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PowerPoint Lecture Slides

Prepared by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College

CHAPTER

10

Blood

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Blood
The only fluid tissue in the human body

Classified as a connective tissue Components of blood Living cells Formed elements____% (RBC, WBC, Platelets) Non-living matrix Plasma____% (Water, Electrolytes, Plasma Proteins)
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Blood
If blood is centrifuged (spun)

___________ sink to the bottom (45 percent of blood, a percentage known as the hematocrit) Buffy coat contains leukocytes and platelets (less than 1 percent of blood) Buffy coat is a thin, whitish layer between the erythrocytes and plasma ______ rises to the top (55 percent of blood)
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The composition of blood

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Figure 10.1

Physical Characteristics of Blood


Color range

Oxygen-_____ blood is scarlet red Oxygen-_____ blood is dull red pH must remain between __________ Blood temperature is slightly higher than body temperature at 100.4F (38C) In a healthy man, blood volume is about 56 liters or about ____ quarts Blood makes up 8 percent of body weight
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Blood Plasma
Composed of approximately __ percent water

Includes many dissolved substances Nutrients Salts (electrolytes) Respiratory gases Hormones Plasma proteins Waste products
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Blood Plasma
Plasma proteins

Most abundant solutes in plasma Most plasma proteins are made by liver Various plasma proteins include _________regulates osmotic pressure (keeps water in the bloodstream) Clotting proteinshelp to stem blood loss when a blood vessel is injured __________help protect the body from pathogens
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Blood Plasma
_________

Blood becomes too acidic (pH below 7.35) _________ Blood becomes too basic (pH above 7.45) In each scenario, the respiratory system and kidneys help restore blood pH to normal

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Formed Elements
Erythrocytes

Red blood cells (RBCs) __________ White blood cells (WBCs) __________ Cell fragments

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Formed Elements
Erythrocytes (red blood cells or RBCs)

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Main function is to carry ________ Anatomy of circulating erythrocytes Biconcave disks Essentially bags of ____________ (ironbearing protein, transports bulk of the oxygen carried in the blood) Anucleate (no nucleus) Contain very few organelles 5 million RBCs per cubic millimeter of blood

Lymphocyte Platelets Photomicrograph of a blood smear


Lymphocyte Platelets

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Erythrocytes

Neutrophils

Figure 10.2

Formed Elements
Hemoglobin

Iron-containing protein Each erythrocyte has 250 million hemoglobin molecules Normal blood contains ____________ of hemoglobin per 100 mL blood Higher in men 1318 g/ mL Women 1216 g/ mL

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Formed Elements
Homeostatic imbalance of RBCs

______ is a decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood ______________anemia (SCA) results from abnormally shaped hemoglobin (crescent shape) Genetic disorder Polycythemia is an excessive or abnormal increase in the number of erythrocytes
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Table 10.1 Types of Anemia

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2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 10.3

Formed Elements
_____________

Disorder resulting from excessive or abnormal increase of RBC May be caused by bone marrow cancer (polycythemia vera) May be a response to life at higher altitudes (secondary polycythemia) Increased RBC slows blood flow and increases blood viscosity
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Formed Elements
Leukocytes (white blood cells or WBCs) Crucial in the bodys defense against disease

These are complete cells, with a nucleus and organelles Able to move into and out of blood vessels (_____________) Can move by ameboid motion Can respond to chemicals released by damaged tissues (positive chemotaxsis) Average_______ to _______ WBC per cubic millimeter of blood (mm)
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Formed Elements
Abnormal numbers of leukocytes _____________ WBC count above 11,000 leukocytes/mm3 Generally indicates an infection Leukopenia Abnormally low leukocyte level Commonly caused by certain drugs such as corticosteroids and anticancer agents _____________ Bone marrow makes abnormal WBC which becomes cancerous, turns out excess WBC

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Formed Elements
Types of leukocytes _____________ Granules in their cytoplasm can be stained Possess lobed nuclei

Include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils _____________ Lack visible cytoplasmic granules Nuclei are spherical, oval, or kidney-shaped Include lymphocytes and monocytes
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Formed Elements
List of the WBCs from most to least abundant Neutrophils Easy way to remember this list Never Let

Lymphocytes Monocytes Eosinophils Basophils

Monkeys Eat Bananas

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2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 10.4

Formed Elements
Types of granulocytes ____________

Cytoplasm stains pale pink and contains fine granules Deep purple nucleus contains three to seven lobes Function as ____________ at active sites of infection Numbers increase during infection 3,0007,000 neutrophils in a cubic millimeter of blood (4070% of WBCs)
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Formed Elements
Types of granulocytes (continued)

____________ Red, coarse cytoplasmic granules Figure-8 or bilobed nucleus stains bluered Function to kill _____________and play a role in allergy attacks 100400 eosinophils in a cubic millimeter of blood (14% of WBCs)
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2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 10.4

Formed Elements
Types of granulocytes (continued)

_____________ Sparse but large blue-purple granules U- or S-shaped nucleus stains dark blue Release ________ (vasodilator) at sites of inflammationmakes blood vessels leaky and attracts other WBC to the site Contain heparin (anticoagulant) 2050 basophils in a cubic millimeter of blood (01% of WBCs)
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Formed Elements
Types of agranulocytes

_____________ Cytoplasm is pale blue Dark purple-blue nucleus Functions as part of the ______ response B lymphocytes produce antibodies T lymphocytes are involved in graft rejection, fighting tumors and viruses 1,5003,000 lymphocytes in a cubic millimeter of blood (2045% of WBCs)
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2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 10.4

Formed Elements
Types of agranulocytes (continