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David Salac
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering University at Bualo SUNY
Support provided by UB. Example of Use: A level set projection model of lipid vesicles in general ows, Salac and Miksis, JCP, 2011
Motivation: Vesicles
Vitkova, Mader, Biben, Podgorski, Tumbling of Lipid Vesicles, Enclosing a Viscous Fluid, Under a Shear Flow, 2005.
Du = Dt
p+
2 s
(k ( u + u )) 1 + n + n 2
2 s s
[ n] =bn
xx 2 2xy x y + yy 2 y x 2 + 2 x y
3/2
is fourth-order derivative of !
Signed distance functions have the best properties. All signed distance functions have the property of = 1. Periodic replacement of current level set with a signed distance function is needed.
FMM Evolution equation for the Fast Marching Method (Sethian, PNAS 1996): F =1
Valid if F is of one sign everywhere. Solve by an ordered list beginning at the interface. Ecient, solving in time O(N log N) For reinitialization set F = 1 and enforce = 1 at all grid points.
Solution: The Augmented FMM Enforce the following at every grid point: 1. 2. 3.
2
=1
2
=0
2
=0
AFMM In 2D the system is: 2 + 2 = 1 x y x xx + y xy = 0 x xy + y yy = 0 2 + 2 + x xxx + y xxy = 0 xx xy 2 + 2 + x xyy + y yyy = 0 yy xy xx xy + yy xy + x xxy + y xyy = 0 Allows for calculation of , x , y , xx , yy , xy .
The AFMM The steps are the same as the standard Fast Marching Method:
Initialization
An interface is implicitly described by and . For each node in a cell containing the interface explicitly calculate , x , y , xx , yy , xy .
Initialization
Initialization
Initialization
Initialization
h
-4
-6
fxy
h2
-8
fxx, fyy
h3
-10
f x, f y
-12
h4
-2 -1
10
10
Grid Spacing
x = x y = y = xx H yy = yy H xy = xy
i+1,j i,j h
When updating xi,j use only neighbor nodes closer to the interface.
AFMM In 2D the system is: 2 + 2 = 1 x y x xx + y xy = 0 x xy + y yy = 0 2 xx + 2 + x xxx + y xxy = 0 xy 2 + 2 + x xyy + y yyy = 0 yy xy xx xy + yy xy + x xxy + y xyy = 0
Chosen Discritization
Chosen Discritization
Then solve:
H xx H xx + H xy H xy + x (Dx H xx ) + y (Dy H xx ) = 0 H yy H yy + H xy H xy + x (Dx H yy ) + y (Dy H yy ) = 0 H xx H xy + H yy H xy + x (Dx H xy ) + y (Dy H xy ) = 0
Sample Results
Circle: 20 20 Grid
Level Set
Curvature
Circle: 50 50 Grid
Level Set
Curvature
Level Set
Curvature
Circle: L2 Error
50 50
1000 1000
Ellipse: Curvature
50 50
1000 1000
50 50
1000 1000
50 50
1000 1000
50 50
1000 1000
Star: Curvature
50 50
1000 1000
Sphere: 50 50 50
Level Set
Curvature
Ellipsoid: 50 50 50
Level Set
Curvature
Level Set
Curvature
Solve for the uid velocity using a four-step projection method (Salac and Miksis, JCP, 2011). Advance the interface using the Gradient Augmented Level Set Method (Nave, Rosales, and Seibold, JCP, 2010). Reinitialize using Augmented Fast Marching.
Final Comments
Including higher order derivatives results in smoother level set and curvature elds. The discritizations chosen are not unique Others may give smoother results (or may not even converge). It may not be necessary to solve in the entire domain Only locally around the interface.