ju ,fpifrsm;7J h rdcif

(1915 -1 2008)
uG,fvGefoGm;+yD=zpfwJh
tarvlxka':trm7J h
93 ESpfa=rmuf arG;aehtxdrf;trSwf
*k%f=yK pm uAsmrsm; 2
 ju,fpifrsm;7J h rdcif

uG,fvGefoGm;+yD=zpfwJh tarvlxka':trm7J h
93 ESpfa=rmuf arG;aehtxdrf;trSwf
*k%f=yKpm uAsmrsm;

2008 ckESpf/ Ekd0ifbm 29

3
4
 rmwdum
ESif;qDvGifjyifpmay pmwnf;tzGJ@. trSmpm

tcef ; (1) tar vl x k a ':trm. ajym=um;csuf E S i f h a&;om;csuf r sm;

tar vlxak ':trm. pum;
tEkynmpmtkyaf wGudk bm&nf&, G cf suef @J
a&;ovJ æ æ vlxak ':trm
aps; (c&D;oGm; aqmif;yg;) æ æ vlxak ':trm
91 ESpjf ynfph um; æ æ (rk;d rcu vlxak ':trmtm; ar;jref;csu)f

tcef; (2) tar vlxk a':trm uG,fvGefjcif;twGuf ay;ykd@=uonfh o0%f

v$ m rsm;
ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwt D wGi;f &Sd acwf+ydKifvyk af zmfuidk zf ufrsm;rSu, G v
f eG f
ol vlxk a':trmtwGuf xkwjf yefa=unmcsuf æ æ
‘vlxrk cd if’psmyeyGu J dk &nfp;l I ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwrD S rsKd ;qufopf &J
abmfrsm;.xkwjf yefa=unmcsuf æ æ
vlabmifopf 'Dru dk &pfwpfygwD (XmecsKyf) . tar vlxak ':trm uG,f
vGejf cif; twGuf 0rf;enf;o0%fvm$ æ æ
tar vlxak ':trm uG,v f eG t f edpaP &mufjcif;twGuf jrefrmEkid if v H ;kH qkid &f m
ausmif;om;rsm; 'Dru dk &ufwpfwyfO;D (ausmif;om;wyfrawmf) . 0rf;enf;
a=umif; o0%fvm$ æ æ
vlxck spo f nfh owif;pmq&m pma&;q&mr}uD; vlxak ':trm uG,v f eG f
oGm;onft h wGuAf rmEkid if vH ;kH qkid &f m ausmif;om;or*~rsm;tzG@J csKyfEidk if jH cm;
a&;&maumfrwDrS ay;yk@d onfh 0rf;enf;jcif;o0%fvm$ æ æ
jrefrmh*% k x f ;l aqmif pma&;q&m owif;pmq&mr}uD; tar vlxak ':t
rm (1915 Ek0d ifbm 29 - 2008 {+yD 7) uG,v f eG jf cif;twGuf jrefrmo
wif; or*~. txl;0rf;enf;o0%fvm$ æ æ

5
 ‘ik&ifjyif’&Jabmfrsm;. tar vlxak ':trm (1915 - 2008) ok@d æ æ
0rf;enf;jcif; o0%fvm$ æ æ
‘tm[m&pmapmif’0kid ;f awmfom;rsm;. 0rf;enf;jcif;o0%fvm$ æ æ
‘vrif;w&m pmayqufqaH &;’ESihf ‘rm,mpmayr*~Zif;’rS ay;yk@d aom 0rf;
enf;o0%fvm$ æ æ
‘opPmawmfveS af &;tiftm;pk’rS ay;yk@d aom 0rf;enf;o0%fvm$ æ æ
*syefEidk if aH &muf pmaytiftm;pkrsm;jzpfwhJ ‘tm[m&pmapmif’ ‘opPmpm
aytiftm;pk’‘tvif;tdrrf *~Zif;’tzG@J om;rsm;u *syefEidk if aH &muf jrefrm
Ekid if o
H m; nDtpfudk armifErS rsm;ok@d vlxak ':trmtwGuf 0rf;enf;jcif;
txdr;f trSwf tcrf;tem; zdwpf m æ
z'kd ref;+idr;f &J@ 0rf;enf;o0%fvm$ æ æ
&Jabmfarmif0À&J@ 0rf;enf;o0%fvm$ æ æ

tcef ; (3) tar vl xk a':trmtwG uf *k%fj yKa&;zG J@=uaom uAsmrsm;

tarhb0 aiGvrif; æ æ Aef;armfnKd EG@J
jrifjh rwfwu hJ avmif æ æ wifr;dk
jrwfrcd if. jrwfaomvrf; æ æ wifr;dk
tarhr;D wkid f r+idr;f Ekid f æ æ wifr;dk
tarhuefawmhyef; æ æ wifr;dk
tarharwWm urBmtqH;k æ æ armifaygupf nf (ref;wuUov dk )f
vlxk a':trm arG;ae@ trSww f &uAsm
r[mav;csKd ;}uD; æ æ armifprG ;f &nf
vlxrk cd if ææ armifprG ;f &nf
[dopPH æ æ armifprG ;f &nf
cGyaf 'gi;f rdcif tarrmok@d æ æ armifprG ;f &nf
tarrm uG,v f eG cf sed f æ æ armifprG ;f &nf
uk,d &hf ifxu J ææ rmrmat;
88 ESpaf jrmuf *g&0 æ æ ta0;a&mufwynfo h m;ajr;rsm;
ae@wae@&@J ed'ge;f æ æ aqGEidk f (e,fomvef)
91 jynfh tarok@d æ æ zk;d oH (vlx)k
vlxt k ar oufawmf&n S fææ vlxo k m;cspf

6
 'efu@dk toJ omwJn h ææ ZGerf id_ ;f
igw@dk acwf&@J =u,fwm&m vlxak ':trm æ æ xGe;f jrifah tmif
tma0%du*k%&f iS f tar æ æ atmif[ed ;f (rH&k mG )
or*~tarok@d uefawmhyef; æ æ cGeq
f idk ;f
tJ'gtar vlxak ':trmaygh æ æ armifp;dk csed f
tarrm b,fawmhrS rao æ æ ZifZif
tarrm xm0&raoyg æ æ &J&ifo h ufZJG
em;pGix hf m;&wJh toH&iS f æ æ &Jabmfp;dk cspf
oHr%dvyd jf ym yef;vdyjf ym æ æ +idr;f csr;f ol
tareJ@ww l thJ ar ok@d r[kwf æ æ zk;d eD
vGr;f xku d vf @dk reS ;f æ æ &efEidk x
f eG ;f (vGwaf jrmufe,fajr uk&d ;D ,m;)
taræ ok@d æ æ atmif+idr;f
+idro
f ufwrdepf æ æ pk;d jrifjh rwf
tarrmok@d *g&0jyKjcif; æ æ ausmaf qG
tarac:oHrsm; æ æ &Jabmfausmaf v;
,Ofaus;r_ppfrsuEf mS .rdcif æ æ cspaf tmif
jynfo@l rcd if æ æ &JabmfatmifEidk Of ;D
jrwfrcd if æ æ &JabmfaiG (r=unfav;)
om;trdcsi;f ay;pmwapmif æ æ zk;d oH (vlx)k
92 ESpjf ynfh arG;rdcifo@dk ay;pmwapmif æ æ zkd;oH(vlxk)
vlx*k sme,fEiS hf vlxak ':trm æ æ ZifZif
tarhvrG ;f csi;f æ æ &J&ifo h ufZJG
rEWvmajru vlxt k ar æ æ &J+idr;f
qD æ rvl;wJh ayzl;v$m æ æ cifarmifviG f (jynf)
{&m0wD&@J orD;aumif; 'k@d acwf&@J rdcif æ æ armifv0S if; (jrif;+cH)

tcef ; (4) tarvl x k a ':trmtwG u f *k % f j yKa&;zG J @ =uaom pmay

aqmif ; yg;rsm;
tbk;d tbGm;awG r&Sad wmhwhJ wkid ;f jynf æ æ armif&pf
OD;acgi;f um;r!¸wf æ æ vlxak rmif0
jrrOPL±kyyf v
kH m$ æ æ '*kew
f m&m

7
 vlxak ':trm&J@ tHrh cef;avmufwhJ
pGr;f aqmifcsurf sm; æ æ vif;,keaf rmifarmif
rm;om;atmhzf bm;rm; æ æ vlxpk ed 0f if;
vlx&k @J a':trm vlxak ':trm æ æ armifomEk;d
wk@d rmS tar&Sad o;w,f æ æ armifprG ;f &nf
vlxak ':trm (ok@d r[kw)f
&mpkEpS . f pmayrD;±SL;wefaqmif æ æ csr;f +idr;f
at;&dyo f m,m æ æ a'guw
f mjrrOPL
vlxak w;oH/ oHr%dcw H yfEiS hf
ref;awmif&yd if dk æ æ armifvrG ;f %D
*k%ef @J j'yfuu dk n f w D hJ r[mjrpfEpS pf if;wk@d &@J
aygi;f pnf;jcif;oauFw æ æ bkw d ;l
vlxt k wGuf vlxb k ufu vlxak ':trm æ æ 0if;wifx
h eG ;f
a':a':&J@ v_y&f mS ;aeaom TurBmeJ@ usr æ æ vSausmaf Zm
a=uuGzJ , G yhf &kH yd rf sm; æ æ a'guwf mjrrOPL
tarwk@d 'kw, d urBmppftwGi;f
ppfajy;=uwke;f u æ æ zd;k oH (vlx)k
tarwap>ra=umufb;l æ æ zk;d oH (vlx)k

tcef; (5) tar vlxka':trm uG,fvGefjcif;twGuf ay;ykd@=uaomt*F

vd y f bmom a&;om;csuf r sm;ES i f h *k % f j yKpmuAsmrsm;
(ENGLISH SECTION))
The Sails Are Up Again! æ æ Prince Taw Phaya Galae
Ode to Ludu Daw Ahmar æ æ Dr. Maung Maung Nyo
Dear PTJ æ æ KKChaw
Ludu Daw Amar
(As a leading dissident writer she fought
for democracy in Burma) æ æ The Guardian (Saturday April 12 , 2008)
My Mum æ æ Po Than Joung

8
 ESi;f qDvi
G jf yifpmay pmwnf;tzGJ .
h trSm

(1)
tarrm
90 ausmfoufwrf;rkd@ orkdif;a=umif;&Snfygonf?
ukdvdkeDacwfu pcJhwJh acwfqkd;acwfusyftrsdK;rsdK; jzwfoef;cJh&ol æ
yGJ=unfholtjzpf ai;armaewmr[kwf/ pOfqufrjywf jynfolbufrSm
&yf+yD; a&S@wef;u wkdufyGJ0ifvmol æ
'ga=umifhvnf; txktaxmif; ±kdufcsufjyif;jyif;awG vSdrfhcH&onf?

(2)
uk d , f w k d i f u pma&;q&m owif ; pmq&mjzpf v k d @ w&m;uk d z uf u
avmifukdif+yD; rw&m;wmawGukd xkd;ESufcJhonf?
trsdK;om;tarGukd qufcHxdef;odrf;+yD; ukdvkdeDpepfukd ±_wfcs/ e,fcsJ@ukd
&J & J q ef @ usif c J h o nf ?
vGwfvyfa&; &+yD;acwfwGif u|efawmfwkd@ tarhukd 'Dvkd awG@=u&jyef
onf ?
jynfwGif;azmufjyefwJh tpkd;&tqufqufawG&J@ tvkdus ra&;/ jynf
oltwGufom a&;cJh/ ajymcJhol æ
ppftpkd;&awG vufxufrSm jynfolawG&J@ pm;0wfaea&;/ 'DDrkdua&pD
a&;twG u f ae@pOf y l y ef aomuyG m ;aeol æ
ppftm%m&Sif oufqkd;&SnfoGm;rSmukd cGifhrjyKEkdifol æ
'ga=umifh acwfqkd;pepfqkd;awGukd ajymif;vJypfzkd@ qufwkduf}udK;yrf;
wkdufyGJqifaeol æ
wzufrSm rsdK;cspfjynfcspfpdwf&SdolawGeJ@ vli,fausmif;om;awGukd vrf;
a=umif ; rS e f w if a y;aeol æ
±kd;&m jrefrmh,Ofaus;r_ tarGtESpfrsm;ukd xdef;odrf;umuG,f ay;ae
ol æ tjzpf xif&Sm;pGm jyoGm;cJhygonf?

9
 (3)
wkdif;jynftwGuf vkdtyfaewmawGukd xwfpGrf;or# tar jznfhpGrf;
ay;cJ h y g+yD ?
bufaygif;pHk wm0efauscJholtar æ
'Dtar&J@ 93 ESpfajrmuf arG;ae@rSm tarhaus;Zl;awGukd atmufarh
owd & jcif ; tm;jzif h Tpmpk u k d ES i f ; qD v G i f j yif u *k % f , l p G m xk w f a 0jzef @ csd
vk d u f y gonf ?
Tpmtkyf xkwfEkdifa&;twGuf ESif;qDvGifjyifu qufoG,fEkdifor#
aom pma&;q&m}uD ; rsm;/ pmay0goem&S i f r sm;/ pmaya&;zG J @ ae=uol r sm;
xH pmrl a wmif ; ygonf ?
jyef@usJaeonfh pmrlrsm;ukd pkpnf;=uygonf? pkpnf;&or#xJu a&G;
Ekwfaygif;csKyfum oufqkdif&m pmrl&Sifrsm;xH cGifhjyKcsuf awmif;cHcJhonf?
vufvSrf;rrDolawGeJ@ qufoG,fvkd@ rjzpfEkdifolawG&J@ pmrlawG t
wGufawmh cGifhv$wfay;=uyg&ef ESif;qDvGifjyifu tEl;tnGwf awmif;yef
ygonf ?

pmwnf ; tzG J @
ESif;qDvGifjyifpmay

10
 tar vlxka':trm.
ajym=um;csufESifh a&;om;csufrsm;

11
12
 “taruawmh ausmif;om;vnf; EkdifiHa&;vkyfoifhw,fvkd hjrif wmyJ?
bmjzpfvkd hwkef;qkdawmh ausmif;om;vnf; wkdif;oljynfom; wa,mufyJ r
[kwfvm;? olwae hvl}uD;jzpfvmOD;rSmyJ? tJ'Dawmh EkdifiHa&;rvkyf&if‘t’
w,f ? jynf o l v l x k e J h t wl a&m_yD ; awmh wuf º uG & rS m yJ / Ek d ; -um;&rS m yJ /
v+yf&Sm;&rSmyJvkd h jrifwmyJuGJ h? ausmif;om;awGukd tukefvkH; [kda±$ h'Da±$ h/
wcgwnf ; z±k d z &J j zpf a tmif tpG r f ; uk e f ol w k d h b uf u vk y f a wmh w myJ ?
ausmif;om;ukd olwkd hu odyfa-umufaewm? tJ'gyJ tarjrifwm”

vl x k a ':trm(1915-2008)

13
14
 tEkynmpmtkyaf wGud k
bm&nf&, G cf suef @J
a&;ovJ
vlxk a':trm
arv 27 &ufae@u tr&yl& awmifav;vH;k OD;ynmausmif;rSm jynfol
cspfaom tEkynmonfrsm; pmtkyfxGufwm 25 ESpfjynf@wJh txdrf;trSwfeJ@
awG@qykH u JG av; vky=f uw,f? rEWav;/ ppfuidk ;f / tif;0/ wHwm;OD;/ pOfu h idk /f &Gmaxmif/
+rdK@ompwJh 0ef;usiu f pma&;q&m/ uAsmq&mawG/ obife,f/ *Dwe,fuvlawG
awmfawmfppkH kH vm=uw,f? ±ky&f iS rf if;om; ukx d eG ;f a0}uD;vnf; ygw,f? a&eHajr
a':cifpv k J a&mufvmao;? eef;awmfa&S@q&mwifo h m; a&$eef;wif/ +rdK@r+idr;f om;
+rdK@r uk&d e$ ;f +rdKif/ pdeaf A'g}uD;&J@om; OD;aX;/ +idr;f csr;f a&;nGe@f wif/ vrif;w&m ukjd rwf
r_id ;f eJ@ yefwsmaX;aX;jrif/h vl&i$ af wmf udo k m"k/ apmif;rlro l ed ;f wk@d nDtpfr pojzifh
vlu awmfawmfpv kH mawmh qk=d uwD;=ueJ@ aysmpf &m vGr;f p&m}uD;ygy?J tJ'rD mS vGecf hJ
wJh 25 ESpu f xGucf w hJ hJ u|erf a&;cJw h hJ pmtky[ f m ckaetcgrsm; a&;prf;ygqv dk m&if
[kw d ek ;f u u|erf awG@qakH r;jref;cJo h al wG tm;vH;k eD;yg; aoqH;k ukew f mvJwa=umif;/
u|erf uk, d wf idk f [kw d ek ;f uavmuf tyifyef; rcHEidk af wmhwmvJ wa=umif;a=umifh
'Dpmtkyrf sKd ;jzpfz@dk rvG,b f ;l ? i,f&,G o f al wG uk,d v f yk cf siw
f mukd tm;aumif; armif;
oefjzpfwkef; +yD;ajrmufatmif }udK;pm;vkyfaqmif=u/ tcsdefumvqkdwm apmifh
aewmrsKd ; r[kwb f ;l vk@d ajym&w,f? 'Dpmtkyef @J ywfouf+yD; uAsmq&m uk=d unf
atmifu &oajrmufwJh twÎKy`wWdpmayvkd@ ajymvkd@ u|efru a&;pOftcg
wke;f uawmh twÎKy`w&dW ,fv@dk a&;wmr[kww f t hJ a=umif; enf;enf;yg;yg; ajym
jycJw h ,f? tdrjf yefa&mufawmh 'Dta=umif; a':a': rEWav;+rdK@awmfcef;r (1) rSm
wcgu a[majymzl;om;yJv@dk uae@tcrf;tem;wufwhJ rdwv DÎ maumvdyf pm=unhf
wku d rf LS ;uk0d if;wifu h ajymygw,f? [kwv f m;/ wk@d rrSwrf ad wmhb;l vk@d ajymawmh olu
olord ;f xm;wJh u|erf a[majymcsuu f av;udk rdwv DÎ muae jyefy@dk ay;vdu k yf gw,f?
odr;f xm;azmf&vk@d aus;Zl;wif&ygw,f?
15
 bmvk d @ a&;ovJ
trsKd ;om;obife@J ywfouf+yD; a':a': pm 4 - 5 tkyf a&;cJyh gw,f?
(1) jynfocl spaf om tEkynmonfrsm;
(2) atmifAv/ zk;d pde/f pdeu f wk;kH
(3) a&$ref;wifarmif
(4) t+idrhf
'Dpmtkyaf wGxu J tukev f ;kH r[kwaf wmifrS wcsKd @uadk wmh zwfz;l =urSmyg?
'gawG a&;jzpfwhJ aphaqmfcsuu f ppf+yD; 'DbufumvrSm trsKd ;om;obif&@J tqifh
twef; tifrwef edru hf svmwmukd awG@&awmh pdwx f rJ mS t&ifu vlawGudk vGr;f +y;D
uk,d o f cd hJ rDchJ =unhcf hJ jrifc&hJ wJh obifynmonfawG/ =um;zl;em;0&Sad ewJh obif
ynmonfawG [kw d ek ;f u b,fvdk tvkyv f yk =f uwmuvm;qk+d yD; uae@ obif
avmuxJuadk &m yG=J unfyh &dowfjynfou l akd &m jyefajymjycsiv f @dk a&;wmyg?
ppf+yD; 'DbufacwfrSm trsdK;om;obifawG&J@ tqifhtwef;u awmf
awmf}uD;ukd edrfhusysufpD;vmygw,f? bmvkd@vJqkdawmh e,fcsJ@,Ofaus;r_awG&J@
txk;d tESuu f dk cH&vk@d uk, d rhf ul dk qkyu f idk rf xm;Ekid b f J wzufu u,dr;f u,kid f jzpf
wmeJ@twl ajymif;vJaewJh acwftajctaeukdrSD+yD; tawG;tac:opfawGeJ@
wDxiG q f ef;opfra_ wGudk u|erf wk@d obiform;awG vku d rf vkyEf idk v
f @dk a&S@rrD aemuf
ra&mufe@J paumpu jzpfae&wmvJ ygygw,f? tJ'v D dk trsKd ;om;obifawG jzpfwhJ
Zmwf/ ±kyaf o;/ t+idr/hf qdik ;f awG tqift h wef; edru hf swmawG awG@&awmh pdwx f rJ mS
tm;rvkt d m;r& jzpfae+yD; ajymif;vJaewJh tajctaeopfawGudk Ekid if H a&;tod
r&Sad o;vk@d vku d rf rD&if &Syd gap/ &S&d if;pGJ trsKd ;om;obif&@J tqift h wef; ukad wmh
qkyu f idk v
f @dk xm;zk@d aumif;ygw,fv@dk atmufarh+yD; uk, d o
f rd w
D hJ jrefrmhobif ukd
jyefa&;jywmygy?J

twÎ K y` w W d v m;
a':a':hpmtkyaf wGudk wcsKd @u jrefrmobif ynm&Siaf wG&@J twÎKy`wadW wG
jzpfw,fv@dk q+dk y;D twÎKy`wpdW mayxJ oGwo f iG ;f =uygw,f? wcsKd @uawmh jrefrm obif
orkid ;f yJq+dk y;D orkid ;f pm&if;xJ oGwof iG ;f =uygw,f? orkid ;f eJ@ twÎKy`w[ dW m qufE, G rf _
&Syd gw,f? 'ga=umifh a&;cJw h hJ pmtkyaf wG[m twÎKy`wedW ,fy,fxJ 0ifoavmuf
awmh 0ifygvrd rhf ,f? Ek@d ayr,fh a&;pOftcgwek ;f uawmh twÎKy`wadW &;wm r[kwyf gb;l ?
OD;zk;d pdew
f @dk / a,mufsm;rif;orD; OD;atmifAvwk@d / OD;pdeu f wH;k wk@d / &Gmpm;}u;D pdeaf A'gw@kd
twÎKy`wadW wGudk tjcm;pma&;q&mawG a&;+y;D om;&Syd gw,f? wtkyrf u wcsKd @y*k Kd~ vf
16
awGq&dk if ola&;iga&; ESpt
f yk o
f ;kH tkyf &Syd gw,f? Ek@d ayr,fh olw@dk a&;xm;wmawGu
u|erf a&;wmeJ@ ,lwhJ pmay±_axmifch si;f rwlygb;l ?

yGJ=unfh±_axmifh
u|erf pmtkyaf wGu yG=J unf±h a_ xmifu h a&;wmyg? u|erf wk@d yG=J unfwh t
hJ cg
aemufw&uf 'Dyu JG dk =unfo h cl si;f qHrk &d if yGJ pm;+rHK@jyefwwfygw,f? vljyufu bm
ukd b,fvjdk yufvu dk w f muvm;qk+d yD; jyufv;kH ukd jyefajym+yD; &,f&w,f? rif;om;
rif;orD;qdw k hJ oDcsi;f awGxu J uk, d &f wJh tvku d uf av;eJ@ tyk'd uf av; qk=d unf&h
w,f? Zmwf0ifcef;xJu uk, d Ef pS of ufwhJ pum;vH;k av;awG jyefajym&w,f? yGJ
=unfch si;f 'Dvdk yGpJ m;+rKH @jyef&wm yDwed @J yg? u|erf i,fi,fu tvkyo f rm;awG =um;xJ
}u;D jyif;vmcJw h myg? u|erf wk@d rdbbk;d bGm;awGu aq;/ aq;±k;d a&mif;0,f=uolawGr@dk
tdrrf mS aq;aygv h yd cf /kH aq;jyif;vdycf kH &Syd gw,f? tJ'aD wmh aq;vdyo f nfv@dk ac:wJh
tvkyo f rm;awG=um;xJrmS aecJ&h wmyg? u|erf olw@dk e@J twl yGJ pm;+rKH @ jyefwmawGudk
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rrDvu dk bf ;l ? u|erf rarG;cifu 'DynmonfawGu aoqH;k =uwm? Ek@d ayr,fh wu,fh
ynm}uD;wJhvlawG jzpfavawmh olwkd@&J@ ynm&nfu orm;pOf trSwftom;
tjzpfeJ@ ajymprSwfawG obifavmurSm trsm;}uD; usef&pfygw,f? 'ga=umifh
tJ'aD jymprSwaf wG olw@dk wynfw h yef;awGqu D vku d vf &H mS azG pkaqmif;&ygw,f?
uset f EkynmonfawGuawmh odvu dk w f m/ rDvu dk wf m/ =unfzh ;l vku d w f m/
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17
wa,mufyg? ukw d ifarmif rif;om;rjzpfcif q&mawmf OD;auo&qDrmS bke;f }uD;
ausmif;om;b0uwnf;u odygw,f? ol@q&mawmfu u|efrwdk@vJ ukd;uG,f
wmukd;? ol@udk rif;orD;}uD; raiG+rdKifqDukd ynmoiftyfawmhvnf; odwmyJ?
raiG+rdKif&@J yOPi;f u u|erf wk@d trd u f qGr;f cHu, dk af wmfu;dk ? aemuf ol rif;om; jzpf
vmw,f? ausm=f um;vmw,f? aemuf urBmppf}uD; jzpfvmw,f? ola&m u|erf
wk@d a&m a&$ref;q&mawmf OD;auo& ppfwiG ;f oDwif;oH;k wJh uykid af wmifipl ak usmif;
xJrmS oGm;+yD;cku d ;dk &w,f? w0kid ;f wnf; oH;k ESpaf vmuf twlaezl;oayg?h ppf+yD;awmh
udw k ifarmif jyefuw,f? xef;jrif&yfxJ raecsib f ;l / u|erf wd@k tem; aecsiw f ,fqv dk @dk
u|erf cJtu kd ol@wu dk u
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tJ'aD vmuf &if;ES;D ayr,fh ol tedpaP &mufv@dk jrefrmZmwfobifavmu
twGu/f ol@ta=umif; a&;r,fqakd wmh ole@J od±kH u|r;f ±Hk &if;ES;D ±Hek @J pmtkyw f tkyf
rjzpfygb;l ? ole@J twl wGzJ uftvkyv f yk =f uwJh ZmwfoZl mwfom;awG tm;vH;k eD;yg;
ac:awG@&/ ar;&/ jref;&/ rSwo f m;&ygw,f? ol@xrif;csu/f ol@refae*smygrusef awG@qkH
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+cKH +y;D odxm;zk@d 'DrmS 'Dvadk y:vmwJh rif;om;qdw k m yDyjD yifjyif jyEkid zf @dk avhvmrSwo f m;
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tqifhtwef;awGu edrfhusvkdufvmawmh 'DuAsmvuFmawGvJ aysmufrSef;rod
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pum;awGxu J aumufoif;aumufxm;wmawGyg? +yD;awmh yG=J unfah wG yDwed @J
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xnfx h m;ygw,f? 'gav;awGvnf; ESajrmvk@d raysmufysu&f atmif odr;f qnf;ay;
18
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w,f? olw@dk oH;k E_e;f ajymqkw d hJ olw@dk yidk af 0g[m&/ olw@dk bef;pum;awGuv dk J &
atmif,l+yD; owif;ay;ygw,f? 'ga=umifh u|efrpmtkyfawGpm trsm;a&;wmeJ@
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ac:wmygy?J pm pay:wke;f u ajymwmukd a&;cs&mu pmpay:wmyJ? pmu t&if
ay:wm r[kwb f ;l ? pum;u t&ifay:vmwm? pmu aemufrS ay:vmwm? 'g
a=umifh ta&;[m tajymukd ajymwJhtwkdif; a&;wmygyJ? ta&;wrsdK; tajym
wrsKd ;vk@d ay:wke;f u r&Scd yhJ gb;l ? Ek@d ayr,fh vl@pum;qkw d m ausmufw;kH }uD;vkd ikwf
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vJwkd;wufwmeJ@tr# pum;awGvJ ajymif;vJvm&w,f? pum;vHk;awG wkd;vm
&w,f? pum;wk;d wufajymif;vJovkd pum;ukad &;wJph muvJ trDvu dk +f yD; wk;d wuf
ajymif;vJ&w,f? u|erf wd@k pmrSm wcsed w f cgwek ;f u tajymeJ@ta&; wajy;nD&cdS ahJ y
r,fh wcsdefusawmh tajymuom ajymif;ajymif;vm+yD; ta&;u wae&mrSm
rd;k wk;d rwfwwf &yfuse&f pfw,f? 'ga=umifh a&;pmeJ@ ajympum; enf;enf; uGm[
oGm;w,f? 'gudk a&;pmu ajympum;rDatmifajymif;zk@d r}udK;pm;=ubJ ta&;u
ta&;wrsKd ;/ tajymu tajymwrsKd ; &S&d r,fv@dk ynmwwfwcsKd @u qkad e=uygw,f?
ynmukd vlwpkvufxrJ mS om qkyx f m;csi&f if/ ynm&Sd vufqyk u f dk rajzcsi&f ifawmh
19
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w,fqw dk hJ vlwa,mufu tJ'pD um;ukd tuQ&mpmvH;k eJ@ zvS,w f wfw,fq&dk if
olvJ pma&;Ekid yf gap/ pmzwfEidk yf gap/ 'grS pD;yGm;a&;edru hf svw S hJ u|erf wd@k tvkyf
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pum;ajymwJhyHkpHeJ@a&;awmh u|efrbmajymcsifwmwkH;? ajymcsifwmukd tdwfoGef
zmarSmuf pmeJ@ ajymvk@d &vmw,f? 'Dtjyif b,fapwemeJ@ ajymcsiw f mvJ? wdraf um
ukew f mawG ESrEd aS jrm wifjycsiw f mvm;/ aESmif;vlawG aygah ygw h efwef tvkyv f yk f
ae=uvk@d u±k%ma'goeJ@ ajymcsiw f mvm;? 'Da&;enf;u u|erf rSm&Sw d hJ apwem
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qufvufxed ;f odr;f r,fv@dk oabmayguw f hJ ynmonfwcsKd @ ay:xGuv f mygw,f?
'g[m tjrwfyg? Ek@d ayr,fh jrwfoifjh rwfxu dk wf hJ twkid ;f twmtxdawmh rjrwf
vmao;ygb;l ? uk, d yf idk &f w
dS hJ trsKd ;om;,Ofaus;r_udk qufvufxed ;f odr;f +y;D ajymif;vJ
vmwJh tajctae t&yf&yfe@J tnD trsKd ;om;[ef rvGwb f J qef;opf wDxiG rf _
awGukd jyK=u&rSmu vlawGc, H l usio hf ;kH &r,fh vrf;pOfygy?J
'ga=umifh a':a':uawmh wkd@,Ofaus;r_tarGawGukd wwfEkdifoavmuf
pkpnf;+yD; pmtkyaf wGtjzpfe@J rif;wk@d vufudk tyfcrhJ ,f? rif;wk@d u 'Dta[mif;ukd
qkyu f idk /f ta[mif;xJu taumif;uk, d +l yD; vl@abmifopftwGuf jynfou l dk tusKd ;
jyKr,fh tEkynmukd zefw;D =uayawmhv@dk wku d wf eG ;f &if; ed*;kH csKyfygw,f? ?
(tustaysmufrSvGJI owfyHkrsm;ukd rl&if;twkdif; xdef;odrf; azmfjyxm;ygonf?)

vlxa k ':trm
pmay*sme,f trSwf (5)/ 1989

12 &uf/ 'DZifbm/ 1975 ck/ n 7 em&DrE Wav;+rdK@awmf cef;r (1) rSm

vlxka':trm a[majymcJhwJh pmwrf;?

