Lecture 7 (Hyperbola and Focus Directrix Equation)

Conic Sections Hyperbola and Focus-Directrix Equation
Institute of Mathematics, University of the Philippines Diliman
Mathematics 54Elementary Analysis 2
Hyperbola and Focus-Directrix Equation
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Hyperbola
The set of all points in a plane whose distances from the two xed points (focuses/foci) have a constant difference.
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Hyperbola
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Hyperbola
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Hyperbola
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Equation of a Hyperbola
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Foci : F1 = (c, 0) and F2 = (c, 0)
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Foci : F1 = (c, 0) and F2 = (c, 0) Vertices : V1 = (a, 0) and V2 = (a, 0)
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Foci : F1 = (c, 0) and F2 = (c, 0) Vertices : V1 = (a, 0) and V2 = (a, 0) From the above gure and from the denition of the hyperbola we have (x + c)2 + y 2 (x c)2 + y 2 = constant
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Foci : F1 = (c, 0) and F2 = (c, 0) Vertices : V1 = (a, 0) and V2 = (a, 0) From the above gure and from the denition of the hyperbola we have (x + c)2 + y 2 (x c)2 + y 2 = 2a
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Simplifying, we get y2 2 =1 a2 c a2 x2
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Since a < c
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Since a < c , we can let b2 = c2 a2 .
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Since a < c , we can let b2 = c2 a2 . Thus x2 a2 y2 2 =1 b
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Since a < c , we can let b2 = c2 a2 . Thus x2 a2 y2 2 =1 b
Note that the rectangle formed above is called the auxillary rectangle of the hyperbola.
Hyperbola and Focus-Directrix Equation 4/ 1
If we solve for y in terms of x we get x2 b2 a2 b2
y=
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y=
b b Consider the lines y = a x and y = a x.
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y=
b b Consider the lines y = a x and y = a x. Verify the following:
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y=
x+
x2 b2 a2 b x a
b2 =1
lim
x2 b2 a2 b x a
b2 =1
lim
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y=
x+
x2 b2 a2 b x a
b2 =1
lim
x2 b2 a2 b x a
b2 =1
lim
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y=
x+
x2 b2 a2 b x a
b2 =1
lim
x2 b2 a2 b x a
b2 =1
lim
b Hence, the lines y = a x serve as asymptotes of the hyperbola.

In general a hyperbola centered at the origin has form:
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In general a hyperbola centered at the origin has form: x2 a2 y2 2 =1 b
Foci (c, 0) = ( a2 + b2 , 0) Vertices (a, 0)
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In general a hyperbola centered at the origin has form: y2 2 =1 2 a b x2 x2 2 =1 b2 a y2
Foci (c, 0) = ( a2 + b2 , 0) Vertices (a, 0)
Foci (0, c) = (0, a2 + b2 ) Vertices (0, b)

