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tydkif;(1)
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3
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a&;om; rdwmbJ/ t"dy`g,f twdusudkawmhu|efawmfusrwkd@vkH;vkH;rodyg”
[lI&kd;om;pGm0efcHajz =um;=uayrnf/
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od=u &J@vm;”
vkd@xyfrHar;cJhygrl Todk@ajz=ujyefonf/
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vkd@xyfrHar;cJhv#ifvkH;vkH;rajymwwfbJ tHhwwjzpfaewwf=uw,f/ tu,fI
“rGefvlrsdK;udk qJvkdIac:qkd okH;eSKef;a&;om;ygw,f”
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“armifbudkarmifbvkd@rac:qdkbJarmifbvmvkd@ac:qdkvkd@&yghrvm;”
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“armifbukv d JemrnfrSnfhac:xm;wJhtwkdif; armifbvkd@bJav;av;pm;pm;todrSwfjyKac:qkd&rSmayghAsm/
armifbvmvkd@ac:qdk&ifoludkoufoufapmfum;&musaerSmaygh”
vkd@wnDwnGwfwnf;ajz=um;=uayrnf/
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a&;om;=u&ifcifAsm;wkd@ =udKuf=urvm;/=unf=unfjzLjzLvufcHekdif=urvm;”
bkawmjyD; ar;cJhv#ifArmvlrsdK;tm;vkH;wkd@onf rsufeSmarSmifukwfjyD; pdwfqdk; rmefqkd;jzifh Todk@qkdvm=urSmajym&Jonf/
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jzpfedkif&ifowfudkowfypf&rSm ayghAsm u|efawmf usrwkd@u vkH;vkH;rcHekdifbl;”
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atmf- vlowform;=uD;ubk&m;avmif;jzpf/ w&m;rJw h Jhacwfvlom;udk;//
4
tydkif; (2)
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6
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7
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9
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10
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11
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'DwcgrSmawmh rif;atmifxGef;qufvufjyD; oD;rcHedkifawmhbl;/ tJ'Dausmif;om; vGefoGm;jyD;wJh aemufrSm rif;atmifxGef;[m
rdrdteD;tem;rSm&SdwJh/ acgif;avmif;acguf oHacsmif;aumuf ([kdacwfwkH;uAkH;ysuftcGHudk acgif;avmif;tjzpfausmif;rSm tokH;jyK
wwfw,f/ acgif;avmif;udk acgufbdk@twGuf oHacsmif;udktokH;jyKw,f/)udkaumufudkifjyD; xkdArmausmif;om; &Sd&mwJhae&mudk
wtm;ajy;v$m;oGm;w,f bmrajymnmrajymawmhbJ acgif;ikHjyD; xrif;pm;bdk@ [efjyifaewJh tJ'DArm ausmif;om;udk
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Armausmif;om;&J@ OD;acgif;rSm oHacsmif;tc|efu eufeuf&Sdif;&Sdif; pl;0ifoGm;jyD;pdkufaxmifaeawmhw,f/ tJ'D ausmif;om;[m
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urm0ufausmif;u rGefausmif;olom;tm;vkH;wkd@u 0rf;enf;a=uuGJcJh=uw,f rif;atmifxGef;twGuf qkawmif; arwWmykd@=uonf
rif;atmifxGef;&J@rdcif[mom;udkcspfwJhaZmeJ@pdwWZjzpfjyD;tjyif;xefemzsm;oGm;w,f//
aemufqkH;rSm rif;atmifxGef;udkvlowfrSKyk'fr (302)eJ@w&m;&kH;awmfrSm&JtrSKvkdufutrSKwifpGyfpJGw,f/ c&kdif&mZ0wf&kH;awmfrSm
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csvkdufw,f//
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12
tydkif;(4)
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vGJrSm;wm avmurSmr&Sdedkifawmhbl;vkd@ajymcsifw,f//
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aumif;vdrfrnfxifygw,f//
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cHaeekdifyghrvm;/acgif;ikHcHaebdk@u|efawmfwkd@ar#mfvifhoifhyghovm;//
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vkdw,fvkd@u|efawmfajymcJw h Jhtwkdif;/ 'Dae&mrSmvGwfvyfwJhordkif;ynm&Sif Forchhammer'&@JawG@&Sdcsufudk udk;um;jyD;wifjyvkd
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olutcdkifrmqdkxm; w,f/ &Sif;&Sif;ajym&&if b,fausmufpmrSmrS wvkdif;vkd@ rSwfwrf;wifxm;wmrawG@cJh&bl;‘wvkdif;’ qkdwJh
pum;vkH;[m OD;atmifaZ,suwrifwumoufouf wDxGifjyD;rGefvlrsdK;wkd@udkckeSdrfwJhpum;vkH; jzpfw,f qkdwm udk oGm;awG@w,f/
atmufygtaxmufxm;udk =unfh&ifodomekdifygw,f/
Edward Harper Parker a&;om;wJhpmtkyf "Burma" (with special reference to her relations with China),
Printed and Published at the "Rangoon Cazette" Press, 1893. Chapter VII, Page 72
rSmatmufygtwdkif;a&;om;xm;onfudkawG@&w,f/
"The use of the word 'Talaing' here disproves Forchhammer's contention, repeated by
Gay, and approved by Mr. Eales in his Census Returns, that the term was invented by
Alompra."
'Dpmyk'f&J@t"dy`g,fu/ “ordkif;ynm&Sifrsm;jzpfwJh/ Forchhmmer, Gay eSifh Mr. Eales wkd@okawoe t=udrf=udrf jyKvkyfjyD;/
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pum;vkH;[m OD;atmifaZ,su wrifwum wDxGifokH;pGJxm;aom pum;vkH;omjzpfw,f)vkd@ olwkd@u oufao om"u
taxmuftxm; jynfhjynfhpkHpkHeSifh wifjyxm;w,f (contention) tcdkifrm tqkdjyKcsuf jyKxm;w,f/ rGefvlrsdK;[m
‘wvkdif;’r[kwfbl;vkd@ tcdkifrmoufaoom"ujzifhjyxm;w,f/ tJ'Dawmh/ 'Dae&mrSm ‘wvkdif;’qdkwJh pum;udk okH;pGJae=ujcif;[m
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'Dpm&J@oabmu ‘wvkdif;’qkdwJh pum;udk rokH;oifhwJhta=umif; t"dy`g,f az:n$ef; aew,f/
Forchhmmer[m tvGefxifay:ausmf=um;aom a&S@a[mif;okawoe ynm&SifwOD;jzpfw,f/ jrefrmedkifiHrSm/
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taxufxm;awG ordkif;tcsufvufawGudkwifjyekdif&r,f/ 'grSvJwm0efausr,f/ vufvGwfpy,fwm0efrJhokH;eSKef;wmrsdK; rjzpfoifh
rjzpfxkdufbl;/
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“wvkdif;pum;vkH;[mppftwGif;/wOD;eJ@wOD;wkdufckdufowfjzwfae=utcsdefrSmokH;eSKef;wJha0g[m&bJ/ ppfa&;edkifiHa&;t&okH;eSKef;wJh
a0g[m& pum;vkH;jzpfw,f/ ppftwGif;rSmrdrdzufrSppfom;awGpdwf"gwfwuf=uGapjyD;wzuf&efoltay: txifjrifao;apwJh
pdwf"gwfppfqifa&;t& ac:qdkokH;eSKef;wJhpum;vkH;jzpfw,f/ b,fvkdvkyfjyD;oufaoawG orkdif;taxmufxm; awGeJ@jyvkd@&rvJ/
oufaoawGjybkd@a&mvkdao;ovm;”
21
txufygtwkdif;tcsdK@ArmawGuqifajcay;aumif;ay;=ur,f/ 'Dvkdqkd&ifOyrmwckudk u|efawmfwifjyyg&ap/ u|efawmfwifjyrJh
Oyrmu'Dvkdyg/
Oyrmoli,fcsif;eSpfOD; jzpf=uwJh/ rjreSifhrvSwdk@[m/ armfvjrdKifaumvdyf/ t*FvdyfpmXmerSm usLwmtjzpftwlwl tvkyfvkyf=uw,f/
wOD;udkwOD;odyfcspf=uw,f/ pm;twloGm;twlvmtwl&SdcJh=uw,f/ 'gayrJh wae@usvkd@ yk*~dKvfa&;&m ta=umif;wcka=umifh
tcef@roifhvkd@ &efjzpf=uw,fqkdygawmh/ wa,mufudkwa,muf/wOD;udkwOD; rjr/rvSvkd@ ,Of,Ofaus;aus; rac:=u awmhbl;/
rjru/ rvSu/kd ‘zgr’vkd@ac:r,f/ wzef/ rvSuvJ/ rjrudk ‘rdef;r&$if’vkd@jyefqJwmaygh/ tJ'DvkdbJ/ ArmeSifhrGefvlrsdK;wdk@ppfjzpfawmh/
ArmuvJrGefudk rGefvkd@,Of,Ofaus;aus; rac:qdkawmhbl;/ ‘wvkdif;’vkd@ ac:vmw,f/ wzefrGefvlrsdK;wkd@uvJ/ ArmudkArmvkd@
,Of,Ofaus;aus; rac:awmhbl;/ ‘t&nf;=uD;rsdK;’awGvkd@jyefvJ ac:qkdokH;eSKef;vmw,f/ 'Dae&mrSm rvS[m ‘zgr’r[kwfovdk
‘zgr’vJrvSr[kwfbl;/ rvS[m armfvjrdKif'Du&Daumvdyfu t*FvdyfusLwmq&mr wOD;jzpfw,f/ ololigigtvGef av;pm;&wJh
q&mrjzpfw,f/ rsdK;&kd;vJaumif;w,f/ aqG=uD;rsdK;=uD; todkdif;0kdif; ujzpfw,f/ tusifhpm&dwWvJtvGefaumif;rGefw,f/ 'gayrJh
'D&efyGJu rjrqJqdkvkdufwJhpum;udk/ tpGJjyKjyD;/ rvSudkawG@wkdif; ‘zgr’vkd@ac:qkd=u&if w&m;ovm;/ jzpfxdkufovm;qkdwm
vlwkdif;pOf;pm;oifhygw,f/ wzef/rvSudk ‘zgr’vkd@ ac:wJholua&m vl,Ofaus;jzpfedkifyghrvm;/ todOm%facgif;yg;aomol
vl@*Gpmwa,mufrjzpfaebl;vm; pOf;pm;=unfhyg/ rGefvlrsdK;awG[m &efyGJrSmqJqcdk Jh=uwJh pum;vkH;eJ@ 'Duae@xd oufoufrJh qJqkd
cHae&qJbJ&Sdaew,f/ w&m;ovm; oifhovm; qkdwm pOf;pm;=unfh =uyg/ wzef rGefvlrsdK;udk ,ae@txd qJae=uwJh
ArmawGua&m/ b,fvkdtqifhtwef;&SdwJhvlpm;vJqdkwm udk,fhudk,fudkjyefpOf;pm;=unfhyg/ vl@,Ofaus; wa,muf awmh
vkH;0r[kwfedkifbl;qkdwmavmufbJ u|efawmfajymcsifw,f//
22
tydkif;(5)
rGefvlrsdK;wkd@vJwvdkif;a0g[m&eJ@ywfoufjyD;trsdK;rsdK;&Sm=uHtajzxkwf=uw,f/ rdrdvlrsdK;udkwvkdif;vkd@ArmvlrsdK;wkd@uac:a0: orkwfwJh
tay:rSSm ra=urcsrf;jzpfjyD;trsdK;rsdK;awG;awm=uHpnf=uw,f/ tb,fa=umifhrGefvlrsdK;uaewvkdif;jzpfvm&ovJ/ 'gayrJh
trSefw&m;udk b,folrSr&cJh=ubl;/ 'Da0g[m& b,fuvmw,f/ rGefvlrsdK;wdk@eJ@b,fvkd oufqkdifw,f/b,fvkd t"dy`g,f&Sdw,f
qkdwmb,folrStwdusrajymekdfifjzpfaecJhw,f tJ'Dvkdtajz&Smvkd@rawG@wJhaemufqkH;rSm ukd,hftjrifeJ@udk,ftrsdK;rsdK;ajymqdk
vm=uw,f/ qufpyf,lwJh,lqcsuftrsdK;rsdK; (assumptions)xkwfjyD;udk,fhtjrifeJ@ udk,fa&;om;ajymqkdae=uwm &SdcJhw,f/
tJ'DtxJrSmu|efawmfodoavmuf xifay:wJh,lqcsufokH;&yf&SdcJhbl;w,f/
(1) tdENd,awmifydkif;wdv*FCwkdif;u rGefvlrsdK;wdk@qif;oufvmw,fvdk@tcsdK@wkd@uxifjrif,lqw,f/ tJ'Dxifjrif
,lqcsuf tay:tajccHjyKjyD; wdv*FCwkdif;uqif;oufvmwJhrGefvlrsdK;udkwvkdif;vdk@ac:qdkwmjzpfedkifw,f qkdwJh
qufpyf,lwJh,lqcsuf(assumption) w&yf/
(2) rGefvlrsdK;wkd@udkOD;atmifaZ,su rD;&SKd@jyD;rowfcifpyg;usnfxJrS ydwfavSmifxm;pOfrGefvlrsdK;wdk@u rdrdwdk@&J@ taz(zcif)
udk w’jyD;atmf[pfikd,dkae=uwJhtoH (ÇtelcjrmWYw>) udktpGJjyKjyD; rGefvlrsdK;udkwvkdif;vkd@ac:a0:wm jzpfedkfif w,f
qdkwqJh ufpyf,lwJh,lqcsu(f assumption)w&yf/
(3) rGefbcifodk@r[kwfrGefrdcifeJ@vlrsdK;jcm;wOD;OD;wdk@tdrfaxmifusjyD; aygufzGm;vmwJh ujym; om;oRD;rsm;udk rGefppfppf
r[kwfwJh twGuftJ'DvkdaygufzGm;vmwJh om;oRD;wdk@udk wvkdif; ‘rGefrppfol’ vkd@ac:a0:wmjzpfekdifw,f
qkdwaJh wG;ac:,lqcsuf (assumption) w&yf/
tJ'Dqufpyf,lwJh,lqcsuf (assumptions)okH;&yfudkwckpDu|efawmfa0zefokH;oyfjyD;aqG;aEG;oGm;ygr,f/
aemufjyD;OD;boef;a&;wJhjrefrmh&mZ0if/pmrsufESm-50/rSmvnf;atmufygtwkdif;a&;om;xm;wmudkawG@&jyefw,f/
“rGefvlrsdK;wkd@um;/wdbufwkd;bm;rif;(ysL/urf;,H/ouf)vlrsdK;wkd@ ra&mufvmrDuyif w&kwfjynftaemufykdif;
ukef;jyifjrifhrsm;rSawmifbufokd@qif;vm=ujyD;v#if{&m0wDjrpf0/ ppfawmif;jrpf0/ oHvGifjrpf0t&yf a'o
3
jrefrm&mZ0ifpmwef;trSwf(1)/ pm 86
23
wkd@YjrdK@&Gmwnfaxmif aexkdif=uonf[kxif&ef&Sdonf/ rGef&mZ0iforkdif;wapmifYrGefvlrsdK;wkd@onf/ a&S;ya0o%D
tcgu rGefwd[ktrnfwGifvsuf&Srf;(apmxkdifodk@r[kwfxkdif)vlrsdK;wkd@eSifhtwl {&m0wDjrpfeiS fhovGijf rpfwkd@t=um; uke;f jrifh
awmifwef;=uD; wpfav#mufjrdK@&GmjyKpk aexkdif=ua=umif;/ aemifumv&Snfvsm;rSawmifbufodk@ a&$@qif;Itqkdyg
jrpf=uD;wkd@.t0&Sdt&yfa'owkd@wGif aexkdif=ua=umif;eSifh qkdonf”
tvGefxif&Sm;wJhtxufygordkif;ynm&Sif(3)OD;&J@ ta&;om;udk =unfh&if rGef-crmvlrsdK;wkd[mrGef*kdvftEG,fjzpfw,f/
w&kwfjynftaemufykdif;uke;f jrifhrSawmifbufodk@qif;oufvmjyD;jrefrmekdifiHwGif;odk@a&muf&Sdvmw,fqkdwmxif&Sm;w,f/tdENd,edkifiH
wdv*FCwkdif;u rGefvlrsdK;wdk@ qif;oufvmwmudkrawG@&bJ/
wzefThe New Encyclopaedia Britannica pG,fpkHusrf;rSmvJatmufyg twkdif;a&;om; az:jy xm;wmudkawG@&w,f/
Mon kingdom, also called HANTHAWADDY KINGDOM, kingdom of the Mon people, who were powerful
in Myanmar (Burma) from the 9th to the 11th and from the 13th to the 16th century and for a brief period in
the mid-18th century. The Mon migrated southward from western China and settled in the Chao Phraya
River basin (of southern Thailand) about the 6th century AD.