20
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21
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vwfvJ vwfao;/ odyaf umif;wJt h a=umif;awGudk ajymajym+yD; &,f=uarm=ueJ@
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22
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wae@aiGwq,f ywf0ef;usirf mS ok;H Ekid yf gvrd rhf ,f/ 'DaiGuidk +f yD; tdr&f iS rf u aps;0,f
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bmcsupf &m 0,f&rvJ pOf;pm;&w,f? +rKd@aps;qkw d m [if;oD;[if;&Gujf zpfjzpf/ toD;
tESjH zpfjzpf/ om;ig;jzpfjzpf aps;xJudk rsm;rsm;}u;D a&mufvmrS ypPn;f vJ aumif;w,f?
aps;vJ aygw,f/ 'gah =umifh bmoD; bm&Guf bmig; trsm;}uD; a&mufaeovJ qkd
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23
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24
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av;ck;d &ovJ? }uKduw f ahJ ps;eJ@ a&mif;+yD; tav;uawmh jynfjh ynfu h av; ay;yg
awmhv@dk u|erf wk@d aps;0,fawGu tjypfwifcsiw f ,f? Ek@d ayr,fh aps;onfbufu
tajzu wyd\mukd 15 usyef @J 0,fcw hJ ,f? 10 usyo f m;csi;f vDcsed af wmh csed cf iG vf #m
omwmeJ@ tqpfawmif;vkd@ xnfh&wmeJ@ wyd\m[m jyefcsdefa&mif;awmh 90
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25
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0,frpm;Ekid jf yefb;l ? tk;d uyfcsuv f @dk &r,fh ig;usjyef awmh tpdwo f m;ukd 2 usyu f
ratmufjyefb;l ? ig;tpdwo f m; tk;d uyf&ifvJ weyf yJ pm;&r,f? 'DaiG ok;H usyef @J
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tk;d uyfuav;rsK;d ukd csOaf &[if;uav;eJ@ iydzw k af vmufe@J yJ pDrEH idk yf gawmhw,f?
c&rf;oD;&,f/ csOaf ygi&f u G &f ,f/ ig;yd&,f 0,f+yD;wJah emuf c&rf;csOo f ;D uav;/ i±kwf
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bl;vm;ar;&if b,fEpS v f ;kH ,lrmS vJ/ 10vH;k pvH;k ,l&if jym; 60 ay;oGm;wJ?h uk, d u
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onfu tqpfrS cHyghrvm;qkdwm? wcsdK@u aps;OD;}uD; vmrqpfeJ@vkd@ aiguf
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‘r0,fbeJ @J ujrif;vk@d ar;ovm;’vk@d vSr;f qJwwfygao;w,f? 'ga=umifh =unfh
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26
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0,fch&J wmyJ?
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a,muQrvkyfwJhvlu r,Hk=unfaybl;? ol@ukd tukeftodray;eJ@vkd@ owday;
wJyh ckH idk ;f ayg?h +rdK@qwdk m aps;0,fawGuvnf; aygvu dk w f m }udw}f udww f ;dk yJ? vqef;p
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ae&mrusvkd@ &wJh0ifaiGeJ@ravmufvdk@wJh? aps;a&mif;wJh vlawG 'gavmuf ayg
vmwmjzpfw,fv@dk aps;onfawGu ajym=uw,f? jrLeDpy,f tr_xrf;awGu aps;xJ
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avsmw h wfwmyJ? wcsKd @rsm; 20usyo f m;txd avsmw h ,f? olw@dk uawmh yGe;f vk@d
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csed cf siw f hJ aps;0,f b,forl qkd csed af y;wJah e&m &Syd gw,f? 'gayrJh tJ't D av;orm;&J@
tav;uukyd J rjynfb h ;l ? aps; onfawGu rke@f z;dk yJz;dk ay;xm;w,fqw dk hJ toHrsKd ;vJ
=um;&zl;ygw,f? csed af y;wJh tvkyo f rm;u aps;pnfcsed f vufzuf&nfaomuf xGuf
&atmif rke@f z;dk ay;wJv h l &Sw d ,fqw dk hJ pum;rsKd ;vJ =um;&zl;ygw,f? +rdK@aps;[m vnf
ovkd pm;=uwJh ae&m}uD;ygy?J aps;onfu tav;ck;d / &mZlc;dk ovkd aps;0,fuvnf;
vpf&if vpfovkd E_u d , f w l mrsKd ;vnf; &Sw d myJ? 'gah =umifh aps;0,fomG ;&if tdr&f iS rf u
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27
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aps;xJrmS bmE_u d af jy;vk@d w/hJ bmqGaJ jy;vk@d wq hJ +dk yD; ±kw±f w k f ±kw±f w
k f jzpfwmawG/
vkduf[ zrf;[ ajy;[ jzpfwmawGuvJ r=umr=um awG@&wwfao;w,f?
tJ'=D um;xJurS uk, d ,f vl mwJh yku
d q f uH av;eJ@ pm;aumif;r,fh pm;p&m csupf &m
awG trsKd ;rsKd ;ukd =unf&h if; wwfEidk w f mav;awGukd oGuo f uG v f ufvuf 0,fvu dk f
&w,f? tdrfeD;csif;qDtyfxm;cJhwhJ ukd,fhuav;rikdcif/ orD;i,fukd xdef;&pfygvkd@
rSmcJ&h wJh uav;ti,f rvJruGcJ if ajcukeo f w k jf yefz@dk u &Sad o;w,f? taraps;u
jyefvmawmh rke@f 0,fcrhJ ,faemfv@dk acsmx h m;cJ&h wJh uav;i,fpm;zk@d rke@f yo J m;a&pm
uav;uvnf; 0,fvkdufcsifao;? cifyGef;onfeJ@ om;}uD;orD;}uD;rsm;pm;zkd@
csdKcsdKcsOfcsOfuav;uvnf; ygvkdufcsifao;? ygvmwJh ykdufqHuav;uvnf;
ravmufriSr@dk &wwfor#uav;eJ@ yifo h ufcs okwaf cswif jyefc&hJ wwfygw,f?
u|erf wk@d rmS 'Dtavhtusiahf wGu &csiw f idk ;f &aeawmh yk*aH ps;rSm vwf
vwfqwfqwfeJ@ aps;aygvSwJh om;ig;toD;t&GufawGukd awG@&wJhtcg u|efr
wkd@wawGu avmbw}uD; 0,fcJhjcrf;cJhrdw,f? tvkt,uf 0,f&avhr&Sdao;
wJah ps;rSm tusi}hf u;D ygaewJh u|erf wd@k wawG avmbwyfcyhJ akH wGuadk wmh 'Dae&muyJ
}uHKwke;f }uHKcku d f yk*o H al wGudk awmif;yef&awmhrmS yJ? ?
(tustaysmufrSvGJI owfyHkrsm;ukd rl&if;twkdif; xdef;odrf;azmfjyxm; ygonf?)

vlxak ':trm
rEWav;0dZ…m/ody`HwuUokdvf ESpfvnfr*~Zif;
1969 - 70

28
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91 ESpjf ynfh pum;
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Ekd0ifbm 29 &ufae@wGif touf 91 jynfhrnfjzpfaom pma&;q&m owif;

pmq&mr}uD; vlxk a':trm. arG;ae@trSwfw&pum; &&SdEkdif&ef rkd;rc
0kdif;awmf om; xdefvif;u w,fvDzkef;jzifh qufoG,fcJhygonf? Ekd0ifbm
17 &uf a e@wG i f &&S d c J h a om quf o G , f a r;jref ; csuf r S vl x k a ':trm.
trS w f w &pum;rsm;tm; azmf j yygonf ?

• tarharG;ae@eD;vmvkd@ tarharG;ae@ trSwfw&pum; vkdcsif

vkd@yg tar? vli,fawGyJjzpfjzpf vlvwfykdif;awGyJ jzpfjzpf
taruae =o0g'pum;wck c k ajymwmyJ j zpf j zpf / tarh & J @
trSwfw&m ajymcsifwJh ta=umif;t&m bmyJjzpfjzpf ajym
apcsif v k d @ ygtar?

• taruav æ touf}uD;u &Snfvkdufwm? wkd@Armouf

r[kwb f ;l / 91 ESpq
f w
dk m? t*Fvyd v f q
dk &kd if Ek0d ifbm 29 &ufae@rmS
jynfhawmhrSmaemf? tJ'Dawmh raoao;bl;aygh? 91 ESpfjynfwJh
tarwkd@b0rSmav æ tarwdk@ 'DrSmae&wm tifrwef usOf;
usKwfw,f? bmrS rv_yEf idk b f ;l ? bmrSvnf; rajymEkid b f ;l ? rif;wk@d
tjyifudk a&mufaewJh om;awGorD;awGu ajymEkid q f Edk idk f v_y&f mS ;
Ekid ?f tJ'aD wmh tarwd@k uv dk nf; owd&w,fqadk wmh tarwk@d u
0rf;omw,f?

'gayrJh tarrSmcsiw
f ,faemf wck? wk@d ArmawGuav æ ody+f yD;
awmh pkpkpnf;pnf; nDnD!Gwf!Gwf raeEkdifbl;uG? uGJw,f
+yJw,faemf? tJ'gawG wwfEidk o
f r# a&Smif=uygu,
G af emf?

29
 bmrSrvkyfEkdifwJh wkdif;oljynfom;awGukd,fpm; ig@om;wkd@u
wwfEidk of avmuf tjyifu vkyaf y;=uyg? om;wk@d udk tarwk@d u
tukefvHk;odw,f? od+yD;awmh rif;wkd@ukd aus;Zl;wifaew,f?
a=omf æ ig@om;av;awG ig@orD;av;awG v_yEf idk v f @dk v_yaf e=u
wm/ wk@d uo dk wd&&Smw,fq+dk yD;awmhav? tJ'aD wmh arwWm apw
em tjynfhxm;+yD;awmh Armtcsif;csif; pnf;pnf;vHk;vHk; nDnD
!Gw!f w G f cspcf spcf ifcife@J ae=uuG,af emf? vkyEf idk w
f muawmh 'gy?J
tarwk@d b0uawmh rv_yEf idk b f ;l om;&J@? olw@dk uvnf; olw@dk
tiftm;u rawmifhwif;awmh bmrS vGwfvyfcGifh ray;Ekdifbl;
tarwkd@ukd?

• tarqdkvkd@&Sd&if acwfawG trsm;}uD;vnf; rDcJhw,f tar

&,f ? acwf a wG x J r S m 'D a cwf u om;wk d @ awG @ &wm awmf
awmf a v; qk d ; aew,f a yg@ tar&,f ? taru acwf
awGtrsm;}uD; rDvmwJh tcgusawmh 'Dacwf&J@ tae txm;
u b,fvkdyHkpHrsdK;jzpfaevJvkd@ tar b,fvkdjrifvJ tar?

• 'Dacwftaetxmm;u om;&,f æ tar t*FvdyfacwfrSm

aecJ&h w,faemf? t*Fvyd af cwf aecJw h ek ;f u t*Fvyd af wGu aer0if
tifyg,m}uD;&J@ ocif? olwkd@u tus,f}uD;tkyfcsKyf=uwm?
tJ'aD wmh olw@dk rmS ckid +f rJr_ trsm;}uD;&Sw
d ,f? &Sad wmhow l @dk u tar
wk@d udk 'Dru
dk a&pD ajcmufq,fom; ckepfq,fom; avmufawmh
ay;xm;wmayg@? tJ'gudk wk@d ArmawGu tckbmajymw,f rSwf
wke;f æ “t*Fvyd u f |ejf zpf&wm awmfao;w,f”wJ?h

b,f'v D [
kd w
k yf g@rwke;f ? olw@dk u olw@dk wwfEidk of avmuf vdrmR
oavmuf wk@d udk csKyfxm;wmyJu?G tck wk@d rvkyEf idk w f muvnf;
olwdk@rSm bmrSrcdkif+rJvkd@/ bmrSraocsmvkd@ wkd@tay: zdwmuG?
taru tJ'DvkdyJ jrifw,f? tJ'Dawmh 'gukd wkd@u wwfEkdifo
avmuf wif;cH+yD; wk@d tcsi;f csi;f nDn! D w G !
f w G f &So
d xuf jr‡ihf
ay;&rSmyJ?

30
 rSmcsifwmu tJ'gyo J m;? tjyifbufrSmae=uwJh om;awGorD;
awGu trsm;}uD; vGwv f yfw,fav? vGwv f yfayr,hf wk@d Arm
vlrsKd ;&J@ xH;k pHaygo
h m;? ody+f yD;awmh =um=um}uD; vufwEJG idk w f m
r[kwb f ;l ? uGwJ ,f+yJw,f 'g æ xH;k pH? tJ'aD wmh taru tJ'D
tuGt J +yJudk a&SmifEidk o
f avmuf a&Smif+yD;awmh wkid ;f jynftwGuf
vlrsKd ;twGu/f wk@d ArmawG (jrefrmawG) tm;vH;k twGuf rif;wk@d
wwfEidk o f avmuf nDn! D wG !f w
G f pnf;pnf;vH;k vH;k cspcf spcf ifcife@J
vkypf &m&Sw d m vkyaf y;=uygv@dk ajymcsiw f myJ?

• [kwfuhyJ gtar æ tarvnf; 'Dxufykd+yD; usef;rmygapvkd@ qk

awmif;ygw,f tar?

• at; æ 0rf;omygw,f?

• tar wjcm; ajymcsiw

f m&S&d ifvnf; ajymygO;D tar?

• tar use;f rmaeoa&G@ v_y&f mS ;Ekid af o;oa&G@awmh tarvnf;

rif;wk@u
d vdk nf; qkawmif;r,faemf? tarwk@d uv
dk nf; ig@om;wk@d u
tm±Hjk yKay;=uygv@dk aemf? ?

tuG J t jyJ u k d a&S m if E k d i f o avmuf a&S m if j yD ; awmh

wkdif;jynftwGuf vlrsdK;twGuf/ wkd hArmawG (jref
rmawG) tm;vHk;twGuf rif;wkdh wwfEkdif oavmuf
nDnD !Gwf!Gwf pnf;pnf;vHk;vHk; cspfcspf cifcifeJh
vkyfp&m&Sdwm vkyfay;-uygvkd h ajymcsifwmyJ?

31
32
 tarvlxka':trm
uG,fvGefjcif;twGuf ay;ykd@=uonfh
0rf;enf;o0%fv$mrsm;

33
 A[kpd nf;±H;k a&;aumfrwD ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD
CENTRAL ORGANIZING COMMITTEE, COMMUNIST P
ORGANIZING AR
PARTY OF B
ARTY URMA
BURMA

ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDwGif;&Sd acwfòyifvkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;rS
uG,fvGefol vlxka':trmtwGuf
xk w f j yef a =unmcsuf

&ufpJG 7/ 4/ 2008

1? wdkif;jynfudkcspfoltm;vHk; 0rf;enf;=u&rnfh owif;w&yf ,ae@yif

=um;odvdkuf=u&onf? “a':trmuG,fvGef+yD” qdkaomowif; jzpfonf?
a':trmonf
- e,fcs@J qef@usiaf &;acwf oydwaf rSmufausmif;oltjzpf xif&mS ;cJo h l
- xufjrufaom uavmif&iS w f OD;
- jynfwGif;ppfumvwav#mufvHk; q&m}uD;ocifudk,fawmfrd_if;aemufrS
urBm+h idr;f csr;f a&;/ jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;twGuf pdu
k v
f u
kd rf wfwwf pGr;f pGr;f
wrH aqmif&u G o
f l
- b,facwf b,ftcsed rf mS jzpfap jynfo@l a0'emudk a0r#cpH m;ol
- touf 90 ausmaf omfvnf; tem;r,l u¾aygi;f pHrk S wdik ;f jynftusKd ;
&S&d m&Sad =umif; vkyu f ikd af y;aeol jzpfonf?

2? u|Eyfk w
f @kd owdxm;rdonfrmS
- wdik ;f jynfukd cspo
f t
l m;vH;k u a':trmudk csp=f uonf?
- wdik ;f jynf. ,Ofaus;r_/ "avhx;kH pH/ ±d;k &mtarGtESprf sm;udk wefz;kd xm;=u
oltm;vH;k u ol@ukd jrwfE;kd =uonf?
- bmomra&G;/ vlrsKd ;ra&G;/ vlwef;pm;ra&G;/ touft&G,rf a&G;

34
 jynfot l m;vH;k u cspcf if=u - av;pm;=ujcif;udk cH&onf?
- pmayynm&Sirf sm;/ owif;pmq&m/ uAsmorm; pmorm;rsm;eJ@ pmaycspf
cifjrwfE;kd olawGu ol@ukd ae&may;=uonf? ol@pmawGzwf+yD; vdrmR ,Of
aus;vm=uonf? ol@ukd OD;xdyw f if=uonf?

3? pmayorm;rsm;u ol@uakd y;xm;aom*k%x f ;l *k%yf 'k af wG rsm;ygonf?

- teEWaus;Zl;&Si/f r[mrmwm/ vlx. k tmom0wD
- urBmwGif pHerlemðyavmufatmif yHjk yifa&;avmufatmif }uD;jrwfol
- jynfocl spaf om tEkynmonf
- jrefrmpmayavmu&J@"0l =H u,f
- &J&aJ wmuftar[k azmfjy=uonf?
- wcsKd @u yifv,f}uD;ESihf cdik ;f Edi_ ;f cJo
h nf? 'Dyifv,fjyif}uD;rSm arwWm/ opPm/
orm"d tawG;tac:/ vkypf rG ;f &nf ponfrsm; p&e,fum t&nfaysm0f if
aer_ukd &nf!eï ;f vdyk &kH ygonf?
- wcsdK@u tajymus,fwJh ‘aumif;uif’vdk@ wifpm;=uonf? jrifhjrwfr_/
wnfwrhH /_ +idr;f csr;f r_ukd ajymvd=k u[ef&o dS nf?
olonf ruG,v f eG rf u
D yif TuJo h @kd yal Zmfjcif; cH&ol jzpfonf? ylaZmfxu
kd f
olukd ylaZmf ae=uwmjzpfI u|Eyfk w f @kd rk'w d myGm;rd=uygonf?

4? olEiS yhf wfouf+yD; csKyfvu kd v

f #if
- uG,v f eG o
f mG ;=u+yjD zpfwhJ ole@J acwfòyif vlawGuvnf; wefz;kd xm; av;pm;
oGm;=uonf?
- ouf&x dS if&mS ; rsuaf rSmufacwfvt l rsm;uvnf; ol@vyk af qmifcsurf sm;udk
auseyf tm;&=uonf?
- tvm;wl aESmif;vlawGe@J arG;zGm;vm=uOD;rnfh jrefrmEdik if o H El ikd if o
H m;rsm;
uvnf; rarhraysmufoifo h t l jzpf jyefvnfazmfxw
k f *k%ðf yae=uygvrd hf
rnf?
av;pm;tyfaom vlxrk cd if}uD; +idr;f csr;f pGmtem;,lygavmh? ?

35
 A[kd pnf;±H;k a&;aumfrwD Armjynf uGejf rLepfygwD
CENTRAL OR GANIZING COMMITTEE, COMMUNIST P
ORGANIZING AR
PARTY OF
ARTY
BURMA

‘vlxkrdcif’psmyeyGJukd &nfpl;I ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDrS

rsd K ;quf o pf & J a bmf r sm;. xk w f j yef a =unmcsuf
(1§ 2008)
9 - 4 -2008

,ae@onf vlxrk cd if. ±kyu f vmyfudk jymcs+yD; {&m0wDjrpfwiG f a&ar#mrnfh

ae@jzpfonf?
jrpfrif;{&monf ol@orD;}u;D ukd axG;yku d }f uKd qkI
d ol@c&D;ol qufygvrd rhf nf?
vlxrk cd if. ±kyef mrftpkta0;onf trdajrrS aysmufu, G o f mG ;cJyh g+yD? ok@d
aomf ol.pdwf"mwfonfum; urBmajrrS aysmufuG,froGm;/ {&m0wDuvnf;
taysmuftysucf rH nf r[kw[ f k vH;k 0yif,=kH unfonf?
,if;pdwf"mwfum; ‘zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fr_rSefor# tnHhrcH wGef;vSefwkdufckduf
oGm;rnf’ qdak om pdw"f mwf jzpfonf?
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDrS rsdK;qufopfrsm;onf ,if;pdwf"mwfukd tarG
qufcu H m rw&m;rif;rlowfjzwfaeonfh ppftyk pf . k zdEydS cf sKyfcs,rf r_ eS o
f r#udk tnHh
rcH wGe;f vSef wku d yf 0JG ifomG ;rnf[k oEMÏd mefjyKygonf?
vlxrk cd if. pdw"f mwf xm0& t"Ge@f &n S yf gap?

Auy rsd K ;quf o pf r sm;uk d , f p m;

&J a bmf p k d ; cspf
9 - 4 -2008

36
 tarvlxk a':trm uG,fvGefjcif;twGuf
0rf;enf;o0%fv$m

tarvlxka':trm tvGefjrifawG@vdkaom 'Drdkua&pDacwfopfw&yfudk

jrifawG@ roGm;&ao;cifrmS tckvu kd ,G v f eG o
f mG ;jcif;twGuf u|eaf wmfw@dk vl@abmif
opf'rD u kd &ufwpfygww D pf&yfv;Hk u rdom;pkEiS x hf yfwx l yfr# ESajrmwo 0rf;enf;
a=uuGJ&ygw,f?
tar vlxak ':trm[mæ
1936 ckEpS f 'kw, d ausmif;om;oydwu f kd OD;aqmifcw hJ hJ ausmif;olb0rS
p+yD; 2008 ckEpS f {+yDv (7)&ufae@ qk;H yg;uG,v f eG o f mG ;csed tf xd puUe@f rvyf vlxk
bufu&yfwnfc/hJ vlxEk iS t hf wl cHpm;cJ/h vlxEk iS t hf wl wdu k yf 0JG ifcohJ l jzpfygw,f?
vlxo k wif;pmwdu k u f kd tkypf ;kd oltm%mydik rf sm;u Oya'rJph mG 'dik ;f erdu k cf +JG y;D
zsufqD;wmudk cHcJh&pOfrSmjzpfap/ ppftm%m&Sifpepf&JΠzdpD;ESdyfpufr_rsm;a=umifh
rdom;pk0ifrsm;ESihf aouG&J iS u f /JG uGcJ =hJ u&wJh uH=urRmrsm;ESihf }uHKqkcH &hJ wJt h cgrsm;
rSmjzpfap/ ppfa=uma&; pcef;rsm;ESihf tusO;f axmifrsm;twGi;f ud, k w f ikd jf zwfoef;
cJ&h pOfrsm;rSmjzpfap vlxak ':trm[m pd;k pOf;r# wkev f y_ jf cif; r&S/d tenf;i,fr#
awGa0,dr;f ,dik o f mG ;jcif;r&Sb d J vlxt k ay: xm0& opPmcdik =f unfco hJ l jzpfygw,f?
,ae@wikd ;f jynfrmS }uKH awG@&ifqikd af e&wJh jy\emt&yf&yfukd qk;d onfxuf
qk;d roGm;apa&; twGuf olrem ud, k rf emawG@qaHk qG;aEG;tajz&Sm&ef ppftpd;k &udk
t}udr}f udrf t}uHjyKwdu k w f eG ;f awmif;qdck o hJ vl nf; jzpfygw,f?
tar vlxak ':trm&JΠb0woufwm[m trsK;d om;vGwv f yfa&;/ 'Drkd
ua&pDa&;/ +idr;f csr;f a&;/ pmayESifh trsKd ;om;,Ofaus;r_ azmfxw k f xde;f odr;f um
37
uG,af &; paomwdu k yf rJG sm;ESihf twd+yD;aom b0woufwm jzpfygw,f? vlxEk iS hf
twl vlxt k wGuw f u kd yf 0JG ifcahJ om b0woufwmjzpfygw,f?
ppftm%m&Sipf epf tuket f pif zsuo
f rd ;f a&;/ vl@tcGit
hf a&;ESi'hf rD u
kd a&pD
tjynft h 0&&Sad &; wdu k yf pJG Of}uD;twGi;f rSm tarvlxak ':trm&JŒordik ;f [m xm0
pOf O'ge;f wGiaf eygvrd rhf ,f?
u|efawmfwkd@vl@abmifopf'Drdku&ufwpfygwDtaejzifh tarvlxk a':
trm&JΠwdik ;f jynfEiS vfh x l t k wGuf rm;rm;rwfrwf pGr;f aqmifcrhJ r_ eS of r#ukd av;av;
eufeuf wefz;dk xm; *k%jf yK armfueG ;f wiftyfygw,f?

A[d k a umf r wD
vl @ abmif o pf ' D r d k u &uf w pf y gwD
2008 ckESpf/ {+yDv (8)&uf

38
 tarvl x k a ':trm uG , f v G e f t ed p P a &muf j cif ; twG u f
jrefrmEkdifiHvHk;qkdif&m ausmif;om;rsm; 'Drkdu&ufwpfwyfOD;
(ausmif ; om;wyf r awmf ) . 0rf ; enf ; a=umif ; o0%f v $ m

e,fcs@J qef@usiaf &;/ vGwv f yfa&;/ jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;/ trsKd ;om;a&;wk@d
twGuf a&S@wef;rS pGr;f pGr;f wrH aqmif&u G cf o
hJ /l jynfov l xl b k ufrS tpOfxm0&
&yfwnfco hJ /l tmZmenfo&l aJ umif;wOD;jzpfaom tarvlxak ':trmum; 2008
ckEpS f {+yD 7 &ufae@wiG f uG,v f eG t
f edpaP &mufcahJ y+yD?

TtwGuaf =umifv h nf; rdrw

d @dk jrefrmEkid if vH ;kH qkid &f m ausmif;om;rsm; 'Drdk
u&ufwpfwyfO;D (ausmif;om;wyfrawmf) u tarvlxak ':trm uG,v f eG f tedpP
a&muf oGm;jcif;twGuf rdom;pk0ifrsm;ESihf xyfwx l yfr# ESajrm 0rf;enf; a=uuG&J
ygonf?

ausmif;om;b0rSpwifI aemufq;kH xGuo f uftxd b0wav#mufv;kH Y

rdrw
d @dk jynfov l x l }k uD;w&yfv;kH twGuof mru vlom;wkid ;f twGuf pmaytEky
nm/ Ekid if aH &;/ vlra_ &;/ ,Ofaus;r_/ e,fy,ftoD;oD;wGif pHerlemxm;avmuf
onfh tar. vkyaf qmifcsurf sm;ESihf tar.owW/d apwem/ ZG/J 0D&, d ESihf pGe@f vw
$ f
tepfemcHrw _ @dk rmS pum;vH;k tm;jzifh azmfjyIr&Ekid af vmufatmif }uD;us,jf rifrh m;
vSonfrmS tarhukd cspaf om av;pm;aom wefz;dk xm;aomolwidk ;f u tpOfxm0&
*k%jf yKrSww f rf;wifxm;+yD; jzpfygonf?
39
 xk@d a=umifv
h nf; ta0;a&mufom;orD;rsm;jzpfaom jrefrmEdik if v
H ;kH qkid &f m
ausmif;om;rsm; 'Dru dk &ufwpfwyfO;D (ausmif;om;wyfrawmf) rS tar. OwkZ
±kyu
f vmyftm; OD;cku d Ef w
_ q
f ufvsuf T *g&0jyK 0rf;enf;o0%fvm$ tm; ay;yk@d
vkduf&ygonf?

tarvlxak ':trmtm; xm0& av;pm;wefz;dk xm;vsuf

A[kdaumfrwD
jref r mEk d i f i H v H k ; qk d i f & m ausmif ; om;rsm;
'Drkdu&ufwpfwyfOD; (ausmif;om;wyfrawmf)

&ufp?JG ? 2008 ckEpS f {+yDv (8) &uf

40
 vlxkcspfonfh owif;pmq&m pma&;q&mr}uD; vlxk a':
trm uG , f v G e f o G m ;onf h t wG u f ArmEd k i f i H v k H ; qd k i f & m ausmif ; om;o
r*~ r sm;tzG J @ csKyf - Ed k i f i H j cm;a&;&m aumf r wD r S ay;yd k @ onf h 0rf ; enf ; jcif ;
o0%f v $ m

jynfow l &yfv;kH u cspcf ifwefz;dk xm;onfh jynfo@l bufrS b0w

oufwmvH;k rm;rm;rwfrwf&yfwnfay;cJo h nfh vlx&k @J tar a':trmonf(07/
04/ 2008) eHeufykdif; 8;37 rdepfwGif rEWav;+rdK@aq;±kH}uD;wGif qHk;yg; uG,fvGef
oGm;a=umif; =um;od&onft h wGuf rdrw d @dk ArmEkid if vH ;kH qkid &f m ausmif;om; or*~
rsm;tzG@J csKyf (Ekid if jH cm;a&;&m aumfrwD)taeESihf tvGe}f uD;rm;onfh qH;k ±_;H r_}uD;
tjzpf rdom;pkESifh xyfwl/ Armjynf ausmif;om;jynfol wpf&yfvHk;ESifhxyfwl
0rf;enf; a=uuG&J ygonf?
tarvlxka':trmonf wuUokdvfausmif;olb0wGif 1936
'kw, d ausmif;om;oydwrf S pwifI Armjynf. ausmif;om;v_y±f mS ;r_ orkid ;f wGif
wufºupGm yg0if v_yf&Sm;cJholwpfOD;jzpf+yD; e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;/ trsdK;om; vGwf
ajrmufa&;umv/ 'Dru dk a&pDEiS hf +idr;f csr;f a&;wkud yf u JG mv/ 1962 ckEpS f Akv d af e0if;
ppfwyf rw&m; tm%modr;f cJo h nfh umvrS pwifI jynfou l dk rw&m; n‡O;f yef;
ESyd pf ufaeaom e0w etz ppftyk pf ±k adS eonfh ,ae@umvxdwikd f touf 90
41
ausmf t±G,ftkdpmvmayr,fhvnf; ae@pOfESifhtr# =um;odae&onfh jynfol
vlxk. ae@pOfb0'kuQ taxGaxGtusyftwnf;rsm;. a&S@rSaeI 'Drkdua&pD
ta&;/vltcGit hf a&;wk@d &&Sad &;twGuf uG,v f eG o
f nftxd &yfwnfwu dk yf 0GJ if
oGm;onfh yk*~dKvfxl;yif jzpfygonf?
tarvlxak ':trm uG,v f eG o
f mG ;onfh ,ae@umvonf u|Eyfk w f @dk wkid ;f
jynf. 'Drdk ua&pDa&;twGuf tvGew f &m ta&;}uD;aeonfh tcsKd ;tauG@ wpfco k @dk
OD;wnfaeonfh tcsed jf zpfonft h wGuf wwkid ;f wjynfv;kH twGuf ,lusK;H r& jzpf&
ygonf? ok@d aomf vlxt k arrmonf vl@oufwrf;wav#muf orkid ;f . wm0efudk
tvGef ausyGefcJhonfhtwGuf u|Ekfyfwkd@ Auorsm;tzGJ@csKyf (EkdifiHjcm; a&;&m
aumfrwD) taejzifh 0rf;enf;pGmESihf OD;n¸wu f efawmh&if; tarvlxak ':trm.
vufqifu h rf; orkid ;f tarGudk qufvuf o,faqmifygrnf[k uwdjyKtyfyg onf?
vlx. k rdcif
ausmif;om;xk. tbGm;
aumif;&mok*wd vm;ygap?

Ed k i f i H j cm;a&;&maumf r wD
ArmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m ausmif;om;or*~rsm;tzGJ@csKyf
&ufpGJ - 2008ckESpf/ rwfv (9)&uf

42
 jrefrmh*%
k x f ;l aqmifpma&;q&m owif;pmq&mr}uD;
tar vlxak ':trm (1915 Ed0k ifbm 29 - 2008 {+yD 7)
uG,v f eG jf cif;twGuf ‘jrefrmowif;or*~’ .
txl;0rf;enf;o0%fvm$

jrefrmh*%
k xf ;l aqmif pma&;q&m owif;pmq&mr}uD; tar vlxk a':
trm (93 ESp)f onf {+yDv 7 &uf/ wevFmae@ eHeuf 8 em&D 37 rdepfwiG f rEœ av;
+rdK@ jynfo@l aq;±k}H uD;/ ESv;Hk a&m*g txl;ukaqmifY uG,v f eG o
f mG ;a=umif; =um;od
&onft h wGuf tar vlxak ':trm. use&f pfol rdom;pk0ifrsm;ESihf xyfwx l yfr#
ESajrmwo 0rf;enf; a=uuGjJ cif;jzpf&ygonf//
tarvlxak ':trmonf trsKd ;om;a&; *k%&f nfvuQ%mudk jr‡iw hf if azmf
aqmif&mwGif rsuaf rSmuf jrefrmpmayavmuY +yKd ib f ufuif;aom a&S@aqmifvrf;jy
pmqdak wmf jzpfygonf// tarrmonf ol}uD;jyif;cJ&h m a&ajravmuywf0ef;usi/f
olusiv f nfc&hJ m vlrb_ 0 ywf0ef;usi/f ol±ek ;f uefjzwfoef;cJ&h m ordik ;f acwf ywf0ef;
usif ponfw@kd EiS hf qufpyfvsu&f adS om Edik if o H l Edik if oH m;wd@k . awG@}uHK cHpm;&onfh
"rR"Ïd mefjzpf&yfrsm;udk acwfa=u;rkw H iG f owif;pmynmjzifv h nf;aumif;/ pmayjzifh
vnf;aumif;/ ±d;k om;jzLpifpmG rSww f rf;wifavh&ydS gonf? Edik if EH iS hf vlx. k em;rsuf
aphozG,jf zpfaom owif;pmynm&Si/f pmayynm&Sif yDyD tarrmonf ol@acwf
ol@umv. acwf+ydKifordik ;f udk owif;jzifv h nf;aumif;/ pmayjzifh vnf;aumif;/
wnf=unfajzmifrh wfpmG rSww f rf;wifEikd cf o
hJ nfh &Sm;yg;xl;c|eaf om pmqdak wmfjzpf
ygonf//
jynfolvlxk. vlom;qefaom arwWm apwem/ jynfolvlxk. pH,l
avmufaom Zmwdrmef/ jynfov l x l . k twk,zl , G f ZGJ owWd tm;rmef/ jynfol
vlx. k jrwfE;kd zG,f ,Ofaus;r_ xk;H "avh tp&So d nfw@kd ukd *EÎ0ifajrmuf wdik ;f jyKjynfjyK
43
pmtkypf mwrf;/ okawoeusr;f tapmifapmif/ aqmif;yg; pmrGef yk'af & ajrmuf
jrm;pGmjzifh a&;om; rSww f rf;wifum rsKd ;qufopfw@kd twGuf wefz;kd rjzwfEikd af om
pmay,Ofaus;r_ tarGtESprf sm; tjzpf csex f m;&pfayonf? tarrmonf 1936
ckEpS f touf 21 ESpf t&G,f 0dZm… wef;ausmif;oltjzpf &efuek f wuUov kd wf iG f
ynmoif=um;aepOfu 'kwd,ausmif;om;oydwfwGif oydwfarSmufausmif;ol
wOD;tjzpf a&S@wef;rS wufºupGmyg0ifco hJ nf? touf 30 t&G,rf S pwifI vlxk
owif;pm. t,f'Dwmtjzpf wm0ef,lum vlxktusdK;pD;yGm;bufrS tjrJ
&yfwnfvsuf owif;pmacgi;f }uD;rsm;/ a0zefpmrsm; a&;cJo h nf? ta&;}uD;onfh
tcgwdkif;vnf; jynfolESifh waoG;wom;wnf;&Sda=umif; tpOft+rJ &yfwnfjy
ocJo h nfh pmay ynm&Siv f nf; jzpfonf// xd@k a=umifyh if wEdik if v
H ;Hk &Sd pma&;q&mrsm;/
owif;pmq&mrsm;/ uAsmq&mrsm;/ yef;csq D &mrsm;/ umwGe;f q&mrsm;/ obif y
nm&Sifrsm;/ tEkynm&Sifrsm;/ pme,fZif;avmuom;rsm;/ pmay0goem&Sifrsm;/
pmzwfy&dowfrsm;onf ESppf Ofrysuf usi;f yavh&adS om tarrm. arG;ae@yo JG @kd
rysurf uGuf wufa&muf=ujcif;tm;jzifh tarrmtm; 0ef;&H *k%jf yKcJ=h uonf?
tar vlxak ':trmonf tm%m&Siw f @kd .rsuEf mS udk axmufxm;avh r&S/d jynfol
vlxk rsuEf mS udo k m tjrJ axmufxm;ojzifh tarrmh ywf0ef;usi&f dS rdwaf qGrsm;
jynforl sm;u tarrmhtm; vlxb k ufutjr&J yfwnfaom pHerlem,lp&m jrefrmh
*k%x f ;l aqmif pma&;q&m/ owif;pmq&m/ jynfo@l pmqdt k jzpf vufcH owfrw S f
=ujcif; jzpfonf//
jrefrmh*%k x
f ;l aqmifpma&;q&m owif;pmq&mr}u;D tar vlxak ':trm
uG,v f eG f oGm;jcif;onf ,ae@ jrefrmpmayavmu. ‘a±$awmif}uD;’ +ydKusonfh
yrm tpm;xd;k r&Edik af om uGuv f yf}uD;wck use&f pfouJo h @kd jzpf&ayonf?
tarrmh rdom;pktwGuf tpm;xd;k r&aom qk;H ±H;_ r_}uD; jzpfouJo h @kd / jrefrmh
pmay avmuESihf wdik ;f jynftwGuv f nf; tpm;xd;k r&Edik o f nfh qH;k ±H;_ r_}u;D jzpfygonf?
odk@aomf tar vlxka':trm. wdkif;usdK;jynfusdK; aqmifchJonfh }uD;jrwfaom
*k%fowif; tpOftvmonfvnf;aumif;/ tarcsefxm;&pfaom pmay,Of
aus;r_ tarGtESprf sm;onfvnf;aumif;/ tem*wf jrefrmhordik ;f armfueG ;f wdu k wf iG f
wefz;kd rjzwfEikd o f nfh &wemrsm;tjzpf xm0pOf xGe;f vif;aevdrrhf nf[k ‘jrefrm
owif;or*~’ u rrSw d rf okef ,k=H unfygonf//
rsufarSmuf jrefrmpmayavmuY +ydKifbufuif;aom a&S@aqmifvrf;jy
pmay okcrdefjzpfonfhtavsmuf jrefrmpmay/ tEkynm/ ,Ofaus;r_/ xkH;"avh
tp&Sdaom trsdK;om;a&; *k%ftifvuQ%mrsm; raysmufrysufatmif xdef;
44
odr;f ay;±krH u/ wd;k wufymG ;pnf; ap&efvnf; ZGJ vk@H v 0d&, d }u;D pGm aqmif&u G cf o
hJ nfh
tarrm. }uD;jrwfaom apwem arwWm w&m;wd@k uv kd nf; ‘jrefrmowif;or*~’
tzG@J om;rsm;u tpOfyif atmufarhowd&ae=urnf jzpfygonf// tarrm vdv k m;
awmifw h cJah om qENjzpfonfh ‘jrefrmEdik if w H iG f owif;pm vGwv f yfciG hf ay:xGe;f a&;’
udkvnf; ‘jrefrmowif;or*~’tzGJ@om;rsm;taejzifh udk,fpGrf;^m%fpGrf;&Sdor#
}udK;pm;tm;xkwo f mG ;rnf jzpfygonf?
jrefrmh*%
k x f ;l aqmifpmqdk tar vlxak ':trm aumif;&mok*wd bkb H 0
odk h a&muf&ydS gap// jrefrmh*% k xf ;l aqmifpmqdk tar vlxak ':trm. wdik ;f usKd ;
jynfusKd ;aqmif *k%o f wif; t"Ge@f &nS yf gap?
jref r mowif ; or*~
tvkyftr_aqmiftzGJ@

45
(1)? (vlxOk ;D vS). ZeD;/ ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD ajyma&;qkcd iG &hf o
dS l &Jabmfz;dk oHacsmif;
. rdcif/ jynfocl spaf om vlxpk mqkad wmf tarvlxak ':trm uG,v f eG o
f mG ;a=umif;
od&onft h wGuf rdrw d @dk ik&ifjyif &Jabmfrsm;rS rdom;pkEiS hf xyfwl 0rf;enf;a=uuG&J yg
a=umif; use&f pfaom rdom;pk aqGrsKd ;rsm;tm; odaptyfygonf?

(2)? arG;zGm;jcif;rS aoqH;k onftxd ukv d edk eD ,fcs@J awmfveS af &;/ zufqpfqef@usiaf &;/
jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;/ ppftm%m&Sipf epf wku d zf suaf &;wk@d wiG f tzdEydS cf jH ynfov
l x
l k
ESihf trSewf &m;bufrS &J&ifph mG OD;aqmif&yfwnfco hJ nfh rsKd ;csppf mqkad wmf}u;D tarvl
xka':trm uG,v f eG jf cif;onf wkid ;f jynfEiS hf jynfov l x l t k wGuf tvGeef pfemqH;k ±_;H
r_ w&yf jzpfonf?

(3)? trsLd ;bmom/ omoem t"Ge@f &n S w f nfwahH &;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_tarGtESprf sm;
rwdraf umap&ef apmifah &Smufonfh ol&aJ umif;wOD; usq;kH jcif;vnf; jzpfonf?

(4)? wkid ;f jynfEiS hf jynfovl xl t k wGuf ppftm%m&Sipf epf/ ppftyk pf /k ppftpk;d &tm;
&yfwnfcsucf idk rf mpGm wku d yf 0JG ifaeaom u|e;f jyefo&l aJ umif;wOD;vnf;jzpf/ Arm
jynfueG jf rLepfygw. D ajyma&;qkcd iG &hf o
dS l acgi;f aqmifwOD;tm; arG;zGm;ay;cJo
h nfh rdcif
tmZmenfwOD; usq;kH jcif;vnf; jzpfonf?
46
(5)? jynfo@l pmayynm&Sif trsm;tjym;ESihf wkid ;f cspjf ynfcsppf w
d &f adS om vli,frsm;
pGmukd oabmw&m;a&;&mt&/ vky[ f eft& vrf;!¸ef arG;jrLjyKpk ysKd ;axmifay;cJh
aom wm0efod rsKd ;csp&f aJ bmfwOD; usq;kH jcif;vnf; jzpfonf?

(6)? jrefrmh pmayynm&Si}f uD; q;H±k ;H_ jcif;vnf; jzpfonf?

(7)? taronf aoqH;k jcif;r[kwf &Sijf yefxajrmufrnfh olawmfpif jzpfonf? 0dnmOf

onf jrefrmjynfov l x
l .
k xGu&f yfvrf;tm; !¸ejf yay;aevdrrhf nf? vlx. k &ifxJ
wGif xm0& ude;f atmif;aernfh =u,fpifwpif; jzpfaernf[k tºuif;rJh ,H=k unf
onf?

tav;eDjyKyg. æ æ
tar aumif;uifbYkH at;csr;f pGm pHjref;Ekid yf gap?

sm;
ik & if j yif & J a bmf r sm

47
“0rf;enf;jcif;o0%fv$m (okd@) uEWm&ESif;qDjzL tarokd@ uefawmhyef;”

ESvHk;vSol. tvkyfonf avmuukd tvSqifjcif;jzifh vlom;. t

"dym` ,fudk ykrd adk v;eufapaoma=umifh uk, d u hf ,dk w
f idk vf nf; tvSqif+yD;om; jzpfae
ayonf? pmaywGif trsm;tusKd ;twGuf apwem E_;d ay;aom txl;ojzifh ab;
'ku}Q u;D us a&mufaeol trsm;jynfow l @dk udk 'kuaQ b;rS vGwaf jrmufatmif apwem
E_;d ay;aom pmrsm;ukd a&;jyEkid o f w l @dk um; ykI d yif armfueG ;f awmufajymif }uD;us,f
=uvdrrhf nf?
+idr;f csr;f at;jraom pmayv0ef;}uD;wql uG,af ysmufc+hJ yD?
jynfou l cdk spaf om jynfou l csp&f aom pmayv0ef;}uD;wql uG,af ysmuf
cJ+h y?D
taronf i,fi,fwkef;uvnf; EkdifiHukd cspfonf?
}uD;awmhvnf; EkdifiHukd cspfonf?
i,f i ,f w k e f ; uvnf ; vl a wG u k d cspf o nf ?
}uD ; awmh v nf ; vl a wG u k d cspf o nf ?
i,fi,fwkef;uvnf; rSefuefr#wr_ukd cspfonf?
}uD;awmhvnf; rSefuefr#wr_ukd cspfonf?
trsm;jynfot l usKd ;/ wkid ;f jynftusKd ;/ omoemtusKd ;twGuf vGwv f yf
a&; }udK;yrf;r_umvrsm;rSonf rsuaf rSmufacwfxw d idk f xrf;&Guo
f mG ;onfh ESv;kH
vSpmqkd&Sif tarh*k%faus;Zl;twGuf usaemfwkd@ zGJ@qkdEkdifaom pmpkonf r[m
48
ork'&N m a&jyifus,x f rJ S wpufwaygurf # jyEkid o f nfom jzpfvrd rhf nf? aESmif;acwf
rsKd ;qufopfrsm;twGuf tarhapwem/ tarharwWmrsm;jzifh jyKpka&;om;oGm;aom
pmayrsm;onf xkxkxnfxnf usef&pfcJhayonf? ±kyfcE<mtm;jzifh tarao
qH;k cJ+h yD;onfw
h idk f tarhpm/ tarhemrnf/ aESmif;vlw@dk tay: xm;&Sad om tarharwWm
w&m;wk@d onf b,faomtcgrS aysmufu, G yf supf ;D Ekid af wmhrnf r[kwaf cs? Arm
pmay/ raysmufuG,frysufokOf;oa&G@ ESvHk;tdrfpOfquf udef;atmif; aeawmh
rnfomwnf;?
tarhpma&;ouf wav#mufv;kH wGif tqdyt f awmufjzpfaponfh pm[lI
pkd;pOf;r#r&SdcJh? tarhuavmifzsm;rS xGufay:vmavor# pmwkdif;onf trsdK;
om;a&;udk b,fawmhrS vufrv$wcf ?hJ trsKd ;om;,Ofaus;r_ taqmufttHu k dk
tzufzufu xde;f odr;f umuG,f wnfaqmufomG ;aom uavmif&iS f tar æ?
tzdEydS cf H tESrd cf H vlqif;&JausmrGrJ sm;bufrS rm;rm;rwfrwf &yfco hJ t
l aræ?
rw&m;r_reS o f r#udk cg;cg;oD;oD; wGe;f vSecf o hJ l tar æ?
ay;qyfjcif;wckwnf;twGuf touf&iS f &yfwnfc=hJ uwJh arwWm&Sif rdom;pk&@J yJu h idk f
&Sit f ar æ?
avmu"Hw&m;aygi;f pHek @J &if;ED;S u|r;f 0ifco hJ t l ar æ?
twk,pl &m *k%o f ed af ygi;f eJ@ wifw
h ,fxrkH rG ;f xm;wJt h ar æ?
om;wk@d qak wmif;ygonf uEWm&ESi;f qDjzL tarcifAsm; æ?
tarh&ZJ /JG tarh&@J owW/d tarh&@J ou d mQ / tarh&@J orm"dw&m;rsm; wpGe;f
wpyif jzpfygap/ om;wk@d &@J ESv;kH tdraf oG;a=umtwGi;f jzwfoef;pD;qif;ygapom;?
oDvpif=u,faom arwWm apwem u±k%mw&m;rsm; jynf0h aom tar
vlxak ':trmtm; tm[m&pmapmif 0kid ;f awmfom;rsm;rS ±kad ojrwfE;dk vufprkH ;kd I
&Sdckd;uefawmhygonf?

tm[m&pmapmif0kdif;awmfom;rsm;

49
 vrif;w&m pmayqufqHa&;ESifh
rm,mpmayr*~Zif;rS ay;ykd@aom
0rf;enf;o0%fv$m
ES a jrmwojcif ; ES i f h 0rf ; enf ; a=uuG J j cif ; ?

tarrmuG,v f eG jf cif;[m awmfveS jf ynfoal wGtwGu/f wwkid ;f

jynfv;Hk twGu/f jynfow l &yfv;Hk twGuf t}uD;rm;qk;H aom qk;H ±_;H r_}uD;jzpfw,fv@dk
cHpm;&ygw,f? tarvkd cspfcif ±kdaoav;pm;wJh vlxkacgif;aqmif}uD;twGuf
ESajrmwor_vnf; jzpfovk0d rf;enf;a=uuGrJ v _ nf; jzpfa=umif;?
tar wzGzG oGeo f ifcwhJ t
hJ wkid ;f om;wk@d vku
d ef musi}hf uH tm;
xkwo f mG ;rSm jzpfa=umif;?

vrif ; w&m pmay quf q H a &;ES i f h rm,mpmay r*~ Z if ; ?

{+yD (7) / 2008?
wef c l ; vqef ; (2) &uf / 1369?

