Redes de Comunicaes Mveis GSM

Market GSM
Overview Services Sub-systems Components
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Mobile phone subscribers worldwide

1600

approx. 1.7 bn

1400

1200

Subscribers [million]

GSM total TDMA total CDMA total 800 PDC total Analogue total 600 W-CDMA Total wireless Prediction (1998) 400

1000

200

0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 year

Development of mobile telecommunication systems

FDMA CT0/1 AMPS NMT

CT2 IS-136 TDMA D-AMPS GSM PDC

IMT-FT DECT EDGE GPRS IMT-SC IS-136HS UWC-136 IMT-DS UTRA FDD / W-CDMA HSDPA IMT-TC

TDMA

CDMA

UTRA TDD / TD-CDMA IMT-TC TD-SCDMA IS-95 cdmaOne 1G 2G cdma2000 1X IMT-MC cdma2000 1X EV-DO 1X EV-DV (3X) 3G
3

2.5G

GSM: Overview
GSM
formerly: Groupe Spciale Mobile (founded 1982) now: Global System for Mobile Communication Pan-European standard (ETSI, European Telecommunications Standardisation Institute) simultaneous introduction of essential services in three phases (1991, 1994, 1996) by the European telecommunication administrations (Germany: D1 and D2) seamless roaming within Europe possible today many providers all over the world use GSM (more than 200 countries in Asia, Africa, Europe, Australia, America) more than 1.2 billion subscribers in more than 630 networks more than 75% of all digital mobile phones use GSM (74% total) over 200 million SMS per month in Germany, > 550 billion/year worldwide (> 10% of the revenues for many operators) [be aware: these are only rough numbers]

Performance characteristics of GSM (wrt. analog sys.)

Communication
mobile, wireless communication; support for voice and data services

Total mobility
international access, chip-card enables use of access points of different providers

Worldwide connectivity
one number, the network handles localization

High capacity
better frequency efficiency, smaller cells, more customers per cell

High transmission quality

high audio quality and reliability for wireless, uninterrupted phone calls at higher speeds (e.g., from cars, trains)

Security functions
access control, authentication via chip-card and PIN

Architecture of the GSM system

GSM is a PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network)
several providers setup mobile networks following the GSM standard within each country components
MS (mobile station) BS (base station) MSC (mobile switching center) LR (location register)

subsystems
RSS (radio subsystem): covers all radio aspects NSS (network and switching subsystem): call forwarding, handover, switching OSS (operation subsystem): management of the network

Ingredients 1: Mobile Phones, PDAs & Co.

The visible but smallest part of the network!

Ingredients 2: Antennas

Still visible cause many discussions

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Ingredients 3: Infrastructure 1
Base Stations

Cabling

Microwave links

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Ingredients 3: Infrastructure 2 Not visible, but comprise the major part of the network (also from an investment point of view)

Management

Data bases

Switching units Monitoring

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GSM: overview
OMC, EIR, AUC HLR NSS with OSS VLR MSC GMSC fixed network

VLR

MSC

BSC BSC RSS

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GSM: elements and interfaces

radio cell MS Um RSS BTS MS BSS

radio cell MS

BTS Abis BSC A MSC NSS MSC signaling GMSC IWF O OSS EIR AUC OMC ISDN, PSTN PDN BSC

VLR HLR

VLR

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GSM: system architecture

radio subsystem MS MS ISDN PSTN Um BTS BTS SS7 Abis BSC EIR MSC network and switching subsystem fixed partner networks

HLR

BTS BSC BTS BSS A MSC IWF

VLR ISDN PSTN PSPDN CSPDN 14

System architecture: radio subsystem

radio subsystem MS MS network and switching subsystem

Components
MS (Mobile Station) BSS (Base Station Subsystem): consisting of
MSC BTS (Base Transceiver Station): sender and receiver BSC (Base Station Controller): controlling several transceivers

Um BTS BTS Abis BSC

Interfaces
BTS BTS BSS BSC A MSC

Um : radio interface Abis : standardized, open interface with 16 kbit/s user channels A: standardized, open interface with 64 kbit/s user channels

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System architecture: network and switching subsystem

network subsystem fixed partner networks

Components
t MSC (Mobile Services Switching Center): t IWF (Interworking Functions) t t t t
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) PSPDN (Packet Switched Public Data Net.) CSPDN (Circuit Switched Public Data Net.)