'Dt,lqeJ@ywfoufjyD;ordkif;tjzpftysuftcsdK@udk'Dae&mrSmwifjyrSom pmzwfolrsm;&Sif;&Sif;vif;oabmaygufrSmjzpfw,f/
[Hom0wDrGefvlrsdK;wkd@aejynfawmfudkodrf;ydkufjyD;aemuf t&yf&yfrSm&SdwJhrGefvlrsdK;tm;vkH;wkd@udkOD;atmifaZ,su vkdufvHzrf;qD;
apw,f/ zrf;qD;csKyfaeSmifvkd@&wJhrGefvlrsdK;tm;vkH;wdk@udk rD;&SKd@rowfcifpyg;usnfvkdusnfrSmtvkHydwfavSmifxm;w,f/ tJ'DtxJrmS
txl;ojrifhrdef;cav;awG/ edk@pkd@uav;i,fawG/ausmif;om;t&G,fcav;i,fawG/touf=uD;wJhvltkdawG rsm;w,f/ t&G,faumif;wJh
a,musFm;awG[mOD;atmifaZ,swkd@a&$bkdArmppfom;awGudkwkdufckduf&if;touftaocHoGm;=uwmrsm;w,f/ usefwJhtenf;i,f
a,musFm;awG[m xGufajy;a&Smifwdrf;vdkuf=uvdk@r&Sdoavmufjzpfw,f/ awm=udKawmif=um;usef&pfwJh olwkd@[m rdef;cav;awG/
cav;awGeJ@touf=uD;ol&G,ftdkolwkd@om&Sdw,f/ 'Dordkif;tjzpftysufeJ@ywfoufjyD;/ aemifvmaemufom; rGefvlrsdK;wdk@tjzpfrSef
od&Sdekdif&eftwGuf a&S@rGefpmqkdawGatmufygtwkdif; pyfqdkxm;cJhw,f vuFmvkd a&;pyfxm;cJhw,f/ OD;atmifaZ,srowfcif
pyg;usnfxJrSm ydwfavSmifxm;pOfrGefvlrsdK;wdk@&J@ tajcaeudkrsufpdeJ@wyftyfaocsm/rsuf0g; xifxifawG@jrif&ouJhodk@ay:vGifatmif
atmufygtwkdif;uvuFmeJ@pyfqkdxm;w,f/
‘-------bOtlek.nj minjlwjek.njgNO minjTmOtHj p>cjgHjy.otO ek.njgHjer.tJ aJkuEmigNO mix.tjd,bkj
-gkjtuinj[qi]hjaO ek.nje/.tjgHjminjek.njezN.jgLinjnHO ek.njezN.jgHjy.o mielwjy.otO [t]okuE qm¹.
edoy.okuEek. kMinjkuEen.j tL-bOkuElTO ^y.okuEedo k.yepL.tjpLO TuY’njmocjpLnj xocjSokjsnjnHO
xocjzCOtoqN.oy.omocjqOqO xocj-b]gguE-b]qDuEtO an}duihjer. y.otOfIdW. pu&mnjb;]ezN.j
lupjeb.jzr.efkjtlicjsuihjruihjercjn.n.hu&elwjÇtelcjrmWYw> pu&d,kLkjgkU gu%jn}bm.---’
txufygvuFmudk&kd;&dk;pum;ajyeJ@bmomjyefa&;om;&r,fqkd&ifatmufygtwdkif;jzpfw,f/
“---------pyg;usnfxJrmS ydwfavSmifcHxm;&jyD; r=um;cifr;D &SdK@owfjcif;udkcH&rJh rGefrdcifi,fwOD;onf rdrd&J@edk@qkd@&G,fvlrr,f
om;i,ffav;ukd tomt,mayG@zuf ,k, ykdufaxG;jyD; edk@&nfwkdufau|;&if; w&SdKufiifiifikda=uG;ae&Smonf/ yg;jyifay:rSm
rsuf&nfrsm;wvdyfvdyf,kdpD;usqif;ae&Smonf rdcif&J@ikda=uG;ae&wJh tajcaetjzpfrSef udk rod&Smaom ekd@qkd@&G,f vlrr,f
om;i,fuav;rSm rdcifrsufeSmukd rsufawmifuav;aumh/ tomt,marmh=unhfjyD;ajcvuf vSKyf&Sm;apmhupm; ae&Smonf/
rdciftm;jyKH;&,fum=unfhae&Smw,f/ xkdodk@ekd@qkd@&G,fvlrr,f rdrd.om;i,fav;u jyKH;&,fum &$ifjrL; aeonfhtjzpfudk
jrif&&SmaomrdcifrmS &ifwGif;Ypkd@wufjyD; &SKduf=uD;wiifikda=uG;&Smonf tJ'v D kdrdcifu &SKduf=uD;wiif idka=uG;wJhtwGuf/ om;vwfeSifh
om;=uD;wkd@uyg toHygygvdkufIidka=uG;=u&Smonf/ xkdtcgrdcifcrsm; rxdef;ekdif&Sm awmhbJ toHukef atmf[pfcg idka=uG;&Smonf/
xkd@twlvifa,musFm;eSifhr,m; nDeSifhtpfudk wleSifhb=uD; tpfreSifh nDrwkd@onf wOD;udkwOD;wtm;zufwG,fIikda=uG;=uukefonf/
Tokd@wOD;udkwOD; wtm;zufwG,fI ikda=uG;ae=uykHrSm aumuf&dk; vdeu f spf xm;ouJhokd@jzpfae=uonf/ rdk;OD;us zg;atmfoHuJhokd@
wnHpDpDjzpfae=uonf/ wusnfvkH; rkd;xpfcsKH; aeouJhokd@ rnf[D;aeonf av;zufav;wefzufaygif;pkHrSmidk,kdae=uukefonf/
touf&G,f=uD;&ifhjyD;Zm&mt&G,fodk@a&mufae=uaomrGeftzdk;tkdtzGm;tdkwkd@onf/ pdwfajcmufjcm;xdef@vef@cg trsdK;rsdK;tzkHzkH
atmf[pf=uukef./xkdtxJr(S ÇtelcjrmWYw>) ‘taza& Twcgawmh ArmvlrsdK;a=umifh usKyfwdk@rGefvlrsdK;b0 qkH;&acs&J@
rGevf lrsdK;wkd@trsKd ;ysufokef;&acsjyD;’------”[kvnf;atmf[pfae=u&Smw,f/
rGefbmomeJ@ 'Dvkd a&;om; xm;w,f/ tJ'Dpmyk'fudk zwfjyD; rGefvlrsdfK;wdk@ tbdk@ ,l=uKH;r&atmif cHpm;cJh=u&w,f/ toJem cJh&w,f/
rdrdwkd@&J@&ifcGifukdcGJ toJeSvkH;udkwtm;qGJ=uKH;,liifvkduf&ouJhokd@cHpm;=u&w,f/ rdrd.toJeSvkH;udkudkifqJcG gausmufwkH;=uD;ay:rSm
wtm;v$J/ &kdufzGwfvdkufouJhodk@vJ qwfqwfcg emusnf;pGmcHpm;=u&w,f/ txl;ojzifhedk@&nfcsdKwkdufau|;aewJh rdcifwOD;
tjzpfudkawG;jyD; odyfoem;aerd=uw,f/ odyfhpdwfemp&mjzpfapcJhw,f rdcifrSmr=umcif t&Sifvwfvwf rD;&SdK@owfcH&jyD;
ao&rSmjzpfw,f/ raocif ekd@pkd@t&G,fvlrrmuav;udk ayG@csDjyD; edk@csdK&nfw0wkdufau|;csifao;w,f/ rdcif&J@tjzpfrSefudk
vlrr,fom;i,fav;rSmvkH;vkH;rod&Smbl;/ xkdtxJrS rGeftzdk;tkd tzGm;tkd wkd@uvJ a=umuf&G@Hxdef@vef@jyD; ua,mifuwef;
atmf[pfa&&Gwfajymqkdae=uw,f/ tazudkwdkifwnf ae=uw,f (ÇtelcjrmWYw>)vdk@ atmf[pfukefw,f/ tJ'Dvkd@ atmf[pfwJh
(ÇtelcjrmWYw>)udt k pGJjyK jyD;rGefvlrsdK;wdk@udk wvkdif;vkd@ArmawG ac:ovm;vkd@ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@upOf;pm;vm=ujyefw,f/
25
'gvJbJ=uHqawG;awmjyD; qufpyf,lwJh aumufcsufw&yf omjzpfw,f/ rdrdwdk@udk bma=umifhwvkdif;vkd@ ArmawGu
ac:&ovJrodwJhtay:rSm tajccHjyD; 'Dta=umif;a=umifh jzpfwef&mw,f/ 'gav;awmh jzpfaumif;yg&J@qkdwJhawG;awm
=uHqcsufr#omjzpfw,f/tJ'DvdkqufpyfawG;ac:ekdifavmufwJhwkdufqkdifrSKtjzpfysufwckuvJ&Sdaew,fvkd@u|efawmfjrifw,f/
'geJ@ywfoufjyD;rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ordkif;udku|efawmfavhvmokawoejyK=unfhtcg atmufygwkdufqdkifwJhtjzpfysufwcku&Sd
cJhw,f/
“ rGefvlrsdK;wdk@udkrD;&SKd@jyD; rowfcifpyg;usnfrSm ydwfavSmifxm;w,fqkdwJh ordkif;tcsufudkoGm;awG@w,f/ tm;vkH; aygif;(9)usnfvkd@
rGefordkif;rSmqdkxm;w,f/ vlt&nfwGuftwdusudkawmh raz:jyxm;bl; tJ'Dvkdpyg;usnfrSmydwfavSmif cHxm;&wJhcsdefrSm
rGefuav;oli,fawG rGefrdef;uav;awG rGeftbdk;=uD;awGwkd@[m pyg;usnfae&m usOf;usOf;=uyf=uyfxJrSm wOD;udkwOD;
wkd;acG@ydwfnSyfjyD;ae=u&w,f/a=umuf&G@Hxdef@vef@jyD;olwaygufigwaygufeJ@ rdrdwdk@&J@rdcifzcifwkd@udkwrf;wjyD; (ÇtelcjrmWYw>)
(ÇtelcjrmWYw>)vkd@atmf[pfwkdifwnfidk,kdae=uw,f/'gutrSefjzpfw,f//
tJ'Dvkdatmf[pfidk,fdkqlnHae=uwJhtwGuf Armtapmifhppfom;awGa'goxGufvm=uw,f/ 'geJywfoufjyD;OD;atiffaZ,sqDodk@
oGm;a&mufowif;ydk@ta=umif;=um;w,f/ oem;nSmwmpdwfr&SdwJhOD;atmifaZ,su tJ'Dvkdpyg;usnfxJrmS ikd,dkqlnHae=uwJ@
rGefvl=uD;vli,f uav;rr,fwkd@tidkwdwfatmifqkdjyD;oHc|efeJ@xkd;ckdif;apjyefw,f/ (OD;atmifaZ,su Armppfom;awGudk
trdef@ay;ckdfif;wJhtwGuf Armppfom;awGuoHc|efeJ@xdk;w,fvkd@rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ ordkif;rSwfwrf;rSmqdkxm;w,f/)tJ'Dvkdtrde@f twdkif;
pyg;usnfywfywfvnfwav#muf &SdwJv h al wG&J@eHab;udkArmppfom;wkd@urnSmrwmoHc|efeJ@ vkdufxkd;w,f/ Armppfom;wkd@u
rnSmrwmatmf[pfqJqkdusdef;armif;w,f/
tJ'Dvkdrdrdwdk@eSHab;udkoHc|efeJ@wtm;xkd;cH&vkd@emusifvGef;jyD;udk,fudk,fhukdawmifrxdef;edkif=uawmhbl;/ vl;vdSrfhjyD;wtm;atmf[pf
idk,kdae=ujyefw,f/ tJ'DjrifuGif;udk jrif=uwJh Armtapmifh ppfom; awGutvGefaysmf=uw,f/ aysmf=uvGef;vkd@pyg;usnfudk
0kdif;=uD;ywfywfv,f/vSnfhjyD; ‘wvkdif;’ ‘wvkdif;’ vkd@jrL;wl;jyD; atmf[pf ajymifavSmif u’ ae=ujyefw,f/ 'Dtcsufvufwdk@[m
trSefbJjzpfw,f/ 'Dordkif;tcsufvuftrSefawGudku|efawmfawG@&SdcJhw,f/
'Dae&mrSm rGefvlrsdK;wkd@atmf[pfikd,kdwJh (Çtelcj)pum;eJ@ Armtapmifh ppfom;awG a[mf[pfwJh wvkdif;pum;vkH;wkd@[m
toHtm;jzifhqifwl&kd;rSm;jzpfaew,f/ toHqifwl&dk;rSm;jzpfwJh'Dpum;eSpfvkH;udkqufpyf,ljyD; wvkdif;pum;vkH;[m (Çtelcj)
pum;udk ta=umif;jyKjyD; jzpfedkfifw,fvkd@ aemifacwfrGefvlrsdK;wkd@u rdrdwdk@bmomrdrdwdk@ qufpyfpOf;pm;,l =uwmjzpfw,f/
bmjzpfvJqkdawmhrdrdudkta=umif;rJhbkrodbrodwvkdif;vkd@ac:cH&wJhtcg/ 'gav;awmhjzpfwef&mygw,f 'Dta=umif;bJ&Sdekdifw,fvkd@
qufpyf awG;awm=uHq,lwJh ,lqcsuf jzpfaew,f/pum;vkH;eSpfvkH;uvJtoHqifwl&kd;rSm;jzpfaewJhtwGuf qufpyf=uHqawG;awm
,ljcif;omjzpfw,f//
trSefwu,frSmrGefawGatmf[pfw(Jh Çtelcj)pum;vkH;eJ@Armppfom;awGa[mf[pfajymifavSmifaewJhwvkdif;pum;vkH;wkd@[mw
ckeJ@wckwjcm;pDjzpfw,f/qufpyfrSKvkH;0r&Sdyg/ wckeJ@wckvJvkH;0rywfouf=uyg/ wvkdif;qkw d Jhpum;vkH;[m c&mZfouU&mZf
1750ckeSpf (1111ckeSpf) rwkdifrSDuwnf;u tokH;jyKcJhw,f/ tif;0udkrGefvlrsdK;wkd@wkdufckdufodrf;ydkufr&cifuwnf;u
wvkdif;a0g[m&udk tif;0edkifiHrSm okH;aejyD;jzpfw,f twdusajym&if 1740-ckeSpftkwfbdkrwW&mujynfolvlxkawG tkH=uGawmfvSef
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26
4
rSefeef;r[m&mZ0ifawmf=uD;-wwd,wGJ/ pm 387-388
27
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tykdif; (6)
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tqkH;trudkcHIrSm;aomt,lYwnf=uukefonfum; wr`0wDjrdK@wnfonfrSpI tqufqufaomrif;wkd@ vufxuf jzpfukef.”
