.8613

2.0639

2.1715

2.3069

2.3910

2.4922

2.7970

25

1.3163

1.3960

1.4852

1.5874

1.7081

1.8579

2.0595

2.1666

2.3011

2.3846

2.4851

2.7874

Date: 2003 05 30

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