50
 usef & pf o l rd o m;pk o k d @

owif;pmq&m/ pma&;q&mr}uD; vlxka':trm (tarrm)

uG,v f eG jf cif;twGuf use&f pforl o d m;pkrsm;ESit hf wl xyfwx l yfr# 0rf;enf;a=uuGJ
Irqk;H / ESajrmworqk;H pdwx f cd udk v
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tJ'g æ
wkid ;f jynf&@J tar
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vlxak ':trm
ESpo f ;kH q,f oH;k cgajrmuf
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82
(91) ESpf+ynfh tarokdh h h h
ukd;q,fausmfvkd@rS
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q&m1vnf; r&Sd
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usaemfwkd@vnf; vGrf;ygw,ftar?

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tarhrSm
em=unf;p&m

83
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ajymomajymw,f
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2
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S

84
 vlxktar oufawmf&Snf
vlxkom;cspf

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tarrm (vl x k a':t rm) arG ; ae@twG u f &nf p l ; xk w f a 0cJ h w J h
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vlxak ':trm&J@ ±kyyf v

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ol@u,
dk o
f l a':a':wJh
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tawmfi,fygao;&J@
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85
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h ,f?

(2)

orD;t}uD;u oef;&ifrm
aq;ausmif;ol orD;&wem?
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86
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vdrRm,Ofaus;/ cspfp&mav;awGyJ?

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(3)

q&m}uD; a&$Oa'gif;uawmh
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87
tcsed yf idk ;f t,f'w
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q&mawmf a&$ukdif;om;vJ &Sdav&J@?

armifodef;Ekdif/ armifrkd;ole@J tjrifrsK;d wla,mif

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tif;0*k%f&nfu ukdav;wkd@uawmh
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vlx&k @J OD;xkyaf ygAh sm?
{nfch ef;t0if0rSm wv_yv f y_ ef @J

88
tvkyf vkyaf eav&J@?
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pmayc&D; avSmfcwfch=J uwm
trSwf& vGrf;qGwfrdao;w,f?

(4)

vlxkvrf;ukd vkdufwJh
vlxkwkduf vlxkae&m[m
pmaytEkynm bk&H yd o f myg?

rEWav;&J@ &eH@
wysH@ysH@oif;aewJh
vlxkpmayyGJcif;yg?

tarrm[m
ta=utnmu pmayrdcifyg?

pmaytEkynm/ yef;yGi&hf mrSm

vdyjf ymawmifyH wzsyzf syf cwf+yD;
pmaypdw"f mwf rsK;d aphcsz@dk
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&mpkaxmifcsD+yD;
awmif'yD g ZrŠLu|e;f rSm
vGr;f &pfz,
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vlxkom;cspf
9 &uf/ pufwifbm 2003 ck?

89
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90
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acwfru D se;f rm urBm&Gm +idr;f csr;f oHpkH v$r;f apr,f?

( tusOf;axmiftwGif; usif;ycJhwJh tarrmharG;ae@ tcrf;tem;rSm

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29-11-2001?

91
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taru
tarb0ukd ausmufom;ausmufpidk v f dk oabmxm;
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vwfqwfwJhaw;oGm;awGygtar?

remvkdp&maumif;avmufatmif

92
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93
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pmay*Dw tEkynm
±d;k &m ,Ofaus;r_

95
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8-4-08

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102
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tarhukd ac:aqmifomG ;cJjh yD //

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k =f uayg@ //

ta&S@bufqDu
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ppfuikd ;f rif;0Hawmif&;kd
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109
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toufeJ@tr#
b0ukov kd f
wpfayG@wpfyu kd f
jyKvdu
k &f jyDyJ auseyfygawmh //

ckawmh æ tara&
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tarht&d;k jym
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ork'&N m toG,o f ,
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rkcs O'ge;f wGi&f pfayvdrrhf ,f æ /

vlxck spw
f @J tarrm
aumif;&mok*wdvm;apaom0f //

zd;k eD
1-5-08

111
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vGwfajrmufe,fajr ukd;&D;,m;

112
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113
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(23/ 4/ 2008)

114
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115
 (2)
7- 4- 08
vlxkukd cspfwhJ vlxku cspfwhJ
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pk ;d jrifjh rwf

116
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tarrm. aemufqHk;c&D;ukd cHpm;a&;zGJ@ygonf

· 2008 {+yD 7 &uf eHeufcsed cf g

ArmjynfrmS
tcsed t
f cgr[kwf aevH;k uG,af ysmuf
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· tarvlxak ':trmqkw d m
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f hJ

117
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· tarvlxak ':trmqkw d m
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118
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· tarrmu
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cg;awmif;usKd ufrjzKwf
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119
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120
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(14 {+yD 200*)

121
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&Jabmfausmaf v;

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122
 (2)

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123
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(10-4-2008)

124
,Ofaus;rSpk pfrsuEf mS .
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125
 · ausmif;om;Edik if aH &;rvky&f qdw k hJ
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· tkypf ;dk olawG opPmazmuf

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t+rpJ ;kd &draf e&olyg?

· rdcifa':trmqdw k m
awmfveS of al wGarG;xkwf
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wnfaqmufcsio f yl g?

7 &uf/ {+yD 2008 wGif

b0wyg;odk@ ul;ajymif;oGm;ol
vlxka':trmtwGuf *k%fðypyfqdkygonf?

cspfatmif
9 - 4 - 2008

126
jynfol rh cd if
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tm;ukd;avmufonfhtaray?

127
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25-4-2008?

128
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&JabmfaiG (r}unfav;)

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129
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yGivhf m$ xHek @H uif;awmhw,f?

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tarhb0 woufwm
twdwt f a=umif;/ iJah pmif;wGupf pf
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130
jynfo@l bufawmfom;tjzpf
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131
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dk a&pDa&;twGuf vH;k yef;tm;xkwcf ?hJ

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132
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tarxm;&pfcJhwJh
tarhpw d "f mwf
tarhpmay
tarh&@J tarGtESpfawG[m
jynfolvlxkt=um;
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'Drudk a&pDa&;atmifyef;
rvG{J uefqifjref;&rSmtrSeyf g? ?

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28 {+yD 2008?

133
om;trdcsi;f
ay;pmwapmif
zkd;oH (vlxk)

w&mpkrmS q,fEpS af vsmh

tarawmhjzifh touf 90
r=umrDrmS jynfah wmhr,f?

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'DtESpf uk;d q,ftwGi;f

usaemfrarG;cifu tESpf 30
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134
ighom;ajy;aya&mhvkd@om
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igjzifh vnfjyefawmif jyefr=unfh
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a=omf æ twlraewJo h m;u

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136
 92 ESpjf ynfh
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137
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138
r[kwb f ;l / avScu G cf sn;f r[kwb
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139
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140
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141
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ZifZif

142
tarhvr
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ausmif;ol rtrmtjzpfom pwifjrifzl;cJh&jcif; jzpfonf? 1936 ausmif;om;
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169
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173
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bmjzpfv@dk 'Dvdk warwnf;arae=uwmvJ?
touf 80 ausmrf @dk vm;?
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tcktm;vH;k u tar tareJ@ ac:ae=uwJh vlxak ':trm? a': a':vlxak ':trmukd
bmjzpfv@dk 'Dvdk vlawG csp=f uwmvJqw dk m avhvm=unf&h atmif æ ?

a':a':vlxka':trm&J@b0[m jrefrmjynfolawG&J@ b0eJ@ t+rJwrf;

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hJ vkyd /J pwkwÎ
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q&m}uD;[m ol@&@J vufpaJG wmf “a&$a'gi;f awmif uavmifwrsKd ;”eJ@vnf;
wkid ;f usKd ; jynfusKd ;ukd aqmifcyhJ gw,f? touf 70 ausmf tk}d uD; tkrd a&mufaewJh
txdvnf; jynfciG t f ES@H uo dk mru Ekid if &H yfjcm;wkid ;f jynfrsm;txd c&D;vSnv hf nf
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xrf;aqmifcyhJ gao;w,f? trsKd ;om;tusKd ; urBmol urBmom;wk@d &@J tusKd ;ukd q&m
}uD;[m ol@ycH;k eJ@xrf;+yD; aqmif&u G o f mG ;cJw h myg?
q&m}uD;ocifukd,fawmfr_dif;vkd owif;pmq&m}uD;rsdK;ukd =unfh+yD;
owif;pmq&mqkdwm “jynf}uD;ycHk;”“jynf}uD;vuf±Hk;”jzpfw,fvdk@ owif;
pmq&m}uD; OD;xGe;f azu ajymcJw h mvk@d xifygw,f?
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vlxo k wif;pmukd pxkww f hJ (19-4-46) ae@uae &yfqidk ;f oGm;cJ&h wJh (7-
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qk&d if æ æ
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tzG@J }uD;ukd pwifwnfaxmifco hJ v l @dk qkEd idk yf gw,f? vlxo k wif;pm[m zqyv
eJ@twl vGwv f yfa&;wku d yf 0JG if “jynf}uD;vuf±;kH ” tjzpf yg0ifc?hJ
1949 {+yDv 24 &uf æ zqyvtpk;d &u owif;pmwku d u f dk 'kid ;f erku
d jf zifh
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1949 Ekd0ifbm 1 &uf æ owif;pm jyefvnfxkwfc?hJ
176
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10-5-1960 æ owif;pm jyefxGuf?
7-7-1967 æ owif;pm &yfpcJ &H ? pma&;oltygt0if &efuek w f u dk cf EJG iS hf
rEWavrS wku d of m; (5) OD; xde;f odr;f cHc&hJ ?
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w&m;”eJ@ obm0w&m;awGyg?
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180
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=u&m u|eaf wmfw@dk trd ef @J vlxk owif;pmwku d q f w dk m vrf;[kb d ufxyd ef @J 'Dbuf
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181
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aEG;jcif;/ ajymqkdjcif; r&dScJhpzl;? tjcm;vlr_ qufqHa&;pum;-pmaypum;awGyJ
ajymcJh=uwmyg? 'gayrJh zqyvtpkd;&&J@ taxmufawmf}uD;awGuawmh vlxk
OD;vSu ausmif;om;awGukd !¸ef=um;aew,f? aiGa=u; axmufyHhaew,fvkd@
xifuek =f uawmhw,f? 'Dvekd @J 1953 atmufwb dk mrSm wuUov dk f ausmif;wv
ydwaf &; wku d yf jJG zpfawmh u|eaf wmfw@dk ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm;eJ@twl vlxk
OD;vSuydk g zrf;vku d yf gawmhw,f? ol@vydk J txifrmS ; tzrf;cH&ol aemufwOD; uawmh
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awmfwkd@ ausmif;om;awGukd v$wfay;w,f? 'gayrJh OD;vSukdawmh v$wfray;bJ
av;ESpx f d axmifxrJ mS qufxm;w,f? 'gawGrmS ;rSe;f aemifov d mwJt h wGuf tJ'D
acwfu zqyvtpkd;&&J@ jynfxJa&;0ef}uD; Akdvfcifarmifav;[m aemif ol&m
xl; jyKwfvmwJhtcg vlxkOD;vSqDvm+yD; uefawmhoGm;ygw,f? (28-11-79)
“OD;av;vnf; ol@udk qkawG t=um}uD; ay;ypfvu dk of uGm”vk@d 'Dta=umif; u|ef
awmfu h dk jyefajym&if; OD;av;u &,f&,f+yHK;+yHK;ajymygw,f? (OD;Ekuvnf; rSm;a=umif;
0efco H mG ;ygw,f?)
1955 rSm u|eaf wmf axmifxu J xGuv f mawmh wuUov dk jf yefaecGihf r&
ao;ygb;l ? u|eaf wmf vlxo k wif;pmwku d rf mS nt,f'w D m 0ifvyk yf gw,f? ae@
t,f'w D mu OD;xGe;f az (ol&/ &Sr;f jynf)? olu owif;pmtwGi;f pmrsuEf mS awGudk
ae@cif;rSm vkyo f mG ;+yD;/ rsuEf mS zH;k eJ@ ausm&,f/ tv,fpmrsuEf mS ESprf suEf mS &,fudk
u|efawmfhtwGuf xm;cJhygw,f? ta&;}uD;wJh pmrsufESmawGyg? wkdif;jynfrSm
wae@wmtwGi;f jzpfysucf w hJ hJ owif;awGxu J ta&;}uD;qH;k owif;awGudk aemuf
usEkdifoavmuf aemufusatmifapmifh+yD; rsufESmzHk;rSm xnfh&wm jzpfygw,f?
rEWav;eJ@ txuftnm owif;awGuadk wmh uk, d yf idk o
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owif;ukad wmh w,fvzD ek ;f eJ@ ay;w,f? urBmo h wif;twGuf &GKu d wf m/ attufzyf /D
atyD/ &Sif[Gmowif;XmeawGu owif;v$mawG pmwkdufu a&mufaeayr,fh
aemufq;kH owif;ukad wmh bDbpD /D bDtadk t/ armfpuk/d yDuif; a&'D,o dk wif;awGuydk J
tm;udk; &w,f? u|efawmfhatmufrSm vufaxmuf t,f'Dwm wOD;&Sdygw,f?
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182
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csr;f jrompnfavqdyu f dk qku d af &mufvm=uwJt h csed u f p+yD; n ar+rdK@ (jyifO;D vGi)f
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183
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H wl ef;pm;ukd xdcudk ef pfemap&if
ra&;ygb;l ? a&Smifw,f?
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odxm;=uwJh tusiyhf suu f av;awG &Sw d ,f? 'gawGukd a':a':vnf; odwmygy?J
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tEkynmbufu=unfrh ,fq&dk if uH=urRmukyd J aus;Zl;wif&OD;awmh rvkv d ?dk
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184
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aewmyg? uae@&Sd aeEkdif=uwmyg?”(vlxktar/ jrefrmhr[m*Dw æ rS)

vlxak w;oHqw dk m w&Hrqdw/f twdwu f dk E_;d qG/ ypPKy`eu

f dk v_@H aqmf/ tem
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wkduf,lvkd@ &cJhwJh opPmw&m;awGav? trSefw&m;awG usaemfwkd@b0awGay:
yd+ydKvdrq
hf if; vmatmif/ axG;ayG@arG;jrLwwfatmif/ tiftm;awG }uD;xGm; &ifo h ef
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rk'w d mawGu ( 'Dxuf av;euf euf±id_ ;f wJh tjcm;pum;vH;k rsm; usaemfrh mS yg;&Sm;
w,f/ tarh&@J Ek@d &nfwpufv@dk yJ usaemfrw S ,
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jzwfoef;pD;qif; oGm;cJ+h yD r[kwv f m;?

(2)

trsm;eJ@qkdifwJh udpPawGrSm b,fawmhrS rjiif;wJh vlwa,muf? tJ'Dvkdvlukd

“trsm;eJ
taygif ; toif ; a&mif ; &if ; eJ @ ywf 0 ef ; usif v l @ taqmuf t tH k u b,f h E S , f vk y f + yD ;
arhEkdifrSmvJ?”(vlxktar/ awmifav;vHk;rS ewfu|ef;txd trSmpum; æ rS)

tareJ@ pwifqHkqnf;cJh&wJh ouU&mZfrsm;ukd jyefa&wGuf=unfhrdw,f?