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30
5
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8
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31
Nor could they be married till they were set free early in the morning. If they were married without sending to the
teachers the flower of their virginity, it is said that they were heavily punished by the king for breaking the custom. The
sending of the flower of virginity meant an act of worship”.(G.E Harvey/ The History of Burma/p. 18)
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=um;od&w,f/ rdrdwkd@.orD;ysKd t&G,fa&mufvmjyD;qkd&if “ysdKaz:0if”wJhtcrf;em;udk usif;yavh&Sdw,fvkd@ od&w,f/
vlolawGudkzdwf=um;jyD; rdrdwkd@.orD;ysdK “ysdKaz:0if” onfhtcrf;em;udk bk&m;&Sdckd;ausmif; (Temple)rSm =uD;=uD;
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32
tJ'Dvkdtcrf;em;rSmysdKaz:0ifwJh rdef;cav;.tysdKpifb0udkvlod&Sif=um;ay;urf;pGef@vGwf&onf/
t&nf&[ef; wdk@udk yef;OD;qGwf cGifhay;&w,f/ “ysdKaz:0if”wJhtcrfem;vdk@ac:qkd=uw,f/
vl@usifh0wfoduQmeJ@rudkufnDwJh'Dvkd,kwfrmwJhtusifhrsdK;wkd@ukd tENd,tpkd;&uawmhjyifjyifxefxefw&m;0if ydwfyifwm;qD;
xm;w,f/ tjypfay;w,f/ 'gayrJh,ae@wkdifwdwfwdwfykef;=udwfjyD;rdrdoRD;ysdKudk bk&m;&Sdckd;ausmif;(Temple)odk@ twif;t"rR ykd@jyD;
yef;OD;vGwfapw,fvkd@avhvmod&Sd&w,f/NGOtzGJ@pnf;wck&J@tpD&ifcHpmrStmufygpmyk'fudkavhvm=unfh&ifodomekdifygw,f/
“These practices although forbidden by the Indian Government are still prevalent in parts of the
country today.”
“NGO’s estimate 5000 to 15000 girls are still dedicated to such or similar practices every year.”
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qufvufusif;yaeqJ&Sdw,f/
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34
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35
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167// “rGefjynfudkwkdufjcif;”
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9
rif;=uD;tm;qufawmfrlavjyD;aomf rif;=uD;vnf; 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om qkvmwfay; awmfrl .//”
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“The Burmese and [BCEF: Mon soldiers] [D: Raman host], however, scattered because of the royal
majesty and power.--------------------All the chief ministers and army officers who [BCEF: set out in pursuit of]
[D: pursued] the enemy slashed [BCDF: and killed] Burmese and Mon all along the way to Kancanaburi.”10
“At the same time the Raman army officers had advanced and reached Martaban just as the boat carrying
the report from [BCD: Tenasserim] [EF: Tanao], Marit and Tavoy reached Martaban.”11
tykdif;(8)
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(In such a situation revolt was bound to ensue. It begun in 1740 with a colony of Gwe Shans at Okpo near Madaya, not
many miles away from the capital. They were discontented because of the exorbitant taxes demanded on their areca
48
palms. So, under the leadership of a minlaung Gonna-ein, they united with a band of Mon deportees settled at
Madaya and drove the Burmese out of the district.)21
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txufygpmyk'fukdavhvm=unfh&ifauG@&rS f;eSifhrGew f kd@ykefuef=ujcif;vkd@qdkxm;w,f/auG@&Srf;eSirhf eG w
f kd@udkoD;jcm;xifxif&Sm;&Sm;az:jya&;
om;xm;wmudkawG@&w,f//
tJ'Dawmh rwW&mtkwfzkdrSm awmfvSefykefuefwJh jynfolvlxkawG[m &Srf;vlrsdK;qkdwm aocsmaew,f/ tkwfbdkrwW&mrSmaexkdif=uwJh
vlxkwkd@[m ordkif;taxmufxm;t& rGefvlrsdK;r[kwfbJ &Srf;vlrsdK;jzpfaewmudk wdwdususajymvkd@&vmw,f/
wzef Edward Harper Parker a&;om;wJh Burma pmtkyfxJrSm atmufyg twdkif; a&;om;xm;wmudkawG@&jyefw,f
“Binya Dala gave out publicly that it was his intention to reestablish the Empire of Bureng Naung, and allied himself with
the Gwe Shans of Madara (near Ava) with a view of extending his conquests from Prome and Taungu over Burma”23
21
Burma, p. 75
22
OD;odrf;armif.tavmif;bk&m;/pm-217
23
Burma/Edward Harper Parker. P. 77
49
'Dpmyk'fukdjrefrmjyefaomf
“bk&ifaemiftifyg,m;=uD;jyefvnfxlaxmifbkd@qdkwJh&nf&G,fcsufudk Anm;'v[mtwdtvif;xkwfaz: ausjimvkdufw,f/jynf/
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txufygpmyk'ft&tif;0udkodrf;ydkufedkifbkd@twGuf[Hom0wDrGefbk&ifAnm;'vuauG@&Srf;wdk@eJ@r[mrdwfzJ@G cJhw,fvkd@qkdxm; w,f/
rGefeJ@auG@&Srf;wkd@[mwjcm;pDjzpfaewmudkawG@&jyefw,f/ ordefaxmr&SdwJhaemufydkif;1747-ckeSpfrSm rGefvlrsdK;Anm;'v[m
[Hom0wDrif;tjzpfudk&&Sdvmw,f/rif;jzpfjyD;wJhaemufrSmbk&ifhaemifxlaxmifcw Jh Jh[Hom0wDtifyg,m=uD;udkjyefvnfxlaxmifbdk@qdk
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ordkif;taxmufxm;jzpfw,f/
tJ'Dawmh auG@vlrsdK;/auGG@wvdkfif;/tkwfbdkrwW&muwvkdif;awGqdkwJhpmyk'f[m b,fol@udktrSefwu,f&nfn$ef;aeovJ/
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tif;0rif;udkawmfvSefykefuefcJh=uwJhtkwfbdkrwW&muauG@&Srf;vlrsdK;wdk@&J@ awmfvSefrSKordkif;tcsufvufudk u|efawmfxyfrH avhvm
&SmazG@=unfhjyefw,f/ auG@&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@&J@tkwfbkdrwW&mykefueftkH=uGrSKudku|efawmfavhvmwJhtcg tHh=o avmufatmif
tiftm;=uD;rm; aewmudk awG@&w,f tcGeftaumuftay:rauseyf=uvkd@ xaomif;usef;wmr[kwfbl; qkdwmod&w,f/
auG@&Srf;wkd@b,favmuf tiftm; =uD;rm;w,fqkdwmudk atmufyga&$bdked'gef;pmtkyfrSma&;om; xm;wJhpmyk'fukd avhvm&if
odedkifw,f/
“auG@wdk@onfjrefrmwyfudkwdkufzsufIa&$=uuf,ufwkdifatmifaygufa&muf. ipOfudkifwyfudkvnf; wkdufjyef onf/
ysufI [efvif;rSwfxHwkdifatmifxdyg;aygufa&mufavonf//
auG@wdk@onfjrefrmwyfrsm;udk omru uonf;jynfodk@ jyefvnfqkwfcGmoGm;aom *g&pfem0gpf uonf; wyf
rsm; udkvnf; wkdufckdufonf// t0odk@vmonfhw&kwfoHtzGJ@eSifhvnf;wkdufckduf=uonf/ w&kwfwkd@onf t0rif;.
&efolrsm;udkokwfoif &Sif;vif;ay;cJh&rnf[k rdrdwdk@t&Sifocif w&kwf {u&mZfrif;jrwfu rSmvkdufa=umif;
jzifhajymqkdI rwW&mbufodk@ul;umauG@wkd@udkwkdufavonf/ w&kwftzGJ@.Akdvfygtiftm;rSm waxmifcef@&Sdonf/
auG@wkd@eSifhwkduf&mwGifw&kwfwkd@ta&;edrfhIqkwfcGmcJh&avonf// auG@wkd@onf t0ysuf jyD;aemuf tavmif;rif;
w&m;=uD;vufxufodk@wkdifatmif qufvufI ykefuefaomif;usef; ae=uqJ jzpfav onf//”24
'Dpmyk'fudkavhvm&ifauG@&Srf;wkd@tiftm;udkcef@rSef;,ledkfifw,f/ tif;0ut&SKH;ay;vufajrSmufxm;ae&wJhuonf;aomif;usef;ol
awGukdawmifauG@&Srf;wkdk@uwdkufxkwfedkifcJhw,f/ tif;0rif;zdwfac:rSKt&w&kwfjynfuvma&mufulnDwJh w&kwfwyfwkd@udkvJ
tedkfifwkdufedkifcJhw,f twdtvif; qdkxm;w,f/ tif;0ysufjyD;aemuf OD;atmifaZ,s vufxufrSmawmif qufvufawmfvSef
ykefuefaeao;w,fvkd@ qkdxm;w,f/ auG@&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@&J@ tif;tm;b,favmuf=uD;rm;w,fqdkwmudkcef@rSef;edkifygw,f/
wzeftkwfbdkrwW&mu auG@&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@&J@ykefuefrSK tif;tm;taxmufxm;udk rSefeef;&mZ0ifrSm u|efawmf&SmazG=unhfjyefw,f/
rSefeef;&mZ0ifrSm w&kwfoHudk,fpm;vS,ftiftm;[m(5000)ausmfygw,fvdk@a&;om;xm;w,f/ 'Davmufrsm;jym;wJhtiftm;udkvJ
auG@&Srf;wdk@u wdkufckdufedkifcJhw,fvkd@a&;om;wmukdawG@&w,f/ rSeef ef;&mZ0iforkdif;rSm a&;om; xm;wJh w&kwfoHudk,fpm;vS,f
ta=umif;udk atmufygtwkdif;awG@&w,f/ /
“w&kyfOwnfrif;uoHapv$wfjcif;ta=umif;”
24
a&$bdked’gef;//pm-24
50
“t&kyf(w&kyf)eSifh rdwfo[m,jzpfrnfta=umif;udk{ol&J'Gefwm&Jwdk@eSifh
vlaygif;ig;axmifausmfa&mufvmonfwGif
raem&rRO,smOfuaeapItawG@cHawmfrlonf//w&kyfwdk@vnf;auG@wvkdif;wkd@&kdif;jyonfudkbrf;qD;vkda=umif;eSifhav#muf
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{ol&J'Gefwm&J25wkd@ uvnf;u|efawmfwkd@udkppfwkdufrapaomfvnf; t&Sifh&efolawmfonf
u|efawmfwkd@t&Sif&efolawmfyifjzpfonfqkdIvlig; axmifausmfeSifhauG@wvkdif;wkd@udkwkdufonf/
ta&;r&v#ifoHbufcef@I{ol&J'Gefwm&Jwkd@udkw&kyfjynfodk@jyefoGm;ap./”26
'Dpmyk'fukd&Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;em;vnfatmifa&;om;&rnfqkd&ifatmufygtwkdif;jzpfw,f/
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jzpfw,f’vdk@jyefajymjyD; w&kwfcspf=unfa&;udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@wkd@u vlaygif;(5000)ausmfwdk@eJ@auG@wvkdif;wkd@udkoGm;wdkufw,f/
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aerdw,f/
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25
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26
rSefeef;&mZ0ifawmf=uD;/wwd,wGJ//pm-394-395
51
tajrmufrsm;eJ@vmp&mrvdkbl; e,fpyfapmifhwyfwkd@u
oHudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@&J@vkHjcKHrSKeJ@ c&D;oGm;a&;vma&; udpPwkd@udk wm0ef,laqmif&Gufay;&w,f/)
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taxmufxm;awGudk vkdufvH&SmazG=unfh&SK&jyeffw,f/
'geJ@ywfoufjyD; Edward Harper Parker a&;om;wJh Burma pmtkyfrSmygwJhrSwfwrf;udkavhvm=unfhawmhrS u|efawmfpdwfxJrmS
r&Sif;vif;jzpfaewJhtar;awG&J@tajzudk&awmhw,f/Edward Harper Parker uatmufygtwdkif; a&;om; xm;w,f/
“The King of Burma had sent envoys to the ‘Empereror of China, representing the great danger “which
then threatened his kingdom, and asking for support. In reply to his appeal two Chinese and Manchu
officers arrived at capital with an escort of one hundred horsemen and a thousand foot. They
suggested that an attack should be made on the Talaing stockade a Madara. This was done, and as it
failed, the Chinese officers retired without making any promise of assistance.”
txufygpmyk'f&@Jt"dy`g,fudk&Sif;vif;atmifa&;om;&&ifatmufygtwkdif;jzpfw,f/
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27
Burma/ Edward Harper Parker, p. 83
28
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29
armifaomf.ukkef;abmifacwfppfwrf;/ pm 49
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usifhokH;wJhenf;pepfjzpfw,f/ wzufrSmwvkdif;&efukd wkdufckdfuf acsrSKef; =ubkd@twGuf wkdif;ol jynfom;awGudkvJ vSKyfaqmf
pnf;&kH;odrf;oGif;cJhw,f/
&Srf;trsdK;om;wkd@&J@awmfvSefa&;[mtvGeftiftm;=uD;rm;w,fqkdwmjiif;p&mr&Sdbl;/ Armrif;uvufav#mhxm;cJh&wJh uonf;
&efol udkawmif auG@&Srf;trsdK;om;wkd@u wdkufckdufarmif;xkwfedkifcw Jh Jhtxdtiftm;=uD;rm;w,f/ w&kwfjynf bk&ifrif;jrwfxHrSm
tif;0rif; "rR&mZm"dywdu tulnDawmif;jyD;eSdrfeSif;&wJhtxdjzpfcJh&w,f/ auG@&Srf;wkd@uvJ [Hom0wD&Srf;rif;ordefaxmxHrS
tulnD awmif;wmjzpfw,f/,dk',m;uvmwJhrif;avmif;v0tdrfqdkwmwjcm;olrjzpfekdif [Hom0wDrSm rif;avmif;tjzpfemrnf
ausmf=um;jyD; rif;tjzpf&xm;wJh&Srf;rif;rsdK;EG,fordefaxmAk'<uwWdudk qdkvdkwmjzpfw,f ordefaxmAk'<uwWdudktif;0rSm jyefvnf
eef;wifay;&ef&nf&G,fcsufeJ@rif;avmif;udk=udKqdk=uvdk@vSKyfaqmf=uwmjzpfw,f/ “owdk;rif;acgif vnf; [Hom0wDwvdkif;wdk@
ppfrrDrwW&mtkwfbdkudkodrf;,lrnf”30 [krSefeef;&mZ0ifrSma&;om;xm;w,f/ 'Dpmyk'fyg [Hom0wD wvkdif;wyfqkdwmvJ
[Hom0wDrS&Srf;rif;ordefaxmwyfudkqdkvkdw,fvkd@ u|efawmftckdifrmajymcsifw,f/ ‘rwW&mtkwfbdk paom ppfudkif;txuf
tnmjrpfpOfwav#mufwvkdif;qkdor#wkdifyif nDnGwfI [Hom0wDwyf ta&muf tqdkufudkom ajrSmfvifhIae=uygonf’
pmyk'fygtxuftnmjrpfpOfwav#mufrSm&SdwJhwvkdif;awGqdkwm rGefvlrsdK;vkH;0rjzpfedkfifbl; txuftnmrSm rGefvlrsdK;awG r&Sdedkifbl;
&Srf;vlrsdK;om&Sdekdifw,f/ txufnmu&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@udk qdkvkdwmjzpf&r,f/ tnmjrpfpOfwav#mufrSm&SdwJh &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@udk
pnf;&kH;odrf;oGif;vkd@ &xm;jyD;jzpfw,f/ [Hom0wDrS ppftulom tjrefqkH;vmjyD;tif;0wkdufbkd@ vlapv$wf
tulnDawmif;vdkufw,f/ ordkif;taxmufxm;t&obm0usjyD;,kwWdwefvdk@qdkekdifw,f/ tkwfbkduauG@&Srf;wdk@ tulnD
awmif;wJhtwdkif; [Hom0wDrS &Srf;rsdK;EG,fordefaxmAk'<uwWdrif;uvJ ppftulwyfawGydk@jyD; tif;0udkwkdufapw,f/ ordefaxm
apv$wfvkdufwJh[Hom0wDwyfawG[m tif;0jrdK@&kd;wkdifxd a&mufcJhw,f/ csif;wGif;jrpf/ {&m0wDjrpftnmtxda&mufw,f/
&Srf;jynfxda&mufw,f/'gayrJhtif;0udkrodr;f ydkufcJhedkifbl;/t=udrf=udrf=udK;pm;wkdufckdufayrJhtif;0udkrodr;f ydkufekdifcJhbl;/ aemufqkH;rSm
ordefaxmapv$wfvkdufwJh[Hom0wDwyfawGaemufqkwfjyefvmcJh&w,f/ tif;0 eef;awmfrSm &Srf;rif;ordefaxmAk'<uwWdudk
eef;wifay;bkd@&Srf;trsdK;om;wkd@&J@ =udK;yrf;rSKvJ ratmifjrifbJ jzpfoGm;w,f/ ordefaxm Ak'<udwWdvJpdwf"gwfusjyD; 1746-
ckeSpfrSmZifr,fbufokd@ xGufoGm;jyD; b0jrKyf vkdufw,f/
txufygu|efawmfwifjycJw h Jh ordkif;oufaotaxmufxm;awG tcsufvufawGtm;vkH;wkd@udk aoaocsmcsmavhvmokH;oyf
=unfhvkduf&if[Hom0wDrSmrif;avmif;vkd@emrnfausmf=um;aewJhordefaxmAk'M<uwWdudk ta=umif;jyKjyD;&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@awmfvSef=u
wmjzpfw,f/ordefaxmAk'<uwWdudktif;0rSmeef;wifjyD;&Srf;rif;quftm%mxlaxmifa&;twGuf tkwfbdkrwW&mu auG@&Srf; vlrsdK;wkd@
30
rSefeef;r[m&mZ0ifawmf=uD;/ wwdd,wGJ/ pm 390
55
awmfvSefykefuefrSKjzpfw,f/ trSefudkzkH;uG,fjyD;awmfvSefa&;udk ao;odrfatmiftcGeftaumufudk ra=ueyfvkd@
aomif;usef;=uwJh
auG@wvkdif;awGvkd@orkwfjyD;vdrfnm0g'jzef@vkdufwmjzpfw,f/&Srf;rif;rsdK;EG,frif;avmif;ordefaxmvkd@rSwfwrf;wifa&;om;&rJhtpm;
ordkif;ajc&mcHaumuf,lvkd@r&ekdifatmif/,kd;',m;urif;avmif;v0tdrfudk=udKqdk=uvdk@vJrSefeef;&mZ0ifrSmajymif;v$Ja&;om;vkduf
w,f/
tm;vkH;udkjcKHjyD;aumufekwfcsufcs&&ifauG@vlrsdK;/auG@wvdkif;/tkwfbdkrwW&mwvkdif;/ tnmjrpfpOfwav#mufwvkdif;/ [Hom0wDrS
vmwJh wvkdif;wyf pwJh wvkdif;a0g[m&wkd@[m &Srf;vlrsdK;udkOD;wnf&nfn$ef;ae=uwmudkawG@&w,f/ wvdkif;qdkwJha0g[m&[m
rGefvlrsdK;udk &nfn$ef;wm r[kwfbl;/ &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@udk OD;wnf&nfn$ef; aew,fqdkwm u|efawmfckdifckdifrmrmajym&Jvmawmhw,f/
wvdkif;a0g[m&[m woufvkH;rGefvlrsdK;vkd@om odxm;=uwJholawGtwGuf tJ'Dvkdwvkid ;f pum;vkH;[m &Srf;vlrsdK;udk
&nfn$ef;w,fvkd@=um;wmeJ@ eSmacgif;&SK@HjyD; r,kHouFmjzpfrSmaocsmw,f/ 'grkd@wvkdif;a0g[m&[m&Srf;vlrsdK;udk &nfn$ef;w,fvkd@
u|efawmfvG,fvG,fajymjyD;vG,fvG,feJ@ausmckdif;oGm;vkd@rjzpfao;bl; txufujycJhjyD;jzpfwJhordkif;taxmufxm;awGeJ@yif
wvdkif;[m&Srf;vlrsdK;udk &nfn$ef;w,fvkd@ckdifckdifrmrmajymedkifayrJh rvkHavmufao;bl; u|efawmfrSm wm0efrjyD;qkH;
ao;bl;vkd@cH,lvkdufw,f/ &Srf;vlrsdK;udk tb,fa=umifh Armbk&iftif;0rif;u wvkdif;a0g[m&eJ@&nfn$ef;okH;eSKef;cJ&h ovJ/
&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@eJ@ wvkdif;pum;vkH;[m b,fvdkqufpyfrSK awG&SdcJhovJ wvkdif;qkw d Jha0g[m&pum;vkH;&J@ aemufcHorkdif;a=umif;u
b,fvkd&SdcJhovJ pwJhtcsufawGudk vkdufvH&SmazG az:xkwfbkd@twGuf u|efawmfzckH;tay:rSm =uD;av;wJh wm0efawGu
usa&mufvmjyefw,f/
56
tydkif;(10)
vGefcJhwJhtywfu wvdkif;a0g[m&eJ@ywfoufjyD;u|efawmf&@J&SmazGawG@&Sdcsufwkd@udk wdwdususajymcJhjyD;jzpfw,f/ wvkdif;a0g[m&
tokH;eSKef;[m &Srf;vlrsdK;eJ@omoufqkdifw,f/ &Srf;vlrsKd ;udkom &nfn$ef;w,f rGefvlrsdK;udk r&nfn$ef;bl;vdk@
tcdkiftrma&;om;wifjycJhw,f 'Dvkda&;om;wifjy&mvJ ta=umif;rJha&;om;cJhwmr[kwfbl;/ oufaoawG taxmufxm;awG
jynfhjynfhpkHpkHeJ@ a&;om; wifjy cJhjyD; jzpfw,f/ 'gayrJh wvkdif;a0g[m&[mrGefvlrsdK;wdk@eJ@omoufqkdifw,fvkd@ woufvkH;
odxm;vmcJw h Jhyk*~dKvfawGtzkd@r,kH=unfekdifavmufatmifjzpfae=urSmaocsmw,f/ 'grdk@wvkdif;a0g[m&eJ@ &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@&J@qufpyfrSK/
wvkdif;qdkwJha0g[m&&J@t"dy`g,f/ wvkdif;a0g[m&&J@ aemufcH ordkif;pwJh tcsufvufwkd@udk &SmazGaz:xkwfbkd@ wm0efuusefae
ao;w,fvkd@ u|efawmfucH,lvdkufw,f/ 'geJ@ywfoufjyD; oufaojy edkifbkd@twGuf ckdifrmwJhoufao taxmufxm;awG
udk&SmazGcJh&w,f/ ae@rtm; nrtm;pmtkyfawGtajrmufrsm; udkzwf&SKjyD; &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@eJ@wvkdif;a0g[mwkd@&J@ qufpyfrSKudk
&SmazGcJh&w,f/ tajymvG,f oavmuf wu,fvufawG@rSm&SmazGwJhtcg vG,fvG,feJ@rdrdvkdcsifwJhoufaoawG
ordkif;taxmufxm;awGudk r&edkifcJhbl;/ t*FvdyfbmomeJ@ a&;om;xm;wJh pmtkyftrsdK;rsd;udk &SmazGzwf&SKayrJh
vkHavmufckdifrmwJhwvdkif;a0g[m&eJ@ &Sr;f vlrsKd ;wkd@ qufpyfrSK taxmufxm;awGudk rawG@edkifbJjzpfaecJhw,f/
'gayrJhu|efawmftaeeJ@pdwf"gwfrusqif;oGm;bl;/ u|efawmfwifjycJw h Jht,lq[m rSefuef&r,fvdk@ pdwfxJrSm ckdifckdifjrJjrJ
,kH=unfqJbJ&Sdw,f/ 'grkd@ZJrG av#mhbJrawG@,awG@atmif&SmazGw,f/ pm=unfhwkduftpkHoGm;a&mufjyD;pmtkyf pmwrf;awG tpkHvifudk
vkdufvH&SmazGzwf&SK&wJhtjyif &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@.ordkif;rSwfwrf;udk&SmazGzwf&SK&jyefw,f/ atmufyg&Srf;orkdif;rSpmyk'fukd=unfh&SK
avhvmwJhtcgtpetenf;i,f&vmw,f/&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@[molwdk@udk,folwkd@ Tai ac:a=umif;od&w,f/
“In their own language the Shans call themselves Tai or Tai Long and their country Mong Tai instead of
Shan State. The origin of the name Shan is not very clear, but has been discussed by many scholars. One of
the hypotheses concerning the origin of the name Shan is that Shan, Siam and Assam had been derived from
the word "Sian" (Hsian, Sein), which designates a group of mountainous people who migrated down for
Yunnan in the 6th. century AD. Another says that the Shan people were named after the "Mighty Shan", the
Great Mountain Ranges of China from where they had migrated. A third hypothesis suggests that Shan is a
corrupt word of Syam, a name given to Kshatriya (warriors) on duty of the Khmer empire in the early period
of the Tai history. In fact, all peoples of Mon-Khmer language family call the Tai "Shan", "Shen", "Sham",
or "Syam". However, all hypotheses lead to the names Shan and Tai as being one and the same race.”31
'Dae&mrSmtwkdjcKH;jyD;bmomjyefa&;om;&r,fqkd&ifatmufygtwkdif;jzpfw,f/
“&Srf;omompum;rSmolwkd@udk,folwkd@Tai odkr[kwf Tai Long vkd@ac:w,f/ &Srf;jynfudkvJ&Srf;jynftpm; Mong Tai vkd@
ac:qdkokH;eSKef;=ua=umif;/&Sr;f emrnfjzpfvmykHudkwdwdususrod&bl; &Srf;emrnfeJ@ywfoufjyD; ynm&Siftawmfcyfrsm;rsm;[m
