Cooling Tower Presentation

By: Jaap Hoogland SPX Cooling Technologies GmbH
CW /Jaap Hoogland/ 16-10-2007
Seawater Cooling Tower Circuits
SUMMARY
Seawater recooling systems Technique required for seawater cooling towers Heat calculation Construction material Environment Drift loss Salt emission
ONCE THROUGH COOLING
Chiller
100 %
100 %
Cooling water pump
A sea water filtration station, consisting of one bar screen and two travelling basket filters
CW /Jaap Hoogland/ 16-10-2007 Seawater Cooling Tower Circuits
Electro Chlorination station

4
HELPER or DISCHARGE COOLING TOWER

Cooling towers complete with pump pits Chiller
98 %
100 %
Cooling water pump
CW /Jaap Hoogland/ 16-10-2007 Seawater Cooling Tower Circuits

5
SEAWATER COOLING TOWER PLANT

Cooling towers complete with pump pits Chiller
3%
4%
Suppletion water pump
Technique required for seawater cooling towers
Main Components of a Wet Cooling Tower

fan stack with diffusor fan with gearbox, shaft and motor plenum drift eliminator water distribution
spray area
cooling fill
rain area with air inlet
cold water basin with outlet to the main pump(s)
Principle of Wet Cooling
Cooling Water Circuit

evaporation, drift loss
(droplet emission)
Drift loss (min. 0.0005 %) Blow-down Evaporation
Make-up blowdown
% of Circuit Water Flow Evaporation Conc. Factor
City Water 1,2 % 5 1,5 % 0,3 %
TSE
SEA WATER 1,2 % 1,4 4,2 % 3%
1,2 % 2,5 2,0 % 0,8 %
heat exchanger
Make-up Blow down
CHILLER PLANT
Designing Seawater Cooling Towers

Salts in the cooling water
Salts in the Cooling Water

What differentiates seawater cooling towers from fresh water towers is the existence of dissolved minerals (salts) in the cooling water. Therefore, establishing the impact of salts in the cooling water is the single most important technical feasibility concern. The areas of concern were identified as thermal performance salt concentration salt emission (Drift) and environmental impacts as far as material resistance.
Make-up water Brackish Water Total Dissolved Solids Sulfate (SO4) Chloride (Cl- ) mg/l 8000 450 4500 Circulating water mg/l @ 3 -4 cycles 24 - 32000 1350 - 1800 13500 - 18000
Sea Water Total Dissolved Solids Sulfate (SO4) Chloride (Cl- )
mg/l 35000 2800 20
mg/l @ 1.2 - 1.4 cycles 42 - 50000 3400 - 4000 24000 - 28000
10

Thermal Performance Thermal Performance
Salt in the water has four basic effects on its use as a coolant, only one of those is major. Salt lowers the vapor pressure of water, thus the water does not evaporate as readily. This makes it less as a effective coolant and reduces tower performance. For the above reasons tower performance decreases by approximately 1.1% for every 10,000 ppm of salts in the cooling water.
Fresh water Salt water 1) Water Temp. 35 35 Air Temp. 30,6 30,6 Air Relative Humidity 60 60 Liquid Vapor Pressure 5,62 5,42 Air Vapor Pressure 2,63 2,63 Liquid-Air Vapor Pressure Difference 2,99 2,79 Liquid-Air Vapor Pressure Difference (of Fresh Water Condition) 100 93,2 Performance loss 2) -5,4 1) At salts concentration of 50,000 ppm 2) Performance loss (approximated as 80% of change in VP difference) = 0,8 x (1-0,932)
Impact of salts in water upon vapor pressure
[C] [C] [%] [kPa] [kPa] [kPa] [%] [%]
11

Thermal Performance
Impact on Design / Size of the cooling tower Rejected Heat = Flow x Density x Spec. Heat x Cooling Range (DT) fresh water : density = 1000 kg/m, specific heat = 4.18 kJ/(kg.K) sea water: density = 1030 kg/m specific heat = 3.96 (@ salinity 45000 ppm) flow (sea) / flow (fresh) = 1.03 (for the same cooling capacity) !!! cooling tower size or power consumption increases
12
3 Computerised Design
Computerised Design
Our modern and updated computer design programs are taking into account the salt content depending on density and temperature. Therefore the design of the cooling tower will take place "on point" and no other adds are necessary. Only modern computer design programs, based on huge experience and test results, are able to determinate all parameters correctly to guarantee the most feasable and economical cooling tower design regarding size and type.
13
Technique required for seawater cooling towers
14
Materials for
Structural components Mechanical part Thermo- hydraulic part
15
Construction materials
Concrete Timber FRP
16
The Cooling Tower Environment:

The warm, saturated, oxygen-rich cooling tower environment promotes rapid corrosion of metallic components. Most construction materials are relatively unaffected by salt water Temperature level and pH-value has to maintained Wood and plastic are as good as concrete
17
Impact on concrete constructions
Sulfates (SO4) React with cement May react with aggregate Reaction causes destruction of concrete matrix Chlorides (Cl-) Attack steel reinforcement Attack metallic hardware Rapid loss of cross section may occur Corrosion by products result in expansion and cracking of concrete
18
Desired Properties:
Low absorption/permeability to provide maximum protection to reinforcement. High resistance to sulfate attack. Corrosion resistance Resistance against biological attack Temperature resistance
19
General Recommendations for thermo- hydraulic & mech. part:
No problems with fill, drift eliminator, spray nozzles and fan if water quality is within the limits Steel parts made of high grade stainless steel ("Duplex" 1.4462 [316 L], 1.4539) or special coated Mechanical part should be protected with suitable coating for salt water application
20
Environment
21
Environment
Cooling Tower Drift

Circulating water is distributed as droplets or films to maximise surface area Exit air from cooling tower contains water vapor, drift droplets and condensate droplets Amount of content are mainly regulated by: Drift eliminator design Design of water distribution Ambient psychometric and wind conditions Water chemistry
22
Environment
Cooling Tower Drift Loss (Standard Data)
Drift Loss
Different Types of Drift Eliminators 0,006 Drift Loss [% of water flow rate] 0,005 0,004 0,003 0,002 0,001 0 1 Layer TC 187/44 1 Layer TC 187/33 CDX 080 2 layers TC 187/33
23
Environment
Drift Loss as a Function of the Droplet Size (Total Drift Loss = 0.0005% of water flow rate)
2 Layers TC 187/33E
0,0025
or 1 Layers
Drift Loss [% of water flow rate]
0,002
0,0015
0,001
0,0005
0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200
Droplet Size [m]

CW /Jaap Hoogland/ 16-10-2007 Seawater Cooling Tower Circuits 24
Requirements of Cooling Circuit

Waterquality Feature Make-up system Own intake station Seawater Normal Grey water Feature Connection to Grey water system Connection to sewage water system or irrigation system Standard material Polished Grey water Feature Connection to Grey water system Connection to sewage water system or irrigation system Standard material Potable water Feature Connection to DEWA pipe system Connection to sewage water system or irrigation system Standard material
Blow down system (drain) Condensor system
Own outlet station Titanium
Cooling tower
Water treatment system
Titanium/Duplex hardware, special coating, FAND for Standard material, low larger plants fouling fill Standard material Standard material ElectroChlorination, Bromation, hardness stabilizer Biocide, Corrosion inhibitor Biocide, Corrosion inhibitor Biocide, Corrosion inhibitor
25
Central unit Cooling tower design data Hot water temparature Cold water temparature Entrance Wet bulb temperature Entrance Relative humidity Waterflow Salinity of the seawater drift loss CF used for seawater CF used for Normal Grey Water CF used for Polished Grey Water CF used for Potable water Water use based on Water use based on Water use based on Water use based on Total drain amount Total drain amount Total drain amount Total drain amount 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% operation Seawater operation Normal Grey water operation Polished Grey water operation Potable water operation Seawater operation Normal Grey water operation Polished Grey water operation Potable water
125.000 TR
535,1 MW
105 F 40,6 C 95 F 35,0 C 86 F 30,0 C 50% 50% 375.000 USGPM 85.125 m/h 3,50% is the amount 3,50% This 0,0005% 0,0005% This is the amount produced by a city of 1,4 1,4 produced by a people around 180.000city of 2,5 2,5 around 130.000 people 5 5 5 5 4.895.482.415 USGal/year 18.531.416 m/year 2.331.594.847 USGal/year 8.826.046 m/year 1.748.893.127 USGal/year 6.620.280 m/year 1.748.893.127 USGal/year 6.620.280 m/year 3.496.210.320 USGal/year 13.234.595 m/year 932.322.752 USGal/year 3.529.225 m/year 349.621.032 USGal/year 1.323.459 m/year 349.621.032 USGal/year 1.323.459 m/year
26
Environment
27
Environment
Use of Windrose
Critical Zone
Cooling Tower
Prevailing Wind
Dispersion Area
28
Environment
Relative Immission as a Function of the Distance from CT Comparison between Round Type and Cell Type
70% 60%
wind
50%
cell 20 m across round 20 m cell 20 m average cell 20 m along round 60 m
C/Cmax
40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Distance from CT [m]

Environment
Salt Immission at Ground Level (Relative Concentration)
as a Function of the Cooling Tower Height and the Distance from the Cooling Tower
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
Distance from the Cooling Tower [m]
15 m (cell) 40 m 60 m 80 m
Environment
90 80 70 Total mass ASSP [g/m] 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0,1 1 10 100 Distance from the coast [km] measured in Newport USA
so urce: A M S Jo urnals Online, st ud y Ro ssknecht , Ellio t and Ramsey 19 72
Cooling tower outlet will be arround 470-550 g/m