Examples
Example 1. Find the foci of the hyperbola given by the equation x2 y 2 = 4. 9 Then sketch its graph.
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Examples
Example 1. Find the foci of the hyperbola given by the equation x2 y 2 = 4. 9 Then sketch its graph. Solution: The hyperbola can be expressed as x2 y 2 =1 36 4
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Examples
Example 1. Find the foci of the hyperbola given by the equation x2 y 2 = 4. 9 Then sketch its graph. Solution: The hyperbola can be expressed as x2 y 2 =1 36 4 So a = 6 and b = 2.
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Examples
Example 1. Find the foci of the hyperbola given by the equation x2 y 2 = 4. 9 Then sketch its graph. Solution: The hyperbola can be expressed as x2 y 2 =1 36 4 So a = 6 and b = 2. Then c = a2 + b2 = 36 + 4 = 2 10.
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Examples
Example 1. Find the foci of the hyperbola given by the equation x2 y 2 = 4. 9 Then sketch its graph. Solution: The hyperbola can be expressed as x2 y 2 =1 36 4 So a = 6 and b = 2. Then c = a2 + b2 = 36 + 4 = 2 10. Hence, F : (2 10, 0) insert graph here
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Examples
Example 2. Find the equation of the vertical hyperbola centered at the origin with a vertex at (0, 3) and a focus at (0, 4). Then sketch its graph.
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Examples
Example 2. Find the equation of the vertical hyperbola centered at the origin with a vertex at (0, 3) and a focus at (0, 4). Then sketch its graph. Solution: b = 3 and c = 4.
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Examples
Example 2. Find the equation of the vertical hyperbola centered at the origin with a vertex at (0, 3) and a focus at (0, 4). Then sketch its graph. Solution: b = 3 and c = 4. So a = c2 b2
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Examples
Example 2. Find the equation of the vertical hyperbola centered at the origin with a vertex at (0, 3) and a focus at (0, 4). Then sketch its graph. Solution: b = 3 and c = 4. So a = c2 b2 = 16 9 =
7.
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Examples
Example 2. Find the equation of the vertical hyperbola centered at the origin with a vertex at (0, 3) and a focus at (0, 4). Then sketch its graph. Solution: b = 3 and c = 4. So a = c2 b2 = 16 9 = 7. Thus, the hyperbola has the equation y 2 x2 =1 9 7 insert graph here
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In general, we may consider a hyperbola with either a vertical or a horizontal transverse axis centered at the point (h, k).
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In general, we may consider a hyperbola with either a vertical or a horizontal transverse axis centered at the point (h, k). Then, the hyperbola has the form
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In general, we may consider a hyperbola with either a vertical or a horizontal transverse axis centered at the point (h, k). Then, the hyperbola has the form
(x h)2 a2
(y k)2 b2
=1
Foci (h a2 + b2 , k)
Vertices (h a, k)
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In general, we may consider a hyperbola with either a vertical or a horizontal transverse axis centered at the point (h, k). Then, the hyperbola has the form (y k)2 (x h)2 a2 (y k)2 b2 =1 b2 (x h)2 a2
=1
a<b Foci Foci (h a2 + b2 , k) Vertices (h a, k) (h, k c) = (h, k Vertices (h, k b)

a2 + b2 )
Example Find the equation of the hyperbola with foci (1, 1) and (4, 1) and vertices (0, 1) and (3, 1).
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Example Find the equation of the hyperbola with foci (1, 1) and (4, 1) and vertices (0, 1) and (3, 1). Solution:
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3 The desired hyperbola is centered at ( 2 , 1) so h = 3 and k = 1. 2
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3 The desired hyperbola is centered at ( 2 , 1) so h = 3 and k = 1. 2 3 The value of a is the distance from the center to a vertex, which in this case is 2 .
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The value of c is the distance of a focus to the center which is inthis case is 5 . 2
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The value of c is the distance of a focus to the center which is inthis case is 5 . 2 Now, b2 = c2 + a2 = 16 = 4. 4
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The value of c is the distance of a focus to the center which is inthis case is 5 . 2 Now, b2 = c2 + a2 = 16 = 4. Hence, the desired equation is 4
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The value of c is the distance of a focus to the center which is inthis case is 5 . 2 Now, b2 = c2 + a2 = 16 = 4. Hence, the desired equation is 4 (x 3 )2 2
3 2 2
(y 1)2 (2)2
=1
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For the parabola, we dene the eccentricity e to be e = 1.
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For the parabola, we dene the eccentricity e to be e = 1. For the ellipse and hyperbola, we dene eccentricity to be e= distance between foci distance between vertices
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Hence, we have
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Hence, we have 0<e<1 ellipse
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Hence, we have 0<e<1 e=1 ellipse parabola
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Hence, we have 0<e<1 e=1 e>1 ellipse parabola hyperbola
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Consider the ellipse
(x h)2 a2
(y k)2 b2
= 1.
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(x h)2 a2
(y k)2 b2
= 1.
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(x h)2 a2
(y k)2 b2
= 1.
The lines perpendicular to the major axis of this ellipse at distances a from the e center are the directrices of this ellipse.
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(x h)2 a2
(y k)2 b2
= 1.
The lines perpendicular to the major axis of this ellipse at distances a from the e center are the directrices of this ellipse. Let D1 be the directrix nearest the focus F1 and let D2 be the directrix nearest the focus F2 .
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(x h)2 a2
(y k)2 b2
= 1.
The lines perpendicular to the major axis of this ellipse at distances a from the e center are the directrices of this ellipse. Let D1 be the directrix nearest the focus F1 and let D2 be the directrix nearest the focus F2 .
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(x h)2 a2
(y k)2 b2
= 1.
The lines perpendicular to the major axis of this ellipse at distances a from the e center are the directrices of this ellipse. Let D1 be the directrix nearest the focus F1 and let D2 be the directrix nearest the focus F2 . This pairing of the foci and the directrices will be refered to as the focus-directrix pairing.
PF1
(x + c)2 + y 2
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PF1
= =
(x + c)2 + y 2 b2 (x + ae)2 + b2 2 x2 a
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PF1
= =
(x + c)2 + y 2 b2 (x + ae)2 + b2 2 x2 a a2 x2 + 2a3 ex + a4 e2 + a2 b2 b2 x2 a2
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PF1
= =
(x + c)2 + y 2 b2 (x + ae)2 + b2 2 x2 a a2 x2 + 2a3 ex + a4 e2 + a2 b2 b2 x2 a2 c2 x2 + 2a3 ex + a4 e2 + a2 b2 a2
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PF1
= =
(x + c)2 + y 2 b2 (x + ae)2 + b2 2 x2 a a2 x2 + 2a3 ex + a4 e2 + a2 b2 b2 x2 a2 c2 x2 + 2a3 ex + a4 e2 + a2 b2 a2 a2 e2 x2 + 2a3 ex + a4 e2 + a2 b2 a2
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PF1
= =