ukd,fhtjrifeJ@udk,f aqG;aEG; wifjy=uw,f/ ynm&SifwOD;u &Sr;f pum;vkH;[m ‘Siam’(pD,H/xkdif;/) eSifh ‘Assam’ (tmoH)
pum;vkH;rsm;u qif;ouf vmw,fvkd@qdkw,f/ wjcm;aomynm&SifwOD;u &Srf;pum;vkH;[m olwdk@tprlvaecJw h Jhw&kwfjynf&Sd
(Mighty Shan ) (rdkufwD&Srf;) &kd;rawmifwef;udk tqGJjyKjyD;&Srf;vlrsdK;vkd@ac:w,fvkd@qdkw,f/ wwd,,lqcsufu&Srf;pumvkH;[m
olwkd@&J@ ol&Jaumif; trnfemr (Syam) rSqif;oufvmwJhpum;vkH;ysufjzpfw,fvkd@qdkw,f/ rGef-crmtkyfpkrSvlrsdK;tm;vkH;wkd@u
Tai udk &Srf;/&Sif/ o#rf;/odk@r[kwf pD,Hvkd@ac:=uw,f/'gayrJh 'Dt,lqtm;vkH;wkd@[m Tai eJ@&rS ;f twlwlbJ jzpfw,fqdkwmudkn$ef;jy
aew,f/”
txufygpmyk'ft&&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@[molwkd@udk,fol&rS ;f vkd@rac:bl;/olwdk@udk,folwkd@(Tai)vlrsdK;okd@r[kwf(Tailong)vlrsdK;vkd@ac:qdk=u
w,f/ rGeef J@ArmvlrsdK;wkd@uom Tai vlrsdK;udk&Srf;vlrsdK;vkd@ac:qkdokH;eSKef;aewmjzpfw,f/ tJ'Dawmh &Srf;vlrsdK;eJ@ Tai
vlrsdK;wkd@[mvlrsdK;wrsdK;wnfjzpfw,f/ twlwlbJjzpfw,f/ &Srf;vlrsdK;udk&nfn$ef;w,fqdkwmod&w,f/ u|efawmf odu|r;f wJh
31
The Tai of The Shan State/Nel Adams alias Sao Noan Oo. P. 1
57
&Srf;vlrsdK;&Srf;ausmif;om;rsm;udkar;=unfhawmhvJolwdk@udkolwkd@‘Tai’vkd@ac:ajym=ua=umif;od&w,f/olwdk@vlrsdK;udkrGefeJ@Armwkd@uom
&Srf;vkd@ac:qkdae=uwm/(Tai)vlrsdK;wkd@uolwkd@ukd,folwkd@(Tai)vkd@bJac:w,f/od=uw,f/&Srf;vkd@olwkd@tcsif;csif;rSmrac:/rajym/rokH;
eSKef;bl;/rod=ubl;/rGefeJ@ArmvlrsdK;wkd@uolwdk@udk&Srf;vkd@ac:qdkokH;eSKef;ae=uudkawmholwkd@odw,f/
Tai People have many different subgroups namely, Tai Nue (Northern or Chinese Shan), Tai Lam (Black Shan of
Laos,Vietnam), Tai Sa (in China), Tai Mao (living along the China/Shan State border), Tai Khun, Tai Sipson Panna
(Eastern Shan StateI), Tai Kham Ti ( Northrn Shan State, Kachin State), Tai Ahom (Assam, India) Tai Lue (Lanna,
Thailang), Tai Long (Thailand,Central Shan State), Tai Leng (Kachin, Shan State border), Tai Loi (Mountain Shan/Hill
Shan), Tai Lai. All Tai/Shan people call themselves “Tai” and not as members of the different subgroups. Identifying
themselves separately only serves to classify them as a people.(Tai-Nation. Org/p.1)
'Dpmyk'fudkoifhav#mfovkdbmomjyef&&if
“(Tai )&Srf;vlrsdK; wkd@rSmtkyfpkuJrG sdK;EG,fpkawGtajrmufrsm;&Sdw,f/4if;wkd@rSm Tai Nue (ajrmufydkif;&Srf; okd@r[kwf w&kwf&Srf;), Tai
Lam (avm/Ad,uferf&Srf;rJ), Tai Sa (w&kwfjynfxJrSm&SdwJh&Srf;), Tai Mao(w&kwfArme,fpyfae&Sr;f ), Tai Khun, Tai Sipson
Panna (&Srf;jynfta&S@ydkif;ae@&Srf;), Tai Kham Ti ( ajrmufykdif;&Srf;eJ@ucsifjynfe,f&Srf;), Tai Ahom (tmoHjynf&Srf; tdENd,&Srf;),
Tai Lue (xkdif;jynf&Sd&Srf;), Tai Long (xkdif;jynf&Sr;f eJ@&Srf;jynftv,fydkif;&Srf;), Tai Leng (ucsifjynfe,feJ@ &Srf;jynfe,fpyf&Sd&Srf;),
Tai Loi (awmifay:&Srf;), &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@[molwkd@udk,folwkd@ ‘Tai’ vkd@ac:=uw,f/ tkyfpkuGJemrnf taeeJ@rac:=ubl;/
oD;jcm;rsdK;EG,fpkudk&nfn$ef;wJhtcgrSmomtkyfpktEG,ftrnfemrudkwyfjyD;ac:=uw,f/”
txufyg'Dpmyk'fudkavhvm&if&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@rSmtkyfpkuGJrsdK;EG,fpkawGtajrmufrsm;&SdwmudkawG@edkfifw,f/tkyfpktrnfudkokH;pGJcJw,f/tm;
vkH;wOD;udkwOD;(Tai)vdk@bJac:ajym=uw,f//
'gayrJhtxufyg Tai &Srf;rsdK;EG,fpkwkd@udkavhvm&ifrGefvlrsdK;eJ@ArmvlrsdK;awGac:qkdokH;eSKef;aewJh auG@&rS f;trnfemrudkrawG@cJh&bl;/
arm&Srf; (Tai Mao) trnfemrudk aw@G&w,f/ arm&Srf;trnfemrudkawmhpmzwfolrsm;tu|rf;0ifjyD;jzpfr,fu|efawmfxifygw,f/
arm&Srf;wkd@XmeDoDcsif;vJ&Sdw,f/arm&Srf;eJ@ArmvlrsdK;wdk@&if;eSD;jyD;omjzpfw,f/
'Dae&mrSmTai rsdK;EG,fpk trnf pm&if;xJrSm auG@&Srf;eJ@qufpyfwJh rsdK;EG,fpktrnfemrudk rawG@&wJhtwGuf u|efawmf pdwfxJrSm
txl;qef; jzpfrdjyefw,f wcgtkwfbkdrwW&mrSawmfvSefykef=uwJh&Srf;vlrsdK;udk auG@&rS ;f vkd@ArmvlrsdK;wkd@ac:a0:okH;eSKef;aewmudk
32
u|efawmfwkd@ odcJh&w,f/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ordkif;udkavhvm=unfhwJhtcg ‘aoHaumJ’ vkd@ac:qkdokH;eSKef;wmudkawG@&w,f/
Armordkif;rSmauG@&Srf;vdk@ac:qdkokH;eSKef;w,f/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ordkif;rSm &Srf;rif;om; ordefaxmAk'<uwWdudk ‘aoHaumJ’rsdK;EG,fvkd@
a&;om;xm;wmudkawG@w,f/ rGefpum;vkH; ‘aoH’ [m&Srf;vlrsdK;ukdac:jyD; ‘aumJ’[m &Srf;rsdK;eG,fpkwpk&J@trnfjzpfw,f/
32
edkifxGef;odef;a&;om;wJh[Hom0wDordkif;rSwfpkrS
58
‘aoHaumJ’ [m&Srf;rsdK;EGk,fpktrsm;rSrsdK;EG,fpkwpkjzpfw,f/ ArmawGu ‘auG@ &Sr;f ’vkd@ ac:vkdufw,f/ rGeftoHxGuf ‘aumJ’
eJ@ArmtoHxGuf ‘auG@’ wkd@[mwlnDrSK&Sdw,f/ wcgrGeftoH aoH [mArmtoH &Sr;f eJ@wlnDw,f/&Srf;vlrsdK;eJ@ywfoufjyD;
rGefeJ@ArmtokH;eSKef;[m vkH;0wlnDw,fvkd@ajym&if &edkifw,f/ ta&;om;wm rwlnDrSK&Sdw,f/rGeftoHxGuf ‘aumJ’udk Armwkd@u
‘auG@’ vkd@,lvkdufwmjzpfekdifw,f/'grdk@aoHaumJrGeftokH;eSKef;eJ@ArmtokH;eSKef; auG@&rS ;f qdkwmwlnDw,f toHxGufrSm wlnDrSK&SdjyD;
auG@&rS ;f rsdK;EG,fpkudk &nf&G,fwmtwlwljzpfw,f/
“In the 10th. and 11th. century, there is little doubt that a powerful Tai kingdom, the Nam Mao Long
Kingdom, had been founded in the northern region of Nam Mao (now called Shwe Li River). It is believed
that this was a branch of the "Tai Mao Kao" Kingdom founded in the 7th. century by the Tai of Yunnan.
Sao Hom Hpa of the Nam Mao line was the ruler of the Tai Nam Mao Long Kingdom in Burma for 80
33
jrefrmorkdif;/ OD;boef;/ pm-116
59
years until he died in 1104. During that period the Tais were the main rivals of the Burmans and Mons,
when the three groups were struggling for dominance in Burma.”34
udkpkdif;&Sif;jywJhtcsufeJ@ “the Nam Mao Long Kingdom, had been founded in the northern region of Nam Mao
(now called Shwe Li River). It is believed that this was a branch of the "Tai Mao Kao" Kingdom founded
in the 7th. century by the Tai of Yunnan”. pmyk'fygtcsufvufwkd@[mudkufnDaewmudkawG@&w,f/ ‘ Nam Mao Long
Kingdom’[mw&kwf,leefjynfe,frSmwnf&SdcJhbl;wJh &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@ ‘udk;wkdif;udk;XmeekdifiHawmf=uD;’&J@wkdif;/Xmewck jzpfw,f
qdkwmxif&Sm;w,f/udk;wdkif;udk;Xme&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@&J@tifyg,mekdifiHawmf=uD;[mtvGefus,f0efw,f/tif;tm;vJtvGef=uD;rm;wJhtifyg
,mekdifiHawmf=uD;wckjzpfw,f/xkdudk;wkdif;udk;Xme&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@.tifyg,m=uD;xJrSm Nam Mao Long Kingdom’ edkifiHawmfvJ
XmewcktaeeJ@yg0ifcw Jh ,f/ ‘Nam Mao Long Kingdom’ [mArmjynfwGif;odk@ (Tai Long)&Srf;wdk@ 0ifa&muf vmjyD;aemuf/
Armjynftxufydkif;a&$vDjrpf(Nam Mao) udktajccHwnfaxmifcw Jh JhekdifiHawmfwckjzpfw,f/ Armjynfajrmufydkif; a&$vDjrpf0Sr;f rSm
wnf&SdwJh (Tai Long)&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@&J@ edkifiHawmfjzpfw,f/'Dtcsufvufwkd@udk u|efawmf&Sif;&Sif;odvm&awmhw,f/ (Nam
Mao=a&$vDjrpf// Long=Tai Long=&Srf;vlrsdK;)
34
The Tai of The Shan State/Nel Adams alias Sao Noan Oo. P. 1
60
ta=umif;jyKjyD;rS'DekdifiHawmfrSae=uwJh &Srf;vlrsdK;udk(aoHauJ)aum&Srf;vkd@ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@uac:qkdjyD;
ArmvlrsdK;wkd@ (auG@)&Srf;ac:wmjzpfekdifw,fvdk@bJu|efawmfaumufekwfcsuf,lqvdkufawmhw,f/
35
The Shan Settlement in Myanmar/p. 2
61
VOL. II
CALCUTTA
1904
"We have seen that the Northern Shans were always spoken of by the other branches of the family as the
‘Tai Long' (w’vki)f or 'Great Tais'. In Shan the letters l and r are freely interchanged, so that another form
of the name is 'Tai Rong'. One section of the Shans who at various times entered Assam has retained this
name, and its members are now known as Tairongs, Turungs, or Sham (i.e., Shan) Turungs. ……….Their
own tradition is that they originally came from Mung-mang Khau-shang on the North-East of Upper
Burma, and settled on the Turungpani River, which took its name, 'the Tai-Rong Water', from them."36
'Dpmyk'fudktwkdcsKH;jyD;bmomjyef&&ifatmufygtwkdif;jzpfw,f/
36
Mon- Khmer and Siamese Families.p.64/(The above is based on the note on page 284 of Mr. Gait's Census Report.)