1985 pmqkdawmf&moD? usaemfwdk@e,f+rdK@av;rSm pmqkdawmf&moDa&mufwkdif;
pma&;q&m/ uAsmq&mawGudk zdw=f um;+yD; pmaya[majymyGaJ wG usi;f yjyKvkyf
avh&w dS ,f? pmaya[majymyGeJ @J twl usyef; pum;ajymyGaJ wG/ pum;&nfvyk aJG wG/
0wÎK/ aqmif;yg;/ uAsm/ umwGe;f +yKd ifyaJG wGvnf; ,SOwf +JG y;D vkyaf vh&w
dS ,f? usaemfu
rk;d a0 vli,fuAsma&;ol jzpfaeyg+yD? 80 vGeEf pS rf sm;rSm usaemf wk@d +rdK@u pmaya[m
ajymyGaJ wG/ pmayv_y&f mS ;r_awGxrJ mS xJx0J if0if usaemfyg0ifciG hf &aecsed ?f ESpw
f idk ;f
214
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jzpf/ usaemfw@dk tifrwef av;pm;=unfnKd &wJh rEWav;u tarrmwk@d udk zdw&f
atmifv@dk usaemf t}uHjyK=unfw h t hJ cg tm;vH;k u oabmwlvufc/H &ufowfrw S /f
usaemfe@J pmay&JabmfwOD;/ rEWav;ukd tjrefcs/D tarrmwk@d e@J &if;ES;D u|r;f 0ifwhJ q
&m}uD;OD;rif;EG,f (rif;EG,-f v,fuidk ;f ) qDu pm,l/ usi;f ya&;aumfrwDu zdwf
pmawGxnfh/ tarrmwkd@ pDpOfay;EkdifwJh pma&;q&m uAsmq&mawG zdwfac:cJh
ayawmh æ wJ?h
OD;av;vS/ tarrm tygt0if q&mwifrkd;/ q&marmifpGrf;&nfwkd@u
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awGwek ;f u e,frmS pmaya[majymyGaJ wG us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@ rxGe;f um;ao;ygb;l ?
usaemfw@dk txufwef;ausmif;u ausmif;tkyf q&m}uD;/ q&m}uD; OD;atmif^m%f
(awmifwiG ;f ) u OD;aqmif+yD;/ ynma&;wuUov dk u f qif;vmwJh q&mOD;atmif
0if;wd@k / jrefrmpm q&mq&mrawGu pDpOfusi;f yay;wJh ausmif;a[majymyGrJ sKd ;yg?
ausmif;rSm a[mvkd@jyKvkd@+yD;rS +rdK@ay:u pmay0goem&SifawGtwGuf vSoD&D
±kyf&Sif±Hk}uD;rSm quf+yD; a[m=uajym=u/ pmayaqG;aEG;yGaJ wG vkyf=uw,f/ &Guf
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215
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aeav&J@?

(3)

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wJhta=umif;&if; æ rS)

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d if0if;wk@d /

216
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217
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218
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226
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228
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229
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230
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(5)

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orD;rsm;&J@ pDpOfaqmif&u G rf _ vd@k xifygw,f? tarudk vef;vef;qef;qef;eJ@ use;f rmzd@k
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tar[mol@qENukd azmfxw k &f mS w,f? “ oGm;avol OD;vSom odc&hJ if tjcm;vkyf
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cspcf ifoal wG aygi;f qkw H yhJ u
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v,form;rsm;/ ausmif;om;rsm;pojzifæ h tpkpH jHk rifawG@&w,f? tarharG;ae@yu JG kd
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233
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234
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235
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13 &ufae@rmS yJ rEWav;udq k if;vmcJyh gw,f?

(6)

usaemfrEW@av;udak &mufawmh usaemfw h @kd &aJ bmfawG 0ifa&mufvyk u f ikd af e

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wm pwJh vkyif ef;rsm; vkyu f ikd w
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ta&;awmfyu Hk mvtwGi;f u &Spaf v;vk;H owif;pm[m tjcm;owif;pm
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&Spaf v;vk;H owif;pm&J@ acgi;f }uD;[m wdu k yf 0JG ifumv&J@ aºu;a=umfou H kd rD;armif;
xd;k ay;aeovdk wdu k yf uJG vkd nf; vrf;!$erf a_ y;Edik cf w hJ ,f? owif;pm acgi;f }uD;[m
ta&;awmfyu Hk mvtwGi;f rSm a&;[eftopfe@J a&;zG@J w,f? wdak wmif;aomfvnf;
uspv f spo f yd o f nf;w,f? ypfrw S u f kd wnfwh nfrh eS af tmif ypfEikd w f ,f? 'gawGuawmh
ta&;awmfyu Hk mvtwGi;f u xGuaf y:vmwJh owif;pmwapmif&@J t&nftaoG;
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vd@k ukd rqk;H Edik af wmhyg? xdt k csed uf xkwaf 0cJw h hJ THE CAll (cGe;f qifo h )H owif;pm[m
rEWav; oydww f yfaygi;f pku xkwaf 0wJo h wif;pm jzpfygw,f?
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236
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237
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(7)

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238
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(1)

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(2)

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jyefcahJ &m? 'guw kd mav,mOf}uD;yJ? aemufawmh tJ'u D qif;awmhvnf; tdraf &muf
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awmh igu ol@zdk@xef;vsufawmif;vmcJh&wm/ t&yfxJu? aemuf+yD;usawmh
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262
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S awmhav wcGe;f rSrajymbl;? ig
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“'k@d av/ cs;D tdro f mvnf; wl;&w,fa[h/ odvm;? wHjrufpnf;vnf;vSn;f &w,f?
[dak umifawG cdik ;f wm 'd@k vyk &f wm”/ tJvakd jymjyw,f?
1945ckEpS af ygah emf/ uydik rf mS / ud,
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'Dbufuav/ uyfausmf/ uyfausmfudkajy;&wm? uyfausmftdrfrSm c%wjzKwf
ae+yD;awmh b,fuakd jy;&vJqakd wmh a¹rGrw S f wmyJ? a¹rG±mG udak jy;+yD;awmh/ tJ'rD mS
av;ig;ajcmufv ae+yD;awmh b,fajy;&wH;k qdak wmh rwW&m[db k ufuav
— —————— (enf;enf;jywfomG ;)——
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taza&m/ tara&m/ tarwd@k a&m/ wl-wlrawGa&m? touf}uD;awmh emrnfawG
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263
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wcsKd @u awma&mufae+y/D 1941, Christmas) ·
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f u kd &f wm?
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264
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r&,fy&J w
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zd;k oH (vlx)k

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tar&duefawGuav? yduk qf ,H &l r,f qd+yk ;D awmh
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ay;awmh 'dvhk al wGu usKywf hkd yduk qf &H vdk h vkywf m
r[kwbf ;l ? 'gEikd if aH &;/ wdik ;f +ynftwGuvf yk wf m
r,lEikd bf ;l qd+ky;D +iif;wm/

265
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wap> ra=umufb;l
zkd;oH (vlxk)

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awGu OD;&Jvif;eJ@ ewfarmuf udx k eG ;f &Sed w f @kd ayg?h bmomjyef vkyif ef;rSmawmh taru
yJ uef@uv l ufvn S hf oifay;wmyg?
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tm;jzifah wmh usaemfrrDvu kd wf hJ aqGawGrsKd ;awGta=umif;/ rE aW v;òr@d }u;D ta=umif;
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ygw,f? 266
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“tJ'w D ek ;f u vl}uD;awGajymwmuawmh 'k@d qrD mS t&ifu 'Dvakd &m*gawG/
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rvkyb f ;l vd@k b,forl S tmr rcHEikd b f ;l av? 'Dvakd &m*grsm;jzpfywJq h &kd if td;k ypf tdryf pf
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awGa±S@rmS vnf; 'Dtrd rf mS ausmufa&m*gjzpfaew,f/ ykvyd af &m*gjzpfaew,fqw kd mrsKd ;
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267
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wef pdwcf ikd w f m/ om;a&;orD;a&;avmufe@J enf;enf;rSpw d v f y_ &f mS ;wwfwhJ vlrsKd ;
r[kwb f ;l ? tckawmh tazawmifrS =unf=unfav; toHurkd =um;&ufveG ;f vd@k
uG,&f mrSm oGm;-oGm;rsu&f nfus&mS w,f?”
olajymwJEh pS af ,muf[m usaemft h a': a':wifwife@J usaemfOh ;D av; OD;
armifav;t=um;uv@kd usaemfrw S rf ad e ygw,f?
“tJ'g &D&aD v;u t&ifq;kH &Smw,f? 'gayrJh tm;vH;k pdw&f o dS avmufridEk ikd =f u
ao;bl;? aowGi;f E_wcf rf;rSm ar;wifaewJh aemuftrd o f m;wa,muf &Sad o;w,f
r[kwv f m;? tJ'gav;udk 0dik ;f jyKpk=ujyefwmayg?h jyKpkw,fqw kd mvnf; bmrSx;l xl;
jcm;jcm; r[kwyf gb;l / a&0wfav;eJ@yw G af y;/ ac|;okwaf y;wmavmufyg? wjcm;bmrS
vkyEf ikd w f mr&Syd gb;l ? r=umygb;l ? aemuf ESp&f ufavmufaeawmh =unf=unfav;
vnf; ol@tpfraemuf vdu k o
f mG ;wmygy?J ”
taru pum;pudjk zwf+y;D tjyifukd pdu k af i;aeygw,f? 'Dvakd EG&moD&@J vGecf hJ
wJu h mvwcku ae@&ufrsm;udk jyefjrifa,mifaewmjzpfrmS yg? usaemfu bmrS rajym
bJ tar bmqufajymrvJvdk@yJ apmihfem;axmifaerdygw,f? pum;jywfrcHcsif
awmhygbl;?
“tJ'v D kd olw@kd EpS af ,muf qH;k oGm;+y;D wJah emuf tar-rif;tbGm;-u ol@u
av;awGukd nrSm awmufwrkd ,f&cdik ;f &if wd@k uwa,mufe@J wa,muf wHawmif
csi;f wd@k +yD; eifomG ;/ igomG ;vky=f uwmayg?h ta=umif;u tdro f m;ESpaf ,mufawmif
268
qufwu kd q f ;kH oGm;wmqdak wmh uav;yDyD wap>a=umuf=uwmud;k ? rif;wd@k tbGm;u
ol@uav;awGukd cdik ;f wefwm&S&d if cdik ;f w,f/ rvkyw f wfb;l / roGm;&Jb;l qdw k mrsKd ;udk
róudub f ;l ? touft±G,v f u
kd vf @kd vky&f u
J ikd &f /J vkyw f wfuikd w f wfrS }uKduw f ,f?
‘'DrmS yJjrpfawGjyKwx f m;w,f/ oGm;prf;[J/h rD;zdx k rJ mS qDe@J qm; oGm;,lacs?’ 'grrS [kwf
vnf; ‘aemufaz;rSm axG;cHomG ;oGeaf cs’qdw k mrsKd ; t+rJcikd ;f wwfw,f? tarwd@k
u cgwikd ;f awmh tJ'grsKd ;awGukd rqdik ;f rwGvyk yf gw,f/ 'gayrJh vlEpS af ,muf aoxm;
awmh a=umufw,fv@kd jzpfae=uwmayg?h aemufawmh 'gukd rift h bGm;uodomG ;+yD;
idw
k ,f? ‘trav;/ igo h rD;av; ESpaf ,muf/ 'gavmufjzLpif=u,fwm/ b,fty,f/
b,fo&l b J 0rS ra&mufygb;l awmf? olw@kd ukd ewfaumif;ewfjrwfawGu ewfjynfu
ae qD;awmif}uKd=urSmyg’ qd+k yD;yg;pyfu wwGww f w
G af jym+yD;id&k mS w,f?”
“tbGm; tJ'v D kd pdwx f cd u
kd w
f mawG@awmh tarwd@k uvnf; tbGm;udo k yd f
oem;oGm;+yD; ud, k vf nf; 0rf;enf;vmw,f? 'daemufrmS tarwd@k rmS wap>a=umuf
w,fqw kd m r&Sad wmhb;l ?”

zk;d oH (vlx)k

'Duv kd ekd o D rm;awGu ArmawG _rKhd

awG_yawGrSm pnfpnfum;um;
pkp&k ;kH &H;k r&Sad pcsiw
f m&<f olwhu kd kd
wGe;f vSev f kd pdwaf wG ray: ayguf
apzdh&k <fwht kd wGuf wrif a&m8g
ydk;awG<lvm_yD;_zefhjuwmwJh?
[kwfr[kwfawmh twnf_yK
&cufom;?
269
270
 ENGLISH SECTION

tar vlxka':trm
uG,fvGefjcif;twGuf ay;ykd@=uaom
t*Fvdyfbmom a&;om;csufrsm;ESifh
*k%fjyKpmuAsmrsm;

271
80th birthday, 1995

The Sails Are Up Again!

Prince Taw Phaya Galae

1. The scene - panorama of typical Burmese life

2. We all enjoyed the long riverine ride
3. From our boat in full sail
4. Pagodas, monasteries and palaces having their tale.
5. While the peasants and laborers toiled with sweat
6. The fishermen with bare chest cast their net.
7. The weather was sunny and fine
8. The ripples sang with rhythm and rhyme;
9. Ah! How wonderful to be free
10. Feeling the gentle fresh cool breeze.
11. Suddenly the white and blue sky
12. Partly became red. Why? Oh! Why?
13. A hurricane bashed the palace
14. Like it was done by the imperialists.
15. Our sails were almost ripped
16. And our boat was slowly stripped .
17. Behold! The rising sun
18. There was joy and fun
19. But soon it became raging hot
20. Destroying our precious paddy plot by plot.
21. Look! The sky is red, white and blue
22. We thought was indeed a beautiful view
23. Nay! The whole sky turned blood red
24. What will our boat face ahead?
25. Our great helmsman took hold of the wheel
26. Poised to challenge the second stormy waves of the sea
27. On came the ruthless wave
28. Alas! Our great helmsman although brave
29. Was washed overboard ; honored as our liberator
30. Trying to steer our boat out of disaster.
31. We on the boat began to utter
32. Who should become the master
33. While the boat was drifting
34. Toward the west the wind was blowing
35. Might is right then took place
36. Rocking, drinking, gambling, and swashbuckling became
their taste
37. No one cared where our boat was being carried along
38. There was a jolt; something was surely wrong
39. Heck! Coco Island! This is not our destination
40. Let’s get out! That was our determination.
41. ‘ Thardu, thardu, thardu ’ said the elderly man

272
42. With rosary in a helping hand
43. All the crew gave a deep sigh
44. Thinking to be saved from all crime
45. Praying and prayers everywhere
46. Bells ringing and thardu in the air;
47. Everything seems serene and peaceful
48. Blessed be the elderly man for we were grateful
49. Wait! Who are those grumbling?
50. They are those who kept following
51. But, but...they are at daggers drawn
52. Split into three groups with nasty scorn.
53. The storm had gathered again
54. Our boat must not be set aflame
55. We must move forward into the calm sea
56. Where all our crew could rest without agony.
57. The dark clouds grew more and more
58. And the raving winds came blow after blow
59. Torrents of rain filled our boat
60. Many crew hanging on had to float
61. The boat was surrounded by sharks
62. Ready to attack us, surely dangerous
63. We gritted our teeth determined to fend off all
64. Remember!United we stand, divided we fall!
65. Hey! There are ships sailing our way
66. Flags flying. Black flags on display
67. Two crossed bones and a bony head
68. Pirates! White men! Don’t be afraid!
69. We stood up to show our unity
70. This is just their gun-boat activity
71. In other words it’s a ‘Paper Tiger’
72. Remember what happened in China, Vietnam and Korea.
73. With our united strength
74. We can move the earth!
75. Come rain or storm
76. We must remain united and warm
77. There’s a Burmese saying; Hlaing gyi hlay out1
78. Which is true without amy doubt,
79. We must make it clear for reality
Our real strength lies in our own country!
80. DEAR RESPECTED SAYARMAGYI LUDU DAW AMAR
On your 80th birthday, we wish you to hear
Our slogan still remains
THE SAILS ARE UP AGAIN!

Prince Taw Phaya Galae

273
Ode to Ludu Daw Ahmar
(On Her Passing away at 8 AM, 7.4.2008)
Dr Maung Maung Nyo

Ludu Daw Ahmar is dead

The news spread like wild fire
I’m very sad to hear
It’s a great nightmare.

Daw Ahmar was “Our Mother”

She has led Burma
In journalism and literature
By writing truths, tenets and tampers
To let people adhere to Burmese culture
Burmese are really grateful to her.

She has been the editor of “Ludu”

A progressive periodical of people
From whose it took its name
To represent the mass maimed
It thus claimed fame and authority
It led struggle for peace and democracy.

I once went to see “Ahmay (Mother)”

To get permission to use her essay
On leprosy and public health ways
In BMF* magazine of Mandalay
She willingly helped, I must say
It was in 1959 hey days.

She wrote a book on Burmese art world

Dancers, musicians, jokers and jugglers
It won a national literary award thereafter
It set a standard for late comers
So were her translations of English literature
“Trials in Burma”, “Sanda Marlar” etc.
“I appreciate them”, Maurice Collis muttered.

She also wrote on Burmese culture

“Ahmay Shay Sagar”, “Mandalay Thu/Thars”
She also featured in Burmese magazines
People held them in high esteem

274
She wins the admiration of the nation
She was indeed the “Literary Queen”!

If I have to draw her caricature

It may thus appear
“She was a university boycotter
A avant-garde literary hawker
A progressive journalist and author
A dedicated wife and a devoted mother
Grandma of Burmese literature
She was the “Guardian of Burmese Culture”.

She died at 93 years of age

At * A.M.on 7th April 2008
People gave her accolades
She really had been great.

It was Burma she dedicated

It was patriotism she demonstrated
It was Burma’s causes she never hesitated
Let’s prostrate and contemplate
Our love, sorrow and dedication
To this “Great Lady of Our Nation”
By wishing her a heartfelt valediction
“ Farewell, Mother, Good Bye” in salutation.

Note: BMF = Branch Medical Faculty, The Forerunner of

Institute of Medicine Mandalay

Dr Maung Maung Nyo

11.04.2008

275
Dear PTJ,
I was just preparing to send you a message of sympathy and concern. You have been
in my thoughts a lot since the sad news reached us of your mother’s death on April
7th.You knew this time would come, yet I am sure you didn’t want it to come.

The reason that I have not written to you sooner is because I have been very busy
writing and preparing an obituary for Daw Amar to be published in our leading left-
wing newspaper, The Guardian. Today at last, it was finished and supplied with a good
photograph to accompany the obituary.

As soon as the news reached us, Vicky asked me if I would write an obituary, saying
that she was too busy at the moment. What happened is interesting. I phoned the
paper and said I wanted to write about this outstanding Burmese writer who had just
died. The editor said ‘OK, send me something’. I wrote only a short account which I
sent him, but I said that it really should be much longer and with more detail. His first
reply was that the paper only had room for very short obituaries, but that he would edit
my piece and see what I thought. To my surprise, he then sent me back a piece twice as
long as my original, including many details of your mother’s life which I had not
included.

It seems that from knowing almost nothing about Burma, the editor had become so
interested in Burma and the story of your Mum that he had gone onto the w.w.web and
found lots more information about her, which he had written into my obituary. So the
final version is only half mine, and half from somewhere else (perhaps from MinZin in
‘Irrawaddy’). But the beginning and end are from me, so it is a very personal piece. The
editor also became curious to know more about me and how long I had known your
family (from back in Jan. 1977) and many other questions.

I actually heard the news first from Su Su Mar, who rang me early on theMonday
morning. She was very sad. We talked for quite a long time and I
tried to comfort her. She has given me an email address so that I can now try to write to
you sister, Daw Than Yin Mar. She has been through a long, long period of anxiety

276
and stress, nursing your mother both at home and in hospital. I hope the strain has not
left her too exhausted. I know Su Su wishes that she could be at home to help her
mother.

I treasure the many books that I have as presents from your Mum, signed in her own
hand. And many letters too written by her. Have you beenable to receive letters from
her at all?

Try not to be too sad. Your mother had a remarkable life and has left amost valuable
legacy to her fellow countrymen and women.

khin-min-lyet
KKChaw

277
Obituary
Ludu Daw Amar

As a leading dissident writer she fought for democracy in Burma

• Article history

In recent years, in the days leading up to November 29, writers, journalists, and artists
from all over Burma have gone to Mandalay, the country’s cultural heartland, for a
gathering in a monastery compound. There they celebrated the birthday of a writer,
publisher, and activist, Ludu Daw Amar, who has died aged 92. Since those days in the
mid-1930s when she joined a student strike at Rangoon University, opposing British
colonial rule, Daw Amar never ceased to write, or to fight.

For many, attendance in the compound was a way of demonstrating opposition to

Burma’s military regime. Unhappily, it also provided an opportunity for military
intelligence to note dissident names and faces. From 1962, when General Ne Win led
the coup that has subjected Burma to almost half a century of military dictatorship,
Daw Amar provided opposition. She and her family paid a heavy price.

Daw Amar was the fourth among 12 siblings of an upper-class family whose fortune
was made in the tobacco trade. Educated at Mandalay’s American baptist school and
the national high school she read science at Mandalay Intermediate College and
Rangoon University.

There, in 1936, came her role in the student strike. She also began to get published. In
1938 she translated the British civil servant Maurice Collis’s critical assessment, Trials
in Burma. In 1939 she married the journalist U Hla, who in 1933 had established the
leftist Ludu Kyi-bwa-yay (Progress) magazine in Rangoon. Together they set up the
Kyi-bwa-yay press in Mandalay.

In 1942 British rule collapsed, Burma fell to the Japanese and the couple moved north
of Mandalay while continuing publication of Ludu Kyi-bwa-yay. She translated Hino
Ashihei’s bellicose Japanese bestseller Wheat and Soldiers, but also became involved
in the resistance movement. By the spring of 1945 the Japanese were being driven from
Burma, and that summer U Hla launched the Ludu (People) Journal with Daw Amar as
assistant editor; a daily, Ludu Thadin-sa, followed in 1946. “Ludu” was incorporated in
the couple’s names as the country moved towards independence from Britain in 1948.

278
But soon after independence, the army, hostile to the couple’s radicalism, reduced
their press to rubble. Their family narrowly escaped with their lives.

In 1953, Daw Amar attended a Soviet-backed peace congress in Copenhagen and a

youth conference in Romania. Meanwhile her husband, convicted of involvement in
student protests inspired by the Communist party of Burma (CPB), was sentenced to
three years for sedition. Daw Amar, with five young children to raise, continued to
publish Ludu Thadin-sa until U Hla’s release in 1957, but two years later the government
shut the paper down for 14 months.

In 1967, five years after the coup, the regime closed Ludu Thadin-sa. Daw Amar switched
from writing about politics to culture and history, focusing on prewar Burmese singers
and actors.

With military rule, many students, including her two eldest sons, had become student
activists. The eldest, Soe Win, headed for the mountain jungle. There, in 1968, he was
murdered in a CPB internal purge as the party was hit by the backwash from China’s
cultural revolution. Her second son, Than Joung, was also a student activist who was
detained from 1966 to 1972, and on the point of being rearrested in 1978, fled to join the
CPB and later went into exile in Yunnan - a leading CPB member, he would never see his
mother again. In the wake of that escape, military intelligence detained U Hla, Daw
Amar and their youngest son for 13 months.

They were released in 1979. The publishing house subsisted on jobbing printing, while
Daw Amar wrote for Burma’s privately owned monthlies, while refusing to write for
state publications. An astute businesswoman, she published her many articles in book
form.

In 1982, U Hla died. Daw Amar continued to run the publishing house, but in 1984,
during the dry season, fire consumed central Mandalay, destroying the printing
equipment, the book production department and paper store of the Kyi-bwa-yay press.
Happily, her home, private library and newspaper archive survived.

Five years later her 38-year-old youngest son was sentenced to 10 years. He was
imprisoned in Thayet, a two-day journey for Daw Amar, his wife and their three children.

Meanwhile, as part of its drive to “beautify” towns for tourists, in the 1990s the regime
began relocating cemeteries far outside Mandalay. So in 1998 Daw Amar set up Byamazo
lu-hmuyay Athin, a mutual aid association to help those who, amid the collapsing
Burmese economy, were too poor to bury their dead. Now the charity often covers
hospital medical costs, provides minibuses and carries out free funerals. Initially
Mandalay’s military boss resented and hindered its operations. Later came tolerance -
the operation clearly fulfilled a desperate need - and other towns copied the scheme.

In 2003 Daw Amar had a small building erected just behind the Kyi-bwa-yay press. Her
lifetime’s book collection was put there; this is to be the first public library open for all
to use in Mandalay in the last half century. Into her 90s Daw Amar contributed monthly
articles to journals and magazines and published at least one small book annually.

279
It was in the mid-1970s that I first met Daw Amar. My first impression became a lasting
one: intelligent, thoughtful, kind she went on to become both the voice of traditional
Burma, calling for adherence to Buddhist values, and a symbol of opposition to the
regime, leading the struggle for a more democratic, more humane society and for the
possibility to write freely and truthfully.

We met in the 1980s and 90s, and our last encounter was in January 2005. It is a source
of profound regret that I was prevented by the Burmese authorities from attending her
90th birthday. But I remember her last words to me three years ago, “We simply wish,”
she said, “to be treated like human beings.” She is survived by two sons, two daughters
and six grandchildren.

·Ludu Daw Amar, writer and activist, born November 29 1915; died April 7 2008

• The Guardian,

• Saturday April 12 2008

• Article history

There are some mistakes in the above short biography .

However , with all our due respect , we didn’t make any
correction.

280
 My Mum
Dear Ko Min Zin,
Here are the answers to your questions. If there is anything you would like to
know more or make clear, please don’t hesitate. To tell you the truth, I am not very
much at ease to praise my own mother. There’s a Burmese proverb that my mother
often quotes: “ The neighbourhood will acknowledge if your daughter is really
beautiful.” So, I don’t think that it is the task of the children to write about their
parents. Anyway, here they are.

1. How would you describe your mother as a mother not as a journalist or social
critic?
She’s a good mother just like any other typical Burmese, Buddhist mothers. She
loves Burmese food and can make good dishes. She loves planting flowers and likes
to visit markets, especially those in the countryside. She enjoys seeing Disney
cartoons, comedies, as well as Hollywood films that my uncle (her younger brother)
recommended. Once she went to see the horror film “Dracula” on my (elder) brother’s
insistence and admitted that she was very frightened when she came back. I mean to
say that she’s just a human being.
As my parents were always occupied with their editorial work and social welfare
works, they had very little time to spend with their children or attend to their daily life
and needs. We were left in the hands of an aunt, a distance relative of my mom. She
always emphasised cherishing the traditional values of our nation and moral integrity
when she educated us. Knowing that we were starting to get involved in politics, she
once told me, “No matter what, as a student, one should try to excel in study also.
Just look at Ko Aung San and Ko Ba Hein. They are known not only for their political
merits, they are known for their performance in their studies also. “This is the way
she used to tell us. She rarely said “must” or mustn’t.” Rather, she pointed out
exemplary figures. There are three brothers in our family and no one of us drink or
smoke. This is not because they told us not to do, but rather because through their
own deeds they made us realise that these things are not good.
She rarely beat us too. As far as I can remember, she once beat us when my elder
brother, my elder sister and I went for begging during one Dazaungdaing Thieves’
Festival. I think I was about ten at the time. My brother went with his friends and my
sister and I went with the children from our neighbourhood. As we were young, we
couldn’t go very far, we only went to some of our relatives and neighbours. Evidently,
the news reached her ears immediately and she beat us when we arrived home.

281
 She never told her children to read Marxist books (nor oppose doing). Instead,
she recommended us to read various kinds of books that she thought worth reading.
Edger Snow’s books, Autobiography of Charlie Chaplin, The Silent Spring (an early
book about environment question) and Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire were
some among them. As for the Burmese books, there were too many to mention. The
list includes classical literature, Thakin Kodawhmaing’s works and Khitsan Literature.
She also mentioned books like Thakhin Ba Hein’s “The Capitalist World” and Tin
Moe’s “The Lantern” as very good and we should read.

2. Would you recall the most unforgettable moment you spending with your
Mom?
It’s difficult to say at this age, because (I think) I have become less and less
sentimental or emotional, than when I was young. However, I should say, listening to
what she told us about our forefathers or their old days was the most enjoyable and
unforgettable moments. That kind of moment was not very common. As I have said
above, my parents were always busy. I think I had more chances than other children
at that time, because when I was sacked from the Mandalay University for taking part
in student activities, my parents arranged me some deskwork among the newspaper
staff and during the hot Mandalay afternoons, when she had time, she used to recall
these and told me.
I must also say that I neither regretted nor blame my parents for spending less
time with us. On the contrary, I believe that, even when I was young, I know they
were working for the good of others and their devoted working style became my
model, as I grow old.

3. Nearly all of her siblings have been involved in Burmese politics as committed
dissidents/revolutionaries. Have your parents (particulary your Mom in this context)
had any disapproval against your involvement? How did they express their worry for
you siblings since you all have paid a lot for what you believe? Have you ever heard
any complaint from your Mom regarding to your elder brother’s (U Soe Win’s) death?
My parents never say ‘no’ to what we do with our beliefs. They only told us to
be careful when they learned something about the government agents’ knowledge or
plans. They never said that you should believe in communism, rather, they sometimes
told us how the leaders of the communist party and other patriotic personages at the
time had made enormous contributions and sacrifices for the nation. Incidentally, as
my father was arrested again and again by the government and the publication of our
newspaper was disrupted often, seeds of hatred for the government took root in my
mind since I was very young.
My parents, both devoted Buddhists, never compelled me to be as devoted as
they are. We were sent to Roman Catholic Schools, but my parents made us convinced
that we should not become Christians, and they did, not by saying directly, but very
tactfully. They have respect for our beliefs and our ability to decide for ourselves. It’s
not their style to interfere in our political convictions. Perhaps this is because they
think what are we doing is right. Of course, they instructed us about moral and
manners when we were young.
No doubt, they are very worried about us taking part in very dangerous and
risky activities. But they rarely express these feelings on their face or in their words.

282
I found their faces very calm and serene when the military intelligence came and
arrest me on two occasions (I managed to escape at the second time) and they made
me brave and less worried during the consequent events. Once, when I went to play
football at Myaung, a town fifty miles southwest of Mandalay on the Irrawaddy
River, we came back very late. Perhaps it was one o’ clock after midnight. When the
car carrying stopped in front of my home, I found both of them standing in front of
our house, worried! They had rosary beads in their hands.
When I got home after release from gaol, they told me the following episode: just
about a month before my release. U Ne Win, who was on summer vacation in Maymyo,
asked my parents to see him. He told them, “ As a father myself, I can understand
your feelings about your son in prison. But they told me he was very stubborn also.
Nevertheless, please go and see Brig, Gen Tin Oo (The M.I.S. chief) in Rangoon and
he will arrange for his release.” Thus, I was released from the Insein Gaol. My mother
added, “We often met with people like U Ne Win and other leaders of the government.
However, we never uttered a word asking them to release you. Of course, we want
you to come out as soon as possible but we know we shouldn’t do that at the
expense of your dignity.”That made me very proud of them.
As for my brother’s case, both of them said nothing to me. Once, after my release
from gaol, I got a letter from a CPB leader for my mom. In that letter he explained the
case of my brother and apologised to my parents. I handed it to my mom and saw
tears falling from her eyes after reading it. She said, “I and your father had never said
anything between us about this matter. We just pretended not to have heard
anything.” After that I didn’t try to talk about that matter till now.

4. Recently, we have heard that Sayamagyi was sick and hospitalized? Since you
haven’t seen your Mom for a long time, how such news worry you?
Certainly, I’m very worried, worried than anything. My inability to be present at
the bedside of my dad when he was about to leave this world has been haunting me
all along. One of my greatest wishes as an ordinary man is to have a chance to pay
respects (kadaw) to my dad’s tomb.

5. Daw Ahmar has been highly respected by Burmese people. Many people even
compare her with Thakin Kodaw Hmaing. Even though she is getting old, she still
write prolifically with well-intention (cetana). How would you see your Mom not as
your mother but as a woman from the angle of your social value and political belief.
I’m not interested in comparing her with Thakhin Kodaw Hmaing. To me it’s just
a kind of storm in a teacup that would lead nowhere. My Mom always express her
deep respect for Sayagyi Thakhin Kodaw Hmaing for many merits and I’m sure she
won’t like comparing her to the person she respects so much.
She never attack or react against anyone for personal grudges. Both my parents
tried to be balanced when they judge other people.
My mother has very remarkable courage that she inherited from her mother. She
never sulks, grumbles or murmurs when she has to encounter all kinds of difficulties
and threats. She used to express dislike for traitors and cowards.
Her, as well as her husband’s, attitude towards young people is made up not
only of cetena, but also of recognition of their capability and potential. They used to
be very humble when talking with young people. Even with me, they never treated me

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patronizingly. For instance, when she was writing her prize-winning book about
famous people from music and drama circles, “ Artists who are Loved by Masses”,
she ask me one day, “ My son, I know nothing about music and to handle a character
like Myoma Nyein is simply beyond my capacity. Can you tell me some facts that may
throw light upon the talents of this genius?” In fact, though I was about eighteen at
the time, I was also a philistine in this field. She often said, “ My son, I am not good
at choosing names for books. Would you mind choosing one for me?” The titles of
some of her books were chosen by me.
She believes in the might of our people. She believes in their future and that one
should work one for, and if needed, make sacrifices for this cause.
She has reached this height because she has been standing firm with the people
of our nation through thick and thin. She never bargains her principles for anything.

Po Than Joung

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