Environment
Objects of the Investigation Cooling tower concepts
cell type cooling towers
which will be referred to as: case 1 ~50.000 TR
circular cooling tower with forced draught fans
case 2 ~ 90.000 TR
case 3 ~ 125.000 TR
32
Environment
Methods of the Investigation Simulation of the flow in the surroundings of the cooling towers calculated magnitudes:
velocity pressure temperature mass ratio between wet air and dry air relative humidity flight path of salt water droplets
33
Environment
Methods of the Investigation
Boundary conditions of the calculations

cell type cooling towers
wind speed profile layer direction temperature abs. humidity = 6 m/s (at 10m height) = atmospheric boundary = 0 and 90 = 5 C = 0,43 % massratio
34
Environment
Results
figure explaination: colours
Salt emission
= ratio local salt concentration to salt concentration at the outlet of the tower [ unit = % massratio] (values lower than 100% represents dillution) colourrange = red 80%, blue 20%
case 1, 50.000 TR winddirection = 0

Building needs to be at at least 400 m
case 1, winddirection = 90
50 storied bld
increased salt concentration close to the ground
35
Environment
Results
Salt emission
case 2, 90.000 TR winddirection = 0

Building needs to be at at least 500 m
case 2, winddirection = 90
50 storied bld
increased salt concentration close to the ground CW /Jaap Hoogland/ 16-10-2007 Seawater Cooling Tower Circuits 36
Environment
Results
Salt emission
Case 3 ~ 125.000 TR
Nearest 50 Storied bld should be in approx. 400 m

50 storied bld
downwash
37
Arrangement of a Round Wet Cooling Tower

Water Distribution
warm air
hot water inlet

Drift Eliminator
Cooling Fills
cold air
cold water outlet

Seawater Cooling Tower Circuits 38
125.000 TR central plant
Building 75 m x 75 m x 38 m tall (above ground)

Shell could be made of framework structure with cladding

Floors for pumps, chillers, fans, and miscellaneous

42
The tower can be divided into 4 or 8 sectors

Thank you very much for your attention.
We will be pleased to answer your questions and provide any further information you need.
44

Cooling Tower Presentation

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Cooling Tower Presentation

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

By: Jaap Hoogland SPX Cooling Technologies GmbH

CW /Jaap Hoogland/ 16-10-2007

Seawater Cooling Tower Circuits

CW /Jaap Hoogland/ 16-10-2007

Seawater Cooling Tower Circuits

CW /Jaap Hoogland/ 16-10-2007

Seawater Cooling Tower Circuits

ONCE THROUGH COOLING

Cooling water pump

Electro Chlorination station

HELPER or DISCHARGE COOLING TOWER

Cooling water pump

Electro Chlorination station

SEAWATER COOLING TOWER PLANT

Electro Chlorination station

Seawater Cooling Tower Circuits

Technique required for seawater cooling towers

CW /Jaap Hoogland/ 16-10-2007

Seawater Cooling Tower Circuits

Main Components of a Wet Cooling Tower

rain area with air inlet

cold water basin with outlet to the main pump(s)

CW /Jaap Hoogland/ 16-10-2007

Seawater Cooling Tower Circuits

Principle of Wet Cooling

Cooling Water Circuit

Drift loss (min. 0.0005 %) Blow-down Evaporation

% of Circuit Water Flow Evaporation Conc. Factor

City Water 1,2 % 5 1,5 % 0,3 %

SEA WATER 1,2 % 1,4 4,2 % 3%

1,2 % 2,5 2,0 % 0,8 %

Make-up Blow down

Seawater Cooling Tower Circuits

Designing Seawater Cooling Towers

Salts in the Cooling Water

Sea Water Total Dissolved Solids Sulfate (SO4) Chloride (Cl- )

mg/l 35000 2800 20

mg/l @ 1.2 - 1.4 cycles 42 - 50000 3400 - 4000 24000 - 28000

CW /Jaap Hoogland/ 16-10-2007

Seawater Cooling Tower Circuits

Designing Seawater Cooling Towers

Impact of salts in water upon vapor pressure

[C] [C] [%] [kPa] [kPa] [kPa] [%] [%]

CW /Jaap Hoogland/ 16-10-2007

Seawater Cooling Tower Circuits

Designing Seawater Cooling Towers

CW /Jaap Hoogland/ 16-10-2007

Seawater Cooling Tower Circuits

Designing Seawater Cooling Towers

CW /Jaap Hoogland/ 16-10-2007

Seawater Cooling Tower Circuits

Technique required for seawater cooling towers

CW /Jaap Hoogland/ 16-10-2007

Seawater Cooling Tower Circuits

CW /Jaap Hoogland/ 16-10-2007

Seawater Cooling Tower Circuits

CW /Jaap Hoogland/ 16-10-2007

Seawater Cooling Tower Circuits

The Cooling Tower Environment:

CW /Jaap Hoogland/ 16-10-2007

Seawater Cooling Tower Circuits

Impact on concrete constructions

CW /Jaap Hoogland/ 16-10-2007