62
“ajrmufydkif;&Srf;wkd@udktjcm;&Srf;rsdK;EG,fpkwkd@u 'Tai Long' (w’vki)f okdr[kwf (Great Tai )&Srf;=uD; vkd@
tjrJwrf;ac:qdkwmudk u|efawmfwkd@=um;od&cJhw,f/ &Srf;wkd@rSm l eJ@ r pmvkH;rsm;ukd vGwfvGwfvyfvyf zvS,fjyD;okH;aewmudk awG@&
w,f/ xkda=umifh tjcm;emrnfykHpHwcku Tai Rong jzpfw,f/ &Srf;rsdK;EG,fpkrsm;rSrsdK;EG,fpkwpk[m tmoHjynfe,fxJodk@
0ifa&mufoGm;jyD; 'Demrnfudk &vmw,f/ 'DrsdK;EG,fpk0ifwkd@udk Tairongs, Turungs, odk@r[kwf Sham vkd@od=uw,f/
olwkd@&J@udk,fydkif"avh xkH;pH[m rl&if;tm;jzifh txufArmjynfta&S@ajrmufydkif; Mung-mang Khau-shang uvmw,f/
Turungpani jrpfrSm tajccsaexkdifw,f/”
tydkif;(11)
w’vkif(0g)wvkdif;qkw d Jhpum;vkH;[mrGefpum;vkH;r[kwfbl;/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@eJ@vJrqdkifbl;/ qJqdk=urf;wrf;wJhpum;vkH;wvkH;vJr[kwfbl;
tvGefwefbdk;&SdwJhpum;vkH;/tvGef,Ofaus;odrfharG@wJhpum;vkH;qdkwm&Sif;vif;wifjycJhjyD;jzpfw,f/ wvkdif;pum;vkH;[m (Tai)
&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@&J@pum;vkH;jzpfw,f/ w’vki(f Tai Long) pum;vkH;rSqif;oufaygufzGm;vmwJhpum;vkH;jzpfw,f/ tif;0rif;udk
awmfvSefykefuef=uwJhtkwfbdkrwW&mu &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@udk&nfn$ef;okH;pGJcJhw,fqdkwmvJ u|efawmfwkd@ &Sif;&Sif; vif;vif; od=ujyD;
jzpfw,f/ 'gayrJhusefaeao;wJhjy\memu bma=umifhordkif;rSmrSm;rSm;,Gif;,Gif;a&;om;jyD; rGefvlrsdK;udk wvdkif;vkd@ac:a0:cJh =uovJ/
bma=umifh rGefvlrsd;udk,ckxufwkdifwvkdif;vkd@ rSm;rSm;,Gif;,Gif;ac:qdk okH;pGJae=uao;ovJ qdkwJhtcsufygbJ/
twdwforkdif;rSmrGefvlrsdK;wkd@eJ@(w’vkif)od@k r[kwf (wvkdif;)a0g[m&wkd@&J@qufpyfywfoufrSK b,fvkd&SdcJhovJ/ bma=umifh
a&$bdkArmOD;atmifaZ,swkd@u rGefvlrsdK;udkwvkdif;vkd@ac:cJhovJqkdwJhtcsufudkraqG;aEG;cif tif;0rif;udkawmfvSefykefuefwJh
tkwfbdkrwW&mu&Srf;vlrsdK;udk ArmvlrsdK;wkd@u &Srf;vlrsdK;vkd@&kd;&kd;rac:qkdbJ bma=umifh (auG@wvdkif;) okdr[kwf (wvkdif;)
tac:a0:eJ@okH;pGJac:qdkcJhovJqkdwJhtcsufudkyxrOD;qkH;em;vnfbdk@vdkw,f/ omreftcsdefrSm&Srf;vlrsKd ;vkd@okH;eSSKef;ac:a0:cJhjyD; awmfvSef
ykefuefwJhumvrSmbma=umifh wvkdif; udkokH;eSKef;ac:a0:cJhovJ/ 'Dtcsuf[m odyfhta&;=uD;wJh tcsufjzpf w,f/
wOD;eJ@wOD;&efjzpfwJh ppfwGif;tcsdefumvrSm okH;eSKef;wmudkaxmuf&if wvkdif; (w’vkif)a0g[m&tac:ta0:eJ@ywfoufjyD;
ArmvlrsdK;wkd@twGuf twdwfrSmem;usnfwJh aemufcHorkdif;a=umif;wckckawmh&SdcJhrSmbJqkdwm awG;q,lvkd@&edkifygw,f/
'Dpum;vkH;udk tokH;csjyD; ArmvlrsdK;wkd@urdrdwkd@&J@ArmvlrsdK;pdwf"gwfudkwuf=uGapwJh&nf&G,fcsufjzpfw,f/ wvkdif;a0g[m&udk
ekdifiHa&;ppfa&;t&okH; w,fqkdwm xif&Sm;w,f/ 'ga=umifh w’vkif (Tai Long) vlrsdK;eJ@ ArmvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ twdwf umvrSm
qufpyfwJh aemufcHordkif;a=umif;udku|efawmfavhvm&jyefw,f/ w’vkdif (Tai Long) vlrsdK;wdk@&J@ twdwfordkif;a=umif;udk
u|efawmfvkdufvH&SmazGavhvmwJhtcg atmufyg ta=umif;udkod&SdcJh &w,f/
w’vkdif (Tai Long) vlrsdK;awG [m usm;uJhodk@ &J&ifhjyD; usm;waumifvkdvJvsifjrefjzwfvwfw,fvkd@ajymqkd=uw,f/
w’vkiv f lrsdK;wkd@&@JrlvZmwd ajr[m w&kwfjynf tv,fydkif;a'ovkd@qkd=uw,f/ w’vkiv f lrsdK;awG[m olwdk@&J@rlv&yfajr
ZmwdjzpfwJh w&kwfjynftv,fydkif;rS awmifydkif;bufodk@ a&=unf&m jrufek&mudk &SmazG&if;wjznf;jznf;eJ@ Armjynf
a&S@ajrmufydkif;xJokd@ bDpD(1)&mpkavmufu a&mufvm=uw,f/ Armjynfa&S@ajrmufydkif;ae&muaewqifh wjznf;jznf;
atmufbufydkif;odk@a&$@qif;vm=uw,f/ eSpfaygif;&mpkrsm;pGm =umanmifvmwJhtcg Armjynftnmydkif;a'otxd a&muf&Sd
vm=uw,f/ waumif;/ Aefarmf/rdk;eJ/ rdk;aumif;/ oDaygpwJhjrdK@jyedkifiH(Mong)rsm;udk wnfaxmifjyD; tajcwus aexkdifvm=uw,f/
atmufyg&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@&J@ordkif;udkavhvm&ifod&Sdedkifygw,f/
“5 million people inhabited the Shan State (Mong Tai), the majority being the Shan or Tai. The early history of the
area is hazy, though it appears that the first entry of the Shans into Burma took place in the 1st. century BC, when
rebellions in Central China drove many people from that area to seek their fortune elsewhere. These people moved
south into Burma and founded such ancient Shan cities as, Ta Gong, Mongnai, Hsenwi and Hsipaw.
Most of Northern Shan Chronical also indicate that a great wave of Shan imigration took place in A.D. 6th
Century with the Shan shifting from the mountain of southern Yunnan into the Nam Mao valley and to
adjacent region, establishing many Mongs like Bhamo, Mong Mit, Hsipaw and other”37
“&Srf;jynf(Mong Tai)rSmvlOD;a&5oef;&Sdw,f/trsm;pkrSm(Tai) &Srf;vlrsdK;jzpfw,f/ &Srf;jynfe,f&J@ yxrOD;ydkif;orkdif;[m
rxifr&Sm;jzpfcJhw,f w&kwfjynftv,fydkif;ykefuefrSKjzpfay:wJh bDpD(1)&mpkeSpfrSm tJ'Da'orSm &SdwJhvlawGk[m tjcm;ae&m
opfajr,mopf&SmazGvm&mrSyxrOD;qkH;jrefrmekdifiHxJodk@0ifa&mufvmw,f tJ'DvlawG[m jrefrmekdifiHxJodk@ 0ifvmjyD;
awmifbufydkif;odk@wajz;ajz;a&$@ajymif;aexkdifvm=u&if;a&S;a[mif;&Srf;jrdK@ekdifiHjrdKiHrsm;jzpfwJhwauif/ rdk;eJ/ &Sif0D/ odDayg jrdK@edkifiH
rsm;udkxlaxmifcJh=uw,f/ajrmufydkif;&Srf;wdk@&J@ordkif;rSwfwrf;rSmvJ at'D(6)&mpkrSm ,leefawmifydkif; awmifwef;rS &Srf;wkd@[m
tiftm;=uD;=uD;rm;rm;eJ@a&$vDjrpf0Srf;&J@rsufeSmcsif;qkdifae&mrsm;wkd@rSm ajymif;a&$@oGm;jyD; Aefarmf/ rkd;rdwf/ oDayg eJ@tjcm;jrdK@ edkifiH
rsm;udkxlaxmifaexkdifvmw,f”
'Dpmyk'fudk=unfh&if&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@[m(Tai)trnfeJ@jrefrmekdifiHxJudkbDpD(1)&mpkrSm0ifcJhw,f/ waumif;jrdK@/rdk;eJjrdK@ rdk;rdwf/ Aefarmf/
&Sif0DjrdK@/ oDaygjrdK@ponfhjrdKjyedkifiHwkd@udkxlaxmifcJhw,fvkd@qkdxm;w,f/ 'Dae&mrSmu|efawmfwkd@av;av;eufeuf xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;&rJh
37
The Tai of The Shan State/Nel Adams alias Sao Noan Oo. P,1
66
ordkif;tcsufvufawGtajrmuftrsm;&Sdw,f/ &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@[m w&kwfjynfawmifydkif;uae a&$@ajymif;oGm;jyD; e,fjcm;ajrjcm;
jrefrmekdifiHrSmjrdK@ekdifiHopfrsm;udkoGm;a&mufwnfaxmifw,fvkd@ orkdif;rSwfwrf;rSm qdkxm;w,f/ ordik f;rSwfwrf; pmrsufeSmrSm
jrdK@ekdifiHopfrsm;udkxlaxmifw,fqdkwJhpma=umif; wa=umif;avmufbJyg&Sdw,f/ 'DrSwfwrf;pma=umif;udk=unfhjyD; jrdK@jyedkifiHopfudk
vG,fvG,fululeJ@ xlaxmifedkifw,fvkd@u|efawmfwkd@ xifjriffaumif; xifjrif=ur,f/ ordkif;tauG@taumufwckck okd@r[kwf
ordkif;a=umif;ajymif;vJrSKwckckjzpfay:ajymif;vJjzpfay:bdk@qdkwm vG,fvG,fululeJ@ajymif;vJjzpfay:vmwmr[kwfbl;/ 'Dtcsufudk
u|efawmfwkd@owdrlbdk@vkdw,f/ &Sif;&Sif;ajym&&if e,fjcm;ajrjcm;rSm jrdK@edkifiHopfrsm;udk xlaxmifw,f qkdwm vG,fvG,fululeJ@
oGm;a&mufxlaxmifekdifwm r[kwfbl;/ rlvuwnf;u&SdaewJh Xmae wkdif;&if;om;wkd@eJ@ aemufrS a&mufvmwJhvlrsdK;jcm;wkd@[m
rvGJra&Smifom&ifqkdifajz&Sif;&rJh yÉdyuQawG wkdufckdufrSKawG ckcHawmfvSefrSKawG owfjzwfrSKawG&SdrSmaocsmw,f/
'gawGudku|efawmfwkd@rjrif&if vG,fvG,f ululeJ@ a&opfajropfae&mopfrSm jrdK@jyedkifiHopfwkd@udkae@csif;ncsif; xlaxmifekdifw,fvdk@
vGJrSm;pGm,lqwwfw,f/ 'Dae&mrSmu|efawmfwkd@rodwJhta=umif;&mu &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@jrdK@jyekdifiH opfxlaxmifwJh'Da'oawGrSm
tprlvyxraexkdifol wkdif;&if;om;awG[mb,folawGvJ/aemufwcsufrlv&SdaewJh wdkif;&if;om;eJ@ aemufrS
0ifa&mufvmwJh&Srf;vlrsdK;wdk@&J@qufqHa&bJjzpfw,f/&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@0ifa&mufvmjyD; jrdK@jyedkifiHopfawGudkxlaxmifwJh ae&ma'oawGudk
=unfhvkdfuf&if Armwdkif;&if;om;awGaexkdifwJha'oe,fajrawGjzpfaewmudkawG@&ayr,f/ tJ'Dawmhu|efawmfwkd@ t"duxm;
owdjyK&rJhorkdif;tcsufvufu tprlvyxrtajccsaexkdifae=uwJhwdkif;&if;om;Armtnmom;awGeJ@ aemufrSa&mufvmwJh
&Srf;vlrsdK; wkd@&J@ qufqHa&;bJ jzpfw,f/
tprlvtajccsaexkdif&Sdae=uwJh wkdif;&if;om;tnmom; ArmvlrsdK;pkwkd@eJ@aemufrS0ifa&mufvmwJh&Srf;(Tai Long) vlrsdK;
wkd@&J@=um;rSmyÉdyuQawG/ &ifqkdifwdkufcdkfufawG/awmfvSefykefuefrSKawG/ owfjzwfrSKawG tajrmuftrsm;&SdrSm aocsmw,f/
rnfonfhvlrsdK;wkd@&J@orkdif;udkbJavhvmavhvm'DtajccHyÉdyuQordkif;tcsufvufudkawG@&r,f/ tprlvaexkdifwJhwkdif;&if;om;eJ@
aemufrS0ifaa&mufvmwJhvlrsdK;wkd@&J@yÉdyuQukdtxif&Sm;awG@&rSmjzpfw,f/
tprlvyxr&Sdae=uwJh Xmaetnmom;wkdif;&if;om;ArmvlrsdK;pkwkd@ taeeJ@vJ vG,fvG,fululeJ@ rdrdwdk@e,fajra'oudk
usL;ausmfvmoludkvufajrSmuf t&SKH;ay;rSmr[kwfbl;/ aemufrS0ifa&muf vmoludk &ifqkdifwkdufckduf=urSmaocsmw,f/
toufeJ@vJjyD; rdrdwkd@ e,fajra'oukdckHcHumuG,frSm aocsmw,f/ 'DtcsufawG[mordkif;rSmjrKyfuG,faecJhw,f/ aemufrS
0ifa&mufvmwJh vlrsdK;jcm;u tiftm;=uD;rm;jyD; rlv&SdaewJh wkdif;&if;om;wkd@ tay: ppfa&;t&tekdif,ljyD;rS jrdK@jyedkifiHopfwdk@udk
xlaxmifekdifw,fqdkwJhtcsufudk u|efawmfwkd@xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;rSomv#if jynfhpkHr,fvdk@xifjrifygw,f/'Dae&mrSm(Tai Long)vlrds;eJ@
tnmom; wkdif;&if;om; ArmvlrsdK;pkwkd@&J@qufpyfrSKudk u|efawmfwkd@ avhvm pOf;pm;=unfh&if/ &Srf; (Tai Long)ordkif;rSm
waumif;jrdK@/ rdk;eJjrdK@/ rdk;rdwf/ Aefarmf/ &Sif0DjrdK@/ oDaygjrdK@ edkifiHawmfwkd@udk xlaxmifcJhw,fvkd@qkdxm;w,f/ waumif;jrddK@[m
u|efawmftm; txl;pdfwf0ifpm;apcJhw,f/ pmzwfolrsm;vJ'Dtcsufudkjrifrdvdrfr,fvdk@u|efawmfxifygw,f/waumif;jrdK@[m/
tdk;pnfqdyfurf;jrdK@vkd@&Srf;bmompum;t&t"dy`g,f&Sdw,f/
(Several northern towns have shan names-Tagaung is Takawng ‘”Drum Ferry” Mogaung is Mongkawng “ Drum Town”
G.E Harvey/The History of Burma/ p15.)
ArmvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ordkif;udkavhvm&if ‘Armtpwaumif;u’vkd@ ArmvlrsdK;wkd@rSmtqkd&SdcJhw,f/ ‘Armtpwaumif;u’qdw k Jh ordkif;
rSwfwrf;udkvlwkdif; =um;bl;w,f/ ‘waumif;’[m tnmom; ArmvlrsdK;pkawG&J@ tprlvyxrXmaejzpfw,f/ wdkif;&if;om;
ArmvlrsdK;pkwkd@&J@tprlvyxrjrdK@edkifiHvkd@ tckdifrm qkd=uxm;w,f/ 'Dpm&J@oabmt& ajym&&if vGefcJhaom eSpfaygif; rsm;pGmuyif
tprlvyxr uwnf;u waumif;rSm wdkif;&if;om; ArmvlrsdK;pkawG aexdkifvkyfudkif pm;aomufvmcJh=uw,f/
tJ'Dawmhwaumif;rSm rlv&Sdae=uwJh wdkif;&if;om; ArmvlrsdK;pkeJ@aemufrS a&mufvmwJh ‘w’vkif’ vlrsdK;wkd@[mwOD;eSifhwOD;
xdyfwdkuf &ifqkdif=ujyD; yÉdyuQjzpf=urSm aocsmw,f/'Dtcsufudk rnfolrS rjiif;ekdifwJh tcsufjzpfw,f tav;euf
xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rJhtcsufjzpfw,f/atmufygpmyk'fvJArmwdkif;&if;om;wkd@eJ@&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@yÉdyuQjzpfjzpfay:cJw
h Jhtajcaeudkaz:n$ef;ae
w,f/
“The Tai Long did not only establish their power in the lowland and upland of Burma Proper, but slowly, by following
the rivers they infiltrated to all the river valleys of South-east Asia……….. Sao Hom Hpa of the Nam Mao line was
the ruler of the Tai Nam Mao Long Kingdom in Burma for 80 years until he died in 1104. During that period
67
the Tais were the main rivals of the Burmans and Mons, when the three groups were struggling for
dominance in Burma.”38 …………
“(w’vkif)vlrsdK;wkd@[mArmjynftxufykdif;ajrvwfydkif;wkd@rSmtm%mxlaxmifvm&kHrubl;/ wjznf;jznf;eJ@jrpfpOfwav#muf
a&S@wdk;oGm;jyD;a&S@awmiftm&Sjrpf0Srf;wav#mufodk@jyef@eSH@0ifa&mufoGm;w,f/”
“ArmjynfrSm&SdwJh (Tai Nam Mao Long Kingdom ) ekdifiHawmfudk apm[GefzueSpfaygif;(80)tkyfcsKyfrif;vkyfcJhw,f/ 1104-ckeSpf
uG,fvGefoGm;w,f/ tJ'DtcsdefumvrSm ArmekdifiHpkd;rdk;a&;twGuf&Srf;(Tai)vlrsdK;wkd@[m ArmeJ@rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ t"du
jydKifbufjzpfvmw,f/”
'Dpmyk'ft&&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@[mjrefrmjynftxufydkif;tv,fydkif;rSmtm%mxlaxmifcJhw,f/ ArmvlrsdK;/rGefvlrsdK;wkd@eJ@ tm%m jydKifzuf
jzpfvm=uw,fvkd@qdkxm;w,f/ 'gxuf&Sif;atmifajym&&iftnmom;ArmvlrsdK;pkwkd@eJ@aemuf0ifa&mufvmwJh w’vkif&Srf; (Tai
Long)vlrsdK;wkd@&J@ tm;jydKifrSK/ tm%mvkrSKawGu jyif;jyif;xefxefjzpffrSmaocsmw,f/ bmjzpfvkd@vJ qdk&ifw’vkif&Srf;(Tai
Long)vlrsdK;wdk@tm%mxlaxmifw,fvkd@qkdxm;wJhae&ma'oawG jrdK@ekdifiHrsm;udk=unfh&if tnmom; Armwkdif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkawG
aexkdif=uwJh jrdK@&Gma'oawGjzpfaew,ffqkdwm u|efawmfwkd@ awG@&w,f/ &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@ aexkdfifwJh a'oe,fajreJ@
tnmom;ArmvlrsdK;wkd@aexkdifwJhae&m a'oe,fajrawG[m wckeJ@wck xyfaew,f/qufpyfaew,f tcsdK@qkd xyfwlxyfr#jzpf
aew,f/ 'DtcsufuvJ&Srf;eJ@Armwkd@&J@rvGJra&Smifjzpf&rJhyÉdyuQudkxifxif&Sm;&Sm;n$efjyaewJh tcsufjzpf w,f/ aemufrS 0ifa&muf
vmwJh (Tai Long) &Srf;vlrsdK;eJ@ rlv&SdaewJh wkdif;&if;om;Armtnmom;wkd@[m rvGJra&Smifom yÉdyuQjzpfrSmaocsmw,f/
vG,fvG,fululeJ@ jrdK@jyedkifiHopfrSmrdrdwkd@tm%m/ rdrdwkd@tkyfcsKyfa&;udkxlaxmifedkifrSmr[kwfbl;/ 'Dtcsufudku|efawmfwkd@
arhypfvkdfufvkd@r&bl;/; rlvyxr&SdaewJh Armwkdif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkwkd@uvJ vG,fvG,fululeJ@t&SKH;ay;tnHhcHjyD; vufatmufcH
tjzpfcH,lrSm r[kwfbl;/ aemufrS 0ifa&mufvmwJh w’vkif ‘Tai Long’ &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@udk cspfcspf =unf=unf &if;&if;eSD;eSd; =udKqdk
vufcHrSmr[kwfygbl;/rdrdwdk@yxrrlv&SdaewJhtkyfcsKyfa&;pHepfeJ@tkyfcsKyftm%mwkd@udkvkH;0pGef@vGwfjyD;/ vlrsdK;jcm;tkyfcsKyfa&;pHepfopf/
tm%mopfukd=unf=unfjzLjzLvufcH=urSmr[kwfbl;/ yÉdyuQawG/awmfvSefckcHrSKawG jyefvnfwdkufckdufrSKawG rvGJra&Smifom
&SdrSmaocsmw,f/
'gayrJhaemufrS0ifa&mufolu(Tai Long)(w’vkif)vlrsdK;wkd@[m usm;vkd&J&ifhjyD;usm;waumifuJhokd@ vsifjref jzwfvwf w,f/
ppfa&;ppf&mu|rf;usifw,f/ ppftwwfynmxufjrufw,f/wkdufa&;ckdufa&; =uG,f0w,f/ &JpGrf;owWd=uD;rm;w,f 'grdk@rlv
yxr&Sdae=uwJh wdkif;&if;om;ArmvlrsdK;pkwkd@xuf ppfa&;ppf&mrSmtrsm;=uD;omvGefw,fvkd@,lq&w,f/ e*kdrlv&SdaewJh
wkdif;&if;om; tnmom;ArmvlrsdK;pkwkd@tay:rSm tedkif&vkdufjyD; jrdK@ekdifiHawmfwkd@udkxlaxmif tkyfpkd; vmedkifw,fvdk@ aumufcsufcs
&rSmjzpfw,f/ ArmvlrsdK;pkwkd@taeeJ@t&kH;ay;jyD;rausreyfbJ/&Srf; (Tai Long)wkd@.pkkd;rdk;tkyfcsKyfrSKatmufrSmaevmcJh&w,fvkd@
ajymqkdekdifw,f/ b,fordkif;udk =unfh=unfh ordkif;tauG@taumufwckck odk@r[kwf ordkif;jzpfay: ajymif;vJrKS wckckjzpfay:bkd@u
tcsdeftwdkif;wmumvwckudk rv$Jra&Smifom jzwfausmfvm&w,f/ vlrSKyÉdyuQ awGajrmufrsm;pGmudk ausmfv$m;ajz&Sif;jyD;rS
pHepfopfwckodk@r[kwf vlrSKtaqmuftkHopf wckudk xlaxmifvkd@&w,f/ rlv&SdaewJh tnmom; Armwkdif;&if;om;wkd@&J@
tm%mtkyfcsKyfrSKudk jzdKzsufjyD;rS (Tai Long) &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@&J@ tkyfcsKyfa&;opf w&yfodk@ ul;ajymif; vmwmjzpfw,f/
'DvdktkyfcsKyfrSKpHepfopfw&yfudkxlaxmifwJhae&mrSm yÉdyuQawG awmfvSefrSKawG/wkdufyGJawG/ owfjzwfrSKawG/ nSif;yrf;eSdyfhpufrSKawG/
zdeSdyfcsKyfcs,frSK awGudk jzwfausmfvm&rSm aocsmw,f/ Xmae&Sdwkdif;&if;om;ArmvlrsdK;pkwdk@udk wkdufckdufwefonfudk wkdufckduf
acsrSKef;ypf&r,f/ 'gawG[m orkdif;rSm=uKHawG@&wJhvlrsdK;pkyÉdyuQqdkwm u|efawmfwkd@ odem;vnfekdifygw,f/ 'gxufydkrdkjyD; u|efawmfwkd@
xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;=unfh&if (Tai Long) &Srf;vlrsdK;eJ@ ArmvlrsdK;wkd@=um;rSm vlrsdK;a&;yÉdyuQawG/ vlrsdK;zdeSdyfrSKawG
nSif;yrf;eSdyfhpufrSKawGtqifhwef;cGJjcm;rSKawGtekdifusifhrSKawG owfjzwfrSKawG[m rvGJra&Smifom&SdcJhrSm aocsmw,fvkd@ ajymedkifw,f/
aemufqkH;rSmtm;vkH;udkcsKyfjyD;ajym&&ifppfa&;ppf&mrSm u|rf;usifwJh ‘w’vkif’ vlrsdK;udk wdkif;&if;om;ArmvlrsdK;u ppfa&;t&
&SKH;edyfhoGm;jyD; ‘w’vkif’vlrsdK; wkd@&J@ wdkufckdufrSK acsrSKef;zsufpD;rSKudk rvGJra&Smifom cHcJh&w,f/wdkif;&if;om;Armwkd@u tm;rekdifvkd@
t&SKH;ay; vufajrmufwmbJjzpfw,f/ &Srf;ArmvlrsdK;a&;yÉdyuQa=umifh wkdif;&if;om;ArmvlrsdK;eJ@&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@=um;rSmvlrsdK;rkef;wD;rSK
&SdcJh=urSmaocsmw,f/ 'Dordkif;yÉdyuQ udkta=umif;jyKjyD; ‘w’vkif’vlrsdK; udk tnmom; ArmvlrsdK;pkawGu usL;ausmfapmfum;ol
‘awmifay:om;t&dkif;’vkd@ jrifvdkuf=uw,f/ tJ'Duwqifh tnmom; ArmvlrsdK;wkd@. &ifwGif;eSvkH;om;rSm ‘w’vkif’
‘awmifay:om;’udk rdrde,fajrudk usL;ausmfapmfum;vmoloauFwtjzpfeJ@ jrifvm=uawmhw,fvkd@ u|efawmf ajymcsifw,f/
aemufawmh ‘w’vkif’&Srf;vlrsdK;tay: wdkif;&if;om; ArmvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ cHpm;csuf udk az:n$ef;wJh pmyk'fwyk'fvnf;&Sdo;w,f
38
The Tai of The Shan State/Nel Adams alias Sao Noan Oo. P,1
68
ArmvlrsdK;wkd@&J@&ifwGif;eSvkH;om;rSm tjrJwrf;udef;atmif;aewJh pum;ykHwcktjzpf usef&pfcJhw,f/ tJ'gubmvJqkdawmh
‘w&kwfuzd &Sr;f utd &SdwJhArmtaemufrSm’ qdkwJh pum;pkygbJ/ tJ'Dpum;pk[m orkdif;a=umif;trSefudkwdwdususaz:jyaew,f/
tnmom; ArmvlrsdK;pkwkd@&J@ &ifwGif;eSvkH;om;rS emusnf;rSKcHpm;csufeJ@twl aygufzGm; vmwJhpum;&yfjzpfw,f/ tnmom;
ArmvlrsdK;pkwkd@&J@ cHpm;csufudk o&kyfaz:xm;wJh pum;ykHjzpfaew,f/ twdwfu tjzpftysufudk tajccHjyD; ordkif;wGifusef&pfcw Jh Jh
'Dpum;pk[m ‘w’vkif’eSifhwkdif;&if;om;ArmvlrsdK;pk wkd@. b0tjzpfrSefudk az:nGef;aew,f/ 'Dpmyk'fudk=unfhvkduf&if
‘w’vkif’&Srf;eSihf tnmom;ArmvlrsdK;pk wkd@=um;rSm yËdyuQjzpfcJhw,f qkdwm jiif;r&atmifrSefuefaew,f/ 'Dpum;pku u|efawmf&J@
awG;ac:rSKudktjynfh0axmufcH aew,f/
tJ'Dvkdrdrde,fajra'oudk usL;ausmf 0ifa&mufvmoljzpfwJh ‘w’vkif’(Tai Long), vlrsdK;udk wdkif;&if;om;tnmom;
ArmvlrsdK;pktaeeJ@u taumif;rjrif=ubl;/ w’vkiv f lrsdK;wkd@tay:cHjyif;aompdwf emusnf;aompdwfjzpfay:aecJh=uw,f/
usL;ausmfapmfum;jcif;udkcH&wJh tnmom;ArmvlrsdK;pk. &ifwGif;eSvkH;om;rSm ‘w’vkif’ (Tai Long) vlrsdK;qkdv#if
‘awmifay:om;rdp>maumif’ ‘usL;ausmfol’ tjzpfeJ@bJ jrifaeawmhw,f/ acwfumv =umanmif;vmaomtcg tnmom;
ArmvlrsdK;wkd@tjrifrSm‘usL;ausmfapmfum;ol’‘awmifay:om;rdp>maumif’ eJ@ ‘w’vki’f (Tai Long),vlrsdK;wkd@[m wom;wnf;
jzpfoGm;w,f/ ‘usL;ausmfapmfum;ol’ ‘awmifay:om;’vdk@ajymvkduf&if ‘w’vkif’udk ajy;jrif =uw,f ‘w’vkif’vkd@ ajymvkduf&if
‘usL;ausmfapmfum;ol’ ‘awmifay:om;’ vkdk@ odvm=uawmhw,f tJ'Dvkdom;pOf ajrquf vufqifhurf; ajymqkdvm=u&mrS
‘w’vkif’qkd&if ‘usL;ausmfapmfum;ol’ ‘awmifay:om;’ vkd@tnmom;ArmawG&J@ &ifwGif; eSvkH;om;rSm pGJpGJjrefjrefwnf&SdcJhw,f
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wom;wnf; jzpfoGm;w,f/ usL;ausmfoloauFwtjzpfeJ@ w’vkdiv f lrsdK;udk ArmvlrsdK;wkd@u jrifvm =u w,f/
'Dae&mrSmu|efawmfajymcsifwJhtcsufuArmvlrsdK;wdk@rSmeSpf&Snfvrsm;pGJusef&pfaecJw h Jh w’vkif vlrsdK;wkd@tay: cHpm;csufudk
tif;0rif;utokH;csjyD; tkwfbkdrwW&muawmfvSefykefuefwJh&rS ;f vlrsdK;wdk@udkaomif;usef;wJh ‘wvkdif;’awG ‘auG@&Srf;’awGvdk@
okH;eSKef;vkdufwmjzpfw,f/ ‘auG@&Srf;’qdw k Jhpum;vkH;[mArmvlrsdK;wkd@u ‘Tai Long’ &Srf;vlrsdK;udk &nfn$ef;okH;eSKef;wJh pum;vkH;om
jzpfw,f/ ‘wvkdif;’qdw k pJh um;vkH;vJ &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@ rodu|rf;wJh pum;vkH;jzpfw,f/ &Srf;vlrsdK; wkd@u rdrdwkd@udk,fudk ‘w’vkif’(Tai
Long)bJodw,f/ ArmvlrsdK;wdk@u ‘w’vkif’pum;vkH;ukd &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@ toHxGufovkd rxGufwwfbl;/
ArmvlrsdK;wkd@urdrdwkd@toHxGufwwfwJhtwkdif; ‘wvkdif;’vkd@bJ toHxGufjyD; okH;eSKef;ac:a0:vkdufw,f/ 'grdk@&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@u ‘wvkdif;’
‘auG@wvkdif;’pum;vkH;wdk@[m rdrdwkd@&Srf;vlrsdK;udk&nfn$ef;wJh pum;vkH;tjzpf rodvkdufbl;/ ‘auG@wvkdif;’pum;vkH;&J@
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tydkif; (12)
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vmw,fqdkwm u|efawmfwkd@&Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;odcJh&jyD;jzpfw,f/ 'gayrJhtb,fa=umifhwvkdif;a0g[m& pum;vkH;udk rSm;rSm;,Gif;,Gif;
ok;H pJGaeovJqdkwJhta=umif;&if;udk avhvmwJhtchgbmoGm;awG@ovJqkdawmh anmif&rf;acwfaeSmifydkif;eJ@ ukef;abmifacwfOD;ykdif;rSm/
wvdkif;a0g[m&orkdif;a=umif;udkodoltvGefenf;vmwmudkawG@&w,f/ ukef;abmifacwfaemufykdif;rSm w’vkif a0g[m& aemufcH
orkdif;a=umif;udkvlawGvkH;vkH;rod=uawmhbl;vdk@ ajym&ifydkrdkrSefuefw,f/jrefrmrSKjyKvkdufwJhtwGuf rl&if;tp rlvorkdif;a=umif;
aysmufuG,foGm;w,f/ ajc&maumufr&atmifjzpfoGm;w,f/wvkdif;pum;vkH;[m w’vkif (Tai Long)vlrsdK;udk &nfn$ef;wJh
pum;vkH; tjzpf odolr&Sd oavmuf jzpfvmw,f/ wvkdif;pum;a0g[m&[m (w’vkif)a0g[m&u qif;ouf
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apmfum;oludk&nfn$ef;wJh t"dy`g,fudkbJ odvm=uawmhw,f/ aemufydkif;rSm rGefvlrsdK;udk oD;jcm;&nfn$ef;wJhpum;vkH;jzpfvmw,f/
OD;atmifaZ,swkd@ acwfrSm rGev f lrsdK;udk wvkdif;vlrsdK;vkd@bJ okH;eSKef; ppfxdk;vmw,f/ &efolrGefudk ppfa&;t& wdkufcdkufacsrSKef;wJhtcg
wvdkif;a0g[m&udkoGifoGifokH;eSKef; vmwmudk awG@&w,f/
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wkdufckduf&mrSm wvkdif;a0g[mudk vufeufwcktjzpftokH;jyKvmw,f/
(3) ukef;abmifacwfaemufykdif;rSm wvkdif;pum;vkH;udktokH;jyKjyD; rGefvlrsdK;udk0g;rsdKbkd@twGuf ArmvlrsdK;awG =udK;pm;
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vmw,f/ vlrsdK;udk0g;rsdKbkd@twGufwvkdif;pum;vkH;[mtokH;cscHjzpfvmw,f/
txufygaumufekwfcsuf(3)ckeJ@ywfoufjyD;wckpDudku|efawmfwkd@avhvmokH;oyf=unfh&atmif/
(1) 1740-ckeSpfrSmtkwfbdkrwW&m &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@awmfvSefykefuefrSKeJ@ [Hom0wDwyfwkd@yl;aygif;jyD; tif;0rif;udk
awmfvSefykefuefwJh twGuf &Srf;vlrsdK;eJ@ rGefvlrsdK; wkd@udk wom;wnf;jrifvkdufw,f/ rGefvlrsdK;udk&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@eJ@
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trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufrSK awmfvSefa&; jzpfaewmudkawG@&w,f/
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(1) [Hom0wDrSm&Srf;rif;om;ordefaxmAk'<auoDrif;tjzpfudk&vkdfuf&wJhta=umif;wa=umif;&,f/
(2) tif;0rSmArmbk&iftiftm;enf;jyD;wkdi;f jynfudkaumif;rGefpGmrtkyfcsKyfekdifwJhta=umif;wa=umif;&,f
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rif;ajrSmufjyD;udk;uG,fae=uw,f/ [Hom0wDekdifiHrSm &Srf;rif;om;ordefaxmAk'<auoD rif;jzpfvmwJhtajcaeu
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39
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72
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&Srf;rsdK;EG,f ordefaxmAk'<auoDrif;uvJ ppftulwyfawGydk@jyD; tif;0udkwkdufapw,f/ ordefaxmauoDwyf[m tif;0jrdK@&kd;wkdifxd
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Anm'vudk twif;wkdufwGef;awmif;qdk=uw,f/ tu,fIrif;tjzpfudkvufrcH&if Anm'vudkzrf;qD;csKyfaeSmifjyD;owfypfbdk@txd
qkH;jzwf=uw,f/ aemufqkH;rSmtwif;tusyfwifajrSmuf=uvkd@b&k ifrif;tjzpfudkAnm'vucH,lvkdufw,f/ Anm'v[myxrOD;qkH;
aomtrsm;jynfolvlxkawGoabmwl wifajrSmufwJhrif;jzpfvmw,f/ rif;jzpfjyD;aemufrSm/ bk&ifhaemif xlaxmifcJhaom
[Hom0wDtifyg,m=uD;udk jyefvnfxlaxmifr,fvkd@Anm'vuurBmodausjimcJhw,f/
Edward Harper Parker a&;om;wJh Burma pmtkyfrSmvJatmufygtwkdif;awG@&w,f
“An ex-monk of Shan race was elected king with the title of Mengtara Buddha Ketthi in 1740, and during his time the
usual struggles with Siam ‘Zimme, &c., went on.--------------For some superstitious reason or other he suddenly
abdicated and left his kingdom in 1746,………..The Shan king was succeeded by one of his officers called Binya Dala,
and it is perhaps to this man that Chinese account refers. Binya Dala gave out publicly that it was his intention to
reestablish the Empire of Bureng Naung, and allied himself with the Gwe Shans of Madara,… ”41
txufygpmyk'fukdbmom&ifatmufygtwkdif;jzpfw,f/
“1740-ckeSpfrSmbkef;=uD;vlxGuf&Srf;vlrsdK;refwvmAk'<auoD (Mengtara Buddha Ketthi) udkbk&if tjzpfwifajrmuf=uw,f/
olbk&ifjzpfwJhumvrSm Zif;r,feJ@yÉdyuQjzpfjrJtwkdif;jzpf=uw,f/ 1746-ckeSpfrSmtpGJvef;=uD;wJhta=umif;&m wcka=umifh
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w&kwfeef;wGif; rSwfwrf;rSm rSwfwrf;wifxm;wJhyk*~dKvf[mAnm'vudk&nfn$ef;wmjzpfekdifbG,f&Sdw,f/ Anm;'v rif;tjzpfudk
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twdvif;xkwf az:ausjimcJhw,f/”vkd@qdkxm;w,f/
1747-ckeSpfrSmAnm;'v[mrif;jzpfvmjyD; tkwfbkdrwW&mu tif;0rif;udkawmfvSefykefuefaewJh &Srf;vlrsdK;wdk@eJ@ r[mrdwfzJ@G w,f/
tif;0rif;udkawmfvSefykefuefaewJhauG@&Srf;vlrsdK;udkAnm'vrif;uppftiftm;/ vltiftm;tulnDay;cJhw,f/ 'gudkta=umif;jyKjyD;
40
rSefeef;r[m&mZ0ifawmf=uD;wwd,wGJ/pm-373
41
Burma/Edward Harper Parker. P. 77
73
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rSefeef;&mZ0ifeJ@ ukefabmifacwfr[m&mZ0if=uD;wkd@rSmrGefvlrsdK;udkwvkdif;vkd@rSm;rSm; ,Gif;,Gif;rSwfwrf;wifxm;wm jzpfw,f/
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ppfppfjzpfjyD; Anm;'vrif;[m&Srf;rif;rsdK;EG,fr[kwfbl;rGefrsdK;eG,fppfppfjzpfw,fqkdwJhtcsufudk Armorkdif;q&mawGu oJoJuJGuJG
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ppfa&;ppf&m u|rf;usifw,f/tkyfcsKyfrSKaumif;w,f/ rGefjynfoljynfom;tm;vkH;wkd@u Anm;'vrif;udk cspf=uw,f/ Anm;'vrif;&J@
pnf;&kH;rSKatmufrSm pkpnf;nDnGwfvm=uw,f/ edkifiH&J@pD;yGm;a&;/vlrSKa&;/uloef;a&mif0,fa&;wkd@w&Sdef'dkwkd;wufzG@HjzdK;vmw,f/
[Hom0wDedkifiH[mae@csif;ncsif; pnfyifom,m wkd;wuf=uD;yGm;vmw,f/ [Hom0wDrGefvlrsKd ;wkd@. ppftiftm;vJwae@wjcm;
=uD;xGm;vmw,f/awmifhwif;vmw,f/ Anm;'vrif;tajcaeudk&ifwrrapmifh=unfhaewJhtif;0rif;uvJ [Hom0wDrSm rGefbk&iff
Anm;'vrif;&J@ ppftiftm;wae@wjcm;=uD;rm;vmwmudk pkd;&drfa=umuf&G@Hvmw,f/ Anm;'vrif;eJ@tkwfbdkrwW&mrS
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wkdufckdufacsrSKef;bdk@qkdjyD; tif;0rSm&SdwJh Armjynfoljynfom; awGudkpnf;&kH; odrf;oGif;cJh=uw,f/ Armppfom;awGudkapv$wfwJhtcgvJ
[Hom0wDu&efolwvkdif;wkd@udk wkdufckduf acsrSKef;bdk@qdkjyD;apv$wfwm jzpfw,f/'g[myxrOD;qkH; [Hom0wDrGefvlrsdK;udk
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ckdufacsrSKef;bkd@qkdjyD;[Hom0wD&SdrGefawGpnf;vkH;nDnGwf=uw,f/tcsif;csif;pnf;&kH;vSKyfaqmf=uw,f/ tJ'DvkdArmwkd@&J@xkd;ppfudk ckHcH
wkdufcdkufwJh[Hom0wD rGefwyfwkd@udkArmordkif;rsm;rSm rGefwvkdif;wyfvkd@okH;eSKef;a&;om;vmw,f//
[Hom0wDrSrGefwyfwkd@tiftm;=uD;vkd@ Armwkd@uppfa&;edyfjyD;wjznf;jznf; aemufqkwf oGm;&w,f/ usL;ausmfwdkufckdufvmwJh
tif;0ArmwyfawGudk[Hom0wD rGefwyfwkd@u wjznf;jznf;armif;xkwfedkfifcJhw,f/ aemufqkH; 1752-ckeSpfrSm[Hom0wDrGefwyfwkd@u
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az:jyxm;wmwJhatmufygpmyk'fuoufaojyaew,f/
“jrefrmomwnf;a,musFm;avm/igwkd@vnf;a,muFsm;yifudkum;/ rif;{u&mZfcsif;jzpfIomta&;&ygrnfaponfudk ta&;ray;
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a&muf&rnfudkompkd;Iaeuaus;Zl;awmfudkcHpm;I a,muFsm;r[kwf.odk@&Sdawmhr,f/ onfwpfcg jrefrmppfonfeSifh u|efkyfwefap/
a&S;ola[mif;wkd@xm;cJhonfh &Sr;f eSifh&Sifv,fjyifrmS od&rnf[laom odkufwabmif vnf;&Sdonf/ ‘&Srf;’ [lonfum;igwkd@t&Sif
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74
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toufeSifht&Sifhaus;Zl;udkqyfrnf/”42
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