Professional Documents
Culture Documents
FK- UKRIDA
Pengertian
B. Perawatan
1. Simple head injury
• Pemeriksaan status umum dan neurologi
• Perawatan luka
• Pasien dipulangkan dengan pengawasan ketat oleh keluarga selama 48 jam antara lain:
Pasien cenderung mengantuk
Sakit kepala semakin memberat
Muntah proyektil
pasien kembali ke RS
• Pasien dirawat apabila
Ada gangguan orientasi
Sakit kepala dan muntah
Tidak ada yg mengawasi dirumah
Letak rumah jauh atau sulit utk kembali ke RS
2. Sedang dan berat dirawat.
Akibat cedera kepala
• Increased intracranial pressure (ICP)
The severity of a TBI tends to increase due to heightened ICP, especially if
the pressure exceeds 40 mm Hg. Increased pressure also can lead to
cerebral hypoxia, cerebral ischemia, cerebral edema, hydrocephalus, and
brain herniation.
• Cerebral edema
Edema may be caused by the effects of the above-mentioned
neurochemical transmitters and by increased ICP. Disruption of the blood-
brain barrier, with impairment of vasomotor autoregulation leading to
dilatation of cerebral blood vessels, also contributes.
• Hydrocephalus
a. The communicating type of hydrocephalus is more common in TBI than is the
noncommunicating type. The communicating type frequently results from the
presence of blood products that cause obstruction of the flow of the cerebral
spinal fluid (CSF) in the subarachnoid space and the absorption of CSF through
the arachnoid villi.
b. The noncommunicating type of hydrocephalus is often caused by blood clot
obstruction of blood flow at the interventricular foramen, third ventricle,
cerebral aqueduct, or fourth ventricle.
Tekanan Intrakranial
Brain herniation
Supratentorial herniation is attributable to direct mechanical compression by an
accumulating mass or to increased intracranial pressure. The following types of
supratentorial herniation are recognized:
• Subfalcine herniation - The cingulate gyrus of the frontal lobe is pushed beneath
the falx cerebri when an expanding mass lesion causes a medial shift of the
ipsilateral hemisphere. This is the most common type of herniation.
• Central transtentorial herniation - This type of injury is characterized by the
displacement of the basal nuclei and cerebral hemispheres downward while the
diencephalon and adjacent midbrain are pushed through the tentorial notch.
• Uncal herniation - This type of injury involves the displacement of the medial edge
of the uncus and the hippocampal gyrus medially and over the ipsilateral edge of
the tentorium cerebelli foramen, causing compression of the midbrain; the
ipsilateral or contralateral third nerve may be stretched or compressed.
• Cerebellar herniation - This injury is marked by an infratentorial herniation in
which the tonsil of the cerebellum is pushed through the foramen magnum and
compresses the medulla, leading to bradycardia and respiratory arrest.
Penyebab dan terapi pd peningkataan TIK
Penyebab dan terapi pd peningkataan TIK
Prognosis mortalitas trauma kepala
Clinical finding Mortality (%)
Score GCS
15 <1
11-14 3
8-10 15
6-7 20
4-5 50
3 80
Age
16-35 y 30
36-45 40
46-55 50
> 56 60
CT Abnormalities
None 10
Intracranial pathology without diffuse swelling of midline shift 15
Intracranial pathology with diffuse swelling (cisterna compressed or
absent 35
Intracranial pathology with midline shift (> 5 mm) 55
Prognosis mortalitas trauma kepala
• Prehospital
– Stabilisasi manual
– Membatasi fleksi dan gerakan lain
– Penanganan immobilisasi vertebra dgn Cervical coller
dan Vertebra brace
Penanganan
• UGD
– A ( Airway) : Jaga jalan nafas tetap lapang
– B ( Breathing) : Mengatasi ggn pernafasan, k/p lalukan
intubasi dan alat bantu nafas utama lesi servikal atas.