(x + c)2 + y 2 b2 (x + ae)2 + b2 2 x2 a a2 x2 + 2a3 ex + a4 e2 + a2 b2 b2 x2 a2 c2 x2 + 2a3 ex + a4 e2 + a2 b2 a2 a2 e2 x2 + 2a3 ex + a4 e2 + a2 b2 a2 e2 x2 + 2aex + a2 e2 + b2
= =
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PF1
= =
(x + c)2 + y 2 b2 (x + ae)2 + b2 2 x2 a a2 x2 + 2a3 ex + a4 e2 + a2 b2 b2 x2 a2 c2 x2 + 2a3 ex + a4 e2 + a2 b2 a2 a2 e2 x2 + 2a3 ex + a4 e2 + a2 b2 a2 e2 x2 + 2aex + a2 e2 + b2 e2 x2 + 2aex + c2 + b2
= = =
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PF1
= =
(x + c)2 + y 2 b2 (x + ae)2 + b2 2 x2 a a2 x2 + 2a3 ex + a4 e2 + a2 b2 b2 x2 a2 c2 x2 + 2a3 ex + a4 e2 + a2 b2 a2 a2 e2 x2 + 2a3 ex + a4 e2 + a2 b2 a2 e2 x2 + 2aex + a2 e2 + b2 e2 x2 + 2aex + c2 + b2 e2 x2 + 2aex + a2
= = = =
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PF1
= =
(x + c)2 + y 2 b2 (x + ae)2 + b2 2 x2 a a2 x2 + 2a3 ex + a4 e2 + a2 b2 b2 x2 a2 c2 x2 + 2a3 ex + a4 e2 + a2 b2 a2 a2 e2 x2 + 2a3 ex + a4 e2 + a2 b2 a2 e2 x2 + 2aex + a2 e2 + b2 e2 x2 + 2aex + c2 + b2 e2 x2 + 2aex + a2 e a a 2 x2 + 2 x + e e
= = = = =
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PF1
= =
(x + c)2 + y 2 b2 (x + ae)2 + b2 2 x2 a a2 x2 + 2a3 ex + a4 e2 + a2 b2 b2 x2 a2 c2 x2 + 2a3 ex + a4 e2 + a2 b2 a2 a2 e2 x2 + 2a3 ex + a4 e2 + a2 b2 a2 e2 x2 + 2aex + a2 e2 + b2 e2 x2 + 2aex + c2 + b2 e2 x2 + 2aex + a2 e a a 2 x2 + 2 x + =e e e x a 2 e
= = = = =
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PF1
= =
(x + c)2 + y 2 b2 (x + ae)2 + b2 2 x2 a a2 x2 + 2a3 ex + a4 e2 + a2 b2 b2 x2 a2 c2 x2 + 2a3 ex + a4 e2 + a2 b2 a2 a2 e2 x2 + 2a3 ex + a4 e2 + a2 b2 a2 e2 x2 + 2aex + a2 e2 + b2 e2 x2 + 2aex + c2 + b2 e2 x2 + 2aex + a2 e a a 2 x2 + 2 x + =e e e x a 2 a =e x e e
= = = = =
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PF1
= =
(x + c)2 + y 2 b2 (x + ae)2 + b2 2 x2 a a2 x2 + 2a3 ex + a4 e2 + a2 b2 b2 x2 a2 c2 x2 + 2a3 ex + a4 e2 + a2 b2 a2 a2 e2 x2 + 2a3 ex + a4 e2 + a2 b2 a2 e2 x2 + 2aex + a2 e2 + b2 e2 x2 + 2aex + c2 + b2 e2 x2 + 2aex + a2 e a a 2 x2 + 2 x + =e e e x a 2 a =e x e e = e PD1
= = = = =
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Thus, if P is a point on the ellipse
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Thus, if P is a point on the ellipse then PF1 = e PD1
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Thus, if P is a point on the ellipse then PF1 = e PD1 PF2 = e PD2
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Consider the hyperbola
(x h)2 a2
(y k)2 b2
= 1.
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= 1. a2 b2 The lines perpendicular to the transverse axis of this hyperbola at distances a e from the center are the directrices of this ellipse.
(x h)2
(y k)2
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= 1. a2 b2 The lines perpendicular to the transverse axis of this hyperbola at distances a e from the center are the directrices of this ellipse. Let D1 be the directrix nearest the focus F1 and let D2 be the directrix nearest the focus F2 .
(x h)2
(y k)2
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= 1. a2 b2 The lines perpendicular to the transverse axis of this hyperbola at distances a e from the center are the directrices of this ellipse. Let D1 be the directrix nearest the focus F1 and let D2 be the directrix nearest the focus F2 . This pairing of the foci and the directrices will be refered to as the focus-directrix pairing.
(x h)2
(y k)2
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Similarly, if P is a point on the ellipse
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Similarly, if P is a point on the ellipse then PF1 = e PD1 PF2 = e PD2
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Hence, for any focus-directrix pair in an ellipse, hyperbola or parabola we have the following equation
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Hence, for any focus-directrix pair in an ellipse, hyperbola or parabola we have the following equation PF = e PD
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Hence, for any focus-directrix pair in an ellipse, hyperbola or parabola we have the following equation PF = e PD this equation is refered to as the focus-directrix equation.
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Exercises
Identify the following conic sections and determine their eccentricity:

a. b. c. d. e. 2x2 3y 2 + 4x + 6y 1 = 0 2x2 + 3y 2 + 16x 18y 53 = 0 9x + y 2 + 4y 5 = 0 4x2 x = y 2 + 1 7y y 2 x = 0
Determine the equation of the parabola whose focus and vertex are the vertex and focus, respectively of the parabola with equation x + 4y 2 y = 0. Let M = 3. Determine the equations of the hyperbola and ellipse having (2, 1) as the foci and M as the length of the conjugate axis and minor axis, respectively.
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Lecture 7 (Hyperbola and Focus Directrix Equation)

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Lecture 7 (Hyperbola and Focus Directrix Equation)

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Conic Sections Hyperbola and Focus-Directrix Equation

Institute of Mathematics, University of the Philippines Diliman

Mathematics 54Elementary Analysis 2

Hyperbola and Focus-Directrix Equation

Hyperbola and Focus-Directrix Equation

Hyperbola and Focus-Directrix Equation

Hyperbola and Focus-Directrix Equation

Hyperbola and Focus-Directrix Equation

Hyperbola and Focus-Directrix Equation

Foci : F1 = (c, 0) and F2 = (c, 0)

Hyperbola and Focus-Directrix Equation

Foci : F1 = (c, 0) and F2 = (c, 0) Vertices : V1 = (a, 0) and V2 = (a, 0)

Hyperbola and Focus-Directrix Equation

Hyperbola and Focus-Directrix Equation

Hyperbola and Focus-Directrix Equation

Hyperbola and Focus-Directrix Equation

Hyperbola and Focus-Directrix Equation

Hyperbola and Focus-Directrix Equation

Since a < c , we can let b2 = c2 a2 .

Hyperbola and Focus-Directrix Equation

Since a < c , we can let b2 = c2 a2 . Thus x2 a2 y2 2 =1 b

Hyperbola and Focus-Directrix Equation

Since a < c , we can let b2 = c2 a2 . Thus x2 a2 y2 2 =1 b

Hyperbola and Focus-Directrix Equation

Hyperbola and Focus-Directrix Equation

b b Consider the lines y = a x and y = a x. Verify the following:

Hyperbola and Focus-Directrix Equation

b b Consider the lines y = a x and y = a x. Verify the following:

Hyperbola and Focus-Directrix Equation

b b Consider the lines y = a x and y = a x. Verify the following:

Hyperbola and Focus-Directrix Equation

b b Consider the lines y = a x and y = a x. Verify the following:

b Hence, the lines y = a x serve as asymptotes of the hyperbola.

Hyperbola and Focus-Directrix Equation

Foci (c, 0) = ( a2 + b2 , 0) Vertices (a, 0)

Hyperbola and Focus-Directrix Equation

Foci (c, 0) = ( a2 + b2 , 0) Vertices (a, 0)

Foci (0, c) = (0, a2 + b2 ) Vertices (0, b)

Hyperbola and Focus-Directrix Equation

Hyperbola and Focus-Directrix Equation

Hyperbola and Focus-Directrix Equation

Hyperbola and Focus-Directrix Equation

Hyperbola and Focus-Directrix Equation

Hyperbola and Focus-Directrix Equation

Hyperbola and Focus-Directrix Equation

Hyperbola and Focus-Directrix Equation

Hyperbola and Focus-Directrix Equation

Hyperbola and Focus-Directrix Equation

Hyperbola and Focus-Directrix Equation

Hyperbola and Focus-Directrix Equation

Hyperbola and Focus-Directrix Equation

a<b Foci Foci (h a2 + b2 , k) Vertices (h a, k) (h, k c) = (h, k Vertices (h, k b)

Hyperbola and Focus-Directrix Equation

Hyperbola and Focus-Directrix Equation

Hyperbola and Focus-Directrix Equation

Hyperbola and Focus-Directrix Equation

Hyperbola and Focus-Directrix Equation

Hyperbola and Focus-Directrix Equation

Hyperbola and Focus-Directrix Equation

Hyperbola and Focus-Directrix Equation

For the parabola, we dene the eccentricity e to be e = 1.

Hyperbola and Focus-Directrix Equation

Hyperbola and Focus-Directrix Equation