ISDN PSTN MSC

EIR SS7

HLR

Databases
VLR MSC IWF ISDN PSTN PSPDN CSPDN

t HLR (Home Location Register) t VLR (Visitor Location Register) t EIR (Equipment Identity Register)

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Radio subsystem
The Radio Subsystem (RSS) comprises the cellular mobile network up to the switching centers Components
Base Station Subsystem (BSS):
Base Transceiver Station (BTS): radio components including sender, receiver, antenna - if directed antennas are used one BTS can cover several cells Base Station Controller (BSC): switching between BTSs, controlling BTSs, managing of network resources, mapping of radio channels (Um) onto terrestrial channels (A interface) BSS = BSC + sum(BTS) + interconnection

Mobile Stations (MS)

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GSM: cellular network

segmentation of the area into cells
possible radio coverage of the cell

cell

idealized shape of the cell

use of several carrier frequencies not the same frequency in adjoining cells cell sizes vary from some 100 m up to 35 km depending on user density, geography, transceiver power etc. hexagonal shape of cells is idealized (cells overlap, shapes depend on geography) if a mobile user changes cells handover of the connection to the neighbor cell
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GSM frequency bands

Type GSM 850 (Americas) GSM 900
classical extended

Channels 128-251 0-124, 955-1023

124 channels +49 channels

Uplink [MHz] 824-849 876-915

890-915 880-915

Downlink [MHz] 869-894 921-960

935-960 925-960

GSM 1800 GSM 1900 (Americas) GSM-R

exclusive

512-885 512-810

1710-1785 1850-1910

1805-1880 1930-1990

955-1024, 0-124
69 channels

876-915
876-880

921-960
921-925

- Additionally: GSM 400 (also named GSM 450 or GSM 480 at 450-458/460-468 or 479-486/489-496 MHz - Please note: frequency ranges may vary depending on the country! - Channels at the lower/upper edge of a frequency band are typically not used 20

Base Transceiver Station and Base Station Controller

Tasks of a BSS are distributed over BSC and BTS BTS comprises radio specific functions BSC is the switching center for radio channels
Functions Management of radio channels Frequency hopping (FH) Management of terrestrial channels Mapping of terrestrial onto radio channels Channel coding and decoding Rate adaptation Encryption and decryption Paging Uplink signal measurements Traffic measurement Authentication Location registry, location update Handover management BTS X BSC X X X X

X X X X X

X X X X X X

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Mobile station
Terminal for the use of GSM services A mobile station (MS) comprises several functional groups
MT (Mobile Terminal):
offers common functions used by all services the MS offers corresponds to the network termination (NT) of an ISDN access end-point of the radio interface (Um)

TA (Terminal Adapter):
terminal adaptation, hides radio specific characteristics

TE (Terminal Equipment):
peripheral device of the MS, offers services to a user does not contain GSM specific functions

SIM (Subscriber Identity Module):

personalization of the mobile terminal, stores user parameters

TE R

TA S
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MT

Um

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Network and switching subsystem

NSS is the main component of the public mobile network GSM
switching, mobility management, interconnection to other networks, system control

Components
Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC) controls all connections via a separated network to/from a mobile terminal within the domain of the MSC - several BSC can belong to a MSC Databases (important: scalability, high capacity, low delay)
Home Location Register (HLR) central master database containing user data, permanent and semi-permanent data of all subscribers assigned to the HLR (one provider can have several HLRs) Visitor Location Register (VLR) local database for a subset of user data, including data about all user currently in the domain of the VLR

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Mobile Services Switching Center

The MSC (mobile switching center) plays a central role in GSM
switching functions additional functions for mobility support management of network resources interworking functions via Gateway MSC (GMSC) integration of several databases

Functions of a MSC
specific functions for paging and call forwarding termination of SS7 (signaling system no. 7) mobility specific signaling location registration and forwarding of location information provision of new services (fax, data calls) support of short message service (SMS) generation and forwarding of accounting and billing information

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Operation subsystem
The OSS (Operation Subsystem) enables centralized operation, management, and maintenance of all GSM subsystems Components
Authentication Center (AUC)
generates user specific authentication parameters on request of a VLR authentication parameters used for authentication of mobile terminals and encryption of user data on the air interface within the GSM system

Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

registers GSM mobile stations and user rights stolen or malfunctioning mobile stations can be locked and sometimes even localized

Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)

different control capabilities for the radio subsystem and the network subsystem

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GSM protocol layers for signaling

Um MS
CM MM RR RR LAPDm radio LAPDm radio BTSM LAPD PCM

Abis BTS BSC

A MSC
CM

MM
BSSAP

BSSAP SS7
PCM

RR BTSM LAPD PCM

SS7
PCM

16/64 kbit/s

64 kbit/s / 2.048 Mbit/s

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Mobile Terminated Call

1: calling a GSM subscriber 2: forwarding call to GMSC 3: signal call setup to HLR 4, 5: request MSRN from VLR 6: forward responsible MSC to GMSC 7: forward call to current MSC 8, 9: get current status of MS 10, 11: paging of MS 12, 13: MS answers 14, 15: security checks 16, 17: set up connection

HLR

4 5 7

VLR

3 6
calling station 1 PSTN

8 9 14 15
MSC

GMSC

10
BSS

10 13 16
BSS

10
BSS

11

11 11 12 17
MS

11

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Mobile Originated Call

1, 2: connection request 3, 4: security check 5-8: check resources (free circuit) 9-10: set up call
VLR

3 4 6
PSTN GMSC

5
MSC

8 2 9
MS

1 10

BSS

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MTC/MOC
MS

MTC
paging request channel request immediate assignment paging response authentication request

BTS

MS

MOC
channel request immediate assignment service request authentication request

BTS

authentication response ciphering command ciphering complete setup call confirmed assignment command assignment complete alerting connect connect acknowledge data/speech exchange

authentication response ciphering command ciphering complete setup call confirmed assignment command assignment complete alerting connect connect acknowledge data/speech exchange

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4 types of handover
1 MS 2 MS 3 MS 4 MS

BTS

BTS BSC

BTS BSC MSC

BTS BSC MSC

1 - between different sectors of the same cell: narrow-band interference could make transmission difficult; need to change carrier frequency 2 - between different cells within the same BSC domain: typical handover scenario 3 - between different BSC domains within the same MSC domain: an BSC controls only a limited number of cells 4 - between different MSC domains: if two cells belong to different MSC domains

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Handover decision

receive level BTSold

receive level BTSold

HO_MARGIN MS BTSold MS BTSnew

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Handover procedure
MS BTSold BSCold measurement measurement report result HO decision HO required HO request resource allocation ch. activation HO command HO command HO request ack ch. activation ack MSC BSCnew BTSnew

HO command

HO access
Link establishment clear command clear command clear complete clear complete HO complete HO complete

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Security in GSM
Security services
access control/authentication
user SIM (Subscriber Identity Module): secret PIN (personal identification number) SIM network: challenge response method

confidentiality
voice and signaling encrypted on the wireless link (after successful authentication)

anonymity
temporary identity TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity) newly assigned at each new location update (LUP) encrypted transmission
secret: A3 and A8 available via the Internet network providers can use stronger mechanisms

3 algorithms specified in GSM

A3 for authentication (secret, open interface) A5 for encryption (standardized) A8 for key generation (secret, open interface)
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GSM - authentication

mobile network Ki AC 128 bit A3 SRES* 32 bit RAND 128 bit RAND

SIM RAND 128 bit A3 SIM SRES 32 bit Ki 128 bit

MSC

SRES* =? SRES

SRES 32 bit

SRES

Ki: individual subscriber authentication key

SRES: signed response 50

GSM - key generation and encryption

mobile network (BTS) Ki AC 128 bit A8 cipher key Kc 64 bit data A5 encrypted data RAND 128 bit RAND

MS with SIM RAND 128 bit A8 Ki 128 bit SIM

Kc 64 bit SRES data MS A5

BSS

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Data services in GSM I

Data transmission standardized with only 9.6 kbit/s
advanced coding allows 14,4 kbit/s not enough for Internet and multimedia applications Connection oriented (Circuit switched)

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Data services in GSM I

HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data)
mainly software update bundling of several time-slots to get higher AIUR (Air Interface User Rate) (e.g., 57.6 kbit/s using 4 slots, 14.4 each) advantage: ready to use, constant quality, simple disadvantage: channels blocked for voice transmission
AIUR [kbit/s] 4.8 9.6 14.4 19.2 28.8 38.4 43.2 57.6 TCH/F4.8 1 2 3 4 TCH/F9.6 1 1 2 3 4 2 3 4 TCH/F14.4

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Data services in GSM II

GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)

packet switching using free slots only if data packets ready to send (e.g., 50 kbit/s using 4 slots temporarily) standardization 1998, introduction 2001 advantage: one step towards UMTS, more flexible disadvantage: more investment needed (new hardware)

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Data services in GSM II

GPRS network elements

GSN (GPRS Support Nodes): GGSN and SGSN GGSN (Gateway GSN)
interworking unit between GPRS and PDN (Packet Data Network) Contains routing information about each MS Performs NAT Tunnels data to users via data encapsulation

SGSN (Serving GSN)

supports the MS (location, billing, security) Requests user addresses from the GR Keeps track of MS location Collects billing information Performs security functions (such as access control)

GR (GPRS Register)
user addresses

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Data services in GSM II

SGSN Gn

MS

BSS

SGSN

GGSN

PDN

Um

Gb

Gn

Gi

MSC

HLR/ GR EIR

VLR

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GPRS quality of service

Reliability class Lost SDU probability 10-9 10-4 10-2 Duplicate SDU probability 10-9 10-5 10-5 Out of sequence SDU probability 10-9 10-5 10-5 Corrupt SDU probability 10-9 10-6 10-2

1 2 3

GPRS users can specify a QoS-profile: it determines the service precedence, reliability class and delay class GPRS allocate radio resources to fulfill user specifications Reliability Class 1: used for very error-sensitive applications that cannot preform error corrections Reliability Class 2: if applications exhibit error tolerance Reliability Class 3: for error-insensitive applications
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GPRS quality of service

Delay class 1 2 3 4

SDU size 128 byte SDU size 1024 byte mean 95 percentile mean 95 percentile < 0.5 s < 1.5 s <2s <7s <5s < 25 s < 15 s < 75 s < 50 s < 250 s < 75 s < 375 s unspecified

Delays higher than fixed network (RTT 10-100ms): impact higher layer protocols such as TCP

Large jitter: impact on user experience when interactive applications are used

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Examples for GPRS device classes

Class 1 2 3 5 8 10 12

Receiving slots 1 2 2 2 4 4 4

Sending slots 1 1 2 2 1 2 4

Maximum number of slots 2 3 3 4 5 5 5

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GPRS user data rates in kbit/s

Coding scheme CS-1 CS-2 CS-3 CS-4

1 slot

2 slots

3 slots

4 slots

5 slots

6 slots

7 slots

8 slots

9.05 13.4 15.6 21.4

18.1 26.8 31.2 42.8

27.15 40.2 46.8 64.2

36.2 53.6 62.4 85.6

45.25 67 78 107

54.3 80.4 93.6 128.4

63.35 93.8 109.2 149.8

72.4 107.2 124.8 171.2

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GPRS attachment procedure

To an MS use the GPRS network -> it must do the attachment procedure: authorization assigning a temporal ID assigning a ciphering key sequence number for encryption

Set up of the PDP (Packet Data Protocol) context: includes Subscriber's IP address QoS negotiated

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GPRS PDP context

PDP context: data structure present on both the SGSN and the GGSN which contains the subscriber's session information when the subscriber has an active session

Comprises the status of the MS, the routing area, and a packet data channel (PDCH)

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GPRS architecture and interfaces

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GPRS architecture and interfaces

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Gb: BSC<--> SGSN Gn: SGSN<--> GGSN in the same PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network) Gp: SGSN<--> GGSN in different PLMNs Gf: SGSN<--> EIR Gi: GGSN<--> external networks (IPv4, IPv6, X.25) Gr: SGSN<--> HLR Gs: DB of SSGN<-->VLR Gd: SSGN<-->Gateway SMS

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GPRS protocol architecture

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GPRS protocol architecture

MS
apps. IP/X.25 SNDCP LLC RLC MAC radio

Um

BSS

Gb

SGSN

Gn GGSN

Gi

IP/X.25
SNDCP

GTP UDP/TCP IP L1/L2

GTP UDP/TCP IP L1/L2

LLC RLC MAC FR radio FR

BSSGP BSSGP

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