– C (Circulation) : Tanda hipotensi ok saraf simpatis
• Syok hipovolemik
– TD turun, takikardi, ekstremitas dingin/basah
– Terapi : Cairan kristaloid ( NaCl 0,9%,RL. k/p Koloid Albumin 5 %)
• Syok neurogenik
– TD turun, bradikardi, ekstremitas hangat/kering
– Hati2 pemberian cairan berlebihan bisa edem paru
– Berikan obat Vasopressure
» Dopamin menjaga MAP > 70, dosis 2-5 mcg/kgBB/mnt
» K/p Adrenalin 0,2 mg sc
– Cairan yg diberikan Kristaloid
• Keberhasilan penanganan neurogenik shock ditandai dgn
perfusi yg adekuat dgn parameter:
– TDS 90-100 mmHg, dan hindari episode hipotensi
– Tercapai oksigensai dan perfusi yg adekuat pemberian
oksigen dan atau ventilasi mekanik jika dibutuhkan
– Irama jantung 60-100 x/mnt dgn sinus ritme
– Hemodinamik stabil dgn bradikardi berikan Atropine
– Produksi urin > 30 cc per jam, pasang foley kateter utk
monitor urine dan dekompresi pd neurogenik bladder
– Cegah hipotermia
Penanganan
• Selanjutnya
– Pasang foley kateter : monitor urin dan cegah retensi
urin
– Pasang NGT ( hati-hati cedera servikal)
• Dekompresi lambung
• Kepentingan nutrisi enteral
• Pemeriksaan umum dan neurologi
– Jika ada fraktur/dislokasi
• Servikal : fiksasi leher, jgn manipulasi dan pasang bantal pasir kanan-kiri
• Thorakal : fiksasi dgn torakolumbal brace
• Lumbal : fiksasi dgn korset lumbal
Pemeriksaan penunjang
• Laboratorium
– DPL, UL, GDS, Ureum/kreatinin, Analisa gas darah
• Radiologi
– Foto vertebra AP/Lat/Odontoid dgn sesuai letak lesi
– CT Scan/ MRI vertebra bila dgn foto konvensional masih
ragu
• EKG terutama bila ada aritmia jantung
Pemberian kortikosteroid
• Indikasi operasi
– Ada fraktur, pecahan tulang menekan medula spinalis
– Gambaran neurologis progresif memburuk
– Fraktur, dislokasi yg labil
– Terjadi herniasi diskusi intervertebralis yg menekan
medula spinalis.
Kegawat-daruratan pada stroke
Pendahuluan
• Stroke perdarahan
– Intra-parenchimal haemorrhagic (ICH): 20%
– Subarachnoid haemorrhagic (SAH): 5-10%
Diagosis stroke
• Klinis
• Radiologis
Diagnosis klinis stroke
A. Algoritma Gajah Mada
- Kesadaran menurun
- Nyeri kepala
- Reflek Babinski
Jika ada 2 dari diatas diagnosis Stroke
hemorrhagik
B. Siriraj Stroke Score (SSS)
6 Konstante - 12
A. Stroke iskemik
1. Trombolisis
2. Pemberian antikoagulan
3. Pemberian antiplatelet
CRITERIA FOR THE USE OF I NTRAVENOUS TPA IN ACUTE
ISCHEMIC STROKE"
Inclusion criteria
a. Heparin
Biasa diberikan pada iskemik akut dgn resiko
tinggi terjadi reembolisasi, disseksi arteri, atrial
fibrilasi, CAD, kelainan katup jantung dan DVT
b. Warfarin
Melanjutkan pemberian Heparin
3. Pemberian Antiplatelet
1. Konservatif
2. Operatif
Indikasi dan kontraindikasi operasi pasien SH
1. Indikasi operasi
– Perdarahan serebellum > 3 cm dengan penurunan kesadaran
atau CT Scan adanya penekanan batang otak atau
hydrocephalus ok obstruksi ventrikel
– Perdarahan intrakranial yg akibat aneurysma, AVM, cavernosus
malformasi
– Usia muda dgn perdarahan lobar yg moderate atau besar dgn
adanya perubahan klinik
2. Tdk operasi
– Perdarahan kecil atau defisit neurologi minimal
– Pasien dgn GCS < 5, kecuali pd perdarahan cerebellum dgn
penekanan batang otak
Prognosa SH
Komponen Point
GCS
3-4 2
5-12 1
13-15 0 Score 30-day mortality (%)
Volume ICH 0 0
≥ 30 cc 1 1 13
< 30 cc 0 2 26
3 72
Intraventrikel hemorrhagik 4 97
Ya 1 5 100
Tdk 0
Berasa dari Infratentorial
Ya 1
Tdk 0
Usia ≥ 80 thn
Ya 1
Tdk 0
Total score 0-5
C. Perdarahan Subarachnoid
5. Pencegahan Vasospasme
– Pemberian Nimodipine 1-2 mg/jam iv selama 3 hari atau oral
Nimodipin 6 x 60 mg selama 21 hari
– Pertahankan euvolemia
– Jika ada tanda vasospasme lakukan terapi hiperdinamik
dengan triple H ( Hypervolemia-Hypertensive-Hemodilution).
Hunt and Hess Grading scale for acut SAH.
Derajat Characteristic
2 Sakit kepala berat dgn rangsang meningeal (+), kemungkinan ada defisit
saraf kranial