PE Club

Who

went? How did it go?

History of PE

Point of Emphasis
This

is the only course that will address PE history, a topic included on the Praxis II exam.

Q&A
What

can you tell me about the history of physical education? Background? Influences (Sociocultural?)

 Current

Physical Education is the latest rendition of all the changes that have taken place over time.
Why

is this important?

A: Throughout their history in the U.S., k-12 physical

education programs have tended to reflect larger patterns in American culture, peoples needs and choices regarding physical activity, and trends in the educational system. As you will see, the goals, content, and instruction in physical education have evolved and will continue to grow in ways that call for new approaches.

Overview of History

Colonial Period (late 1700s to mid 1800s)

No formalized physical education Fitness through survival, hunting, work, little leisure time Emergence of gymnastic systems Physical training, emergence of sport Formalized curriculum Accepted methodology

Late 19th Century

Transitional Period (1900-1917)

Acceptance (1917-1930)

Accepted into the mainstream school curriculum

Late 1700s, Early 1800s

Late 1700s PE had a military flavor 1823 Freidrich Ludwig Jahns Turnverein concepts introduced to the U.S. Turnverein Social Gymnastics also known as German Gymnastics German System used heavy gymnastics violent and exhausting in nature

German Turnverein

The Battle for System Dominance !

German System Swedish System Beecher System Hitchcock System Sargent System

1856 Catherine Beecher

Mother

of American PE 1852 founded the American Womens Education Association 1856 - Womens physical training published a manual of physiology and calisthenics Calisthenics Light exercises for health and beauty

Typical 1800s gymnasium

MUSCULAR CHRISTIANITY
Puritan

ethic was a prominent influence on how PE was viewed. Conflict between religion and the body MC a philosophy that made exercise and fitness compatible with the tenets of the faith.

PRIOR TO 1885 PHYSICAL EDUCATION (in the broad sense) DID NOT EXIST AS FORMAL FIELD OF EDUCATION!!!!

1885

Adelphi Conference (1885) Participants pledge to improve the profession and increase its standing. The Association for the Advancement of Physical Education is formed (forerunner of AAHPERD). Names for PE: Gymnastics, physical training, sport, physical education

Early 1900s
Decline

of religious opposition Immigration introduced new activities Urbanization, transportation, and war dispersed activities Growth of leisure time Intercollegiate athletic conferences
Curb

abuses like betting (1st one - Big Ten)

Comprehensive
John

Education

Dewey; progressive education

Early 1900s
Still

emphasis on military-like physical training exercises (i.e. calisthenics) 1918

Posture Exercises

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqlZgMkaC5A

Late 1800s, Early 1900s

Noticeable
PE

shift

began diversifying its content to include sports Still included militaristic, calisthenics like exercises but emphasis was waning

Culture of Physical Training gave way to Physical Education

Formalized

PE curriculum began

developing Accepted methodology

Formal Recognition
Umbrella

term Physical Education

Included

dance, health education, intramurals, camping, playgrounds, recreation, outdoor education, YMCA/YWCA.

NEA

officially recognizes physical education as curricular field.

Q&A

http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blsports.htm

What sports were invented in the US? Typically during the late 1800s & early 1900s but also into today? Some have their roots in sports from abroad. Lacrosse (<1630, Native Americans) Baseball/Softball (Cartwright, ~1845, NYC) Football (Camp, ~1875, New Haven CT) Basketball (Naismth, 1891, Springfield, MA) Volleyball (Morgan, 1895, Holyoke MA) Mountain Biking (Californnia) Pickleball (Bell and Pritchard, 1965, WA state)

La-crosse

Basketball History

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Io35RCBMQJw

1909

1920s 30s
PE

became an accepted subject. States passed mandatory PE laws Teacher education developed Graduate study began Sport continued to dominate American pop culture

1940s
Half

of WWII military recruits were unfit for duty; concern for fitness Adapted PE took off due to wounded vets

Sport Takes Over

Biggest influence of the 1900s was sport! Now many programs began to include Basketball, Football, Baseball, Field Hockey, Swimming, Racket Sports, and some Outing Activities

1950s

Eisenhower formed the President's Council on Youth Fitness Article portrayed American kids as weak. 60% failed fitness test compared to 6% of European kids Kennedy spoke openly about the need to improve their fitness levels, including writing an article in Sports Illustrated entitled "The Soft American"

Late 20th Century

Recreation, sport and fitness still the main focus. Concerns that not all students needs being met Developed dance further, introduced alternative education. Fitness boomed with running, aerobics (Cooper), and rope jumping

Kenneth Cooper
Father

of the Modern Fitness Movement Worked with NASA to help create astronaut conditioning program Developed the 12-minute and 1.5-mile fitness tests & the Aerobics Point System Publication of Aerobics in 1960s Disease prevention thru aerobic exercise Cooper Institute (developed Fitnessgram)
http://www.cooperaerobics.com/default.aspx

Late 20th Century

Title IX (1972) began addressing gender inequity

Fitness Craze (80s)

Increase
Haves

in emphasis
and have not's

Health/looks

Trim/athletic Obese/SES

Curriculum Additions to PE

Adventure/Cooperative (late 60s)

Outward bound, project adventure, team challenge

Movement Education (70s) Teaching games for understanding-tactical (1986) Hellisons model of social responsibility (1995) Sport education (1994) Wellness/fitness (1990s)

Holistic/proactive (body, mind, spirit) Lifetime activity

Today
Sub-disciplines
Exercise

physiology Biomechanics Motor learning Sport psychology Sport history/philosophy

Subdisciplines
Anatomy
The

physical structure of an animal

Subdisciplines
Kinesiology
Study

of movement (human in our case)

Subdisciplines
Biomechanics
Study

of the human body as a mechanical system, utilizes principles drawn from physics. No specific course, incorporated throughout

Subdisciplines
Physiology
Functions

and activities of living organisms, including all physical and chemical processes.

Subdisciplines
Exercise

physiology
Study

of bodily systems and their reactions to stress of exercise.

Subdiscplines

Motor Learning

Focuses on how motor skills are learned. Areas: motor learning, control, development Categories

Initial Elementary Mature

Subdisciplines
Sport

Psychology

Study

of sport and psychological issues in sport Intervention examples: Relaxation, cue control, mental imaging, coping, desensitization

Kinesiology
Umbrella

term for the total discipline of sport and exercise.

Today-New PE
Not

a specific program or curriculum but a philosophy of being more inclusive and lifetime oriented. Began in 90s and is considered the norm today.
Covered

in more depth later

Today: Down Sides

Reduction
Roll

of time allotted PE Disparities in instruction

out the ball gym teachers
Marginalization NCLB

Today: Positive Side

Increasing

fitness and wellness focus More lifetime activities; inclusivity Improved status Engine for reduction in obesity and diabetes Greater recognition of the importance of physical activity in many facets of life

Leaders in the Field

George Graham, PSU

Judy Rink, USC

PECentral Children Moving

Standards South Carolina Physical Education Assessment Program (SCPEAP)

Many others too

Depends on You

Webquest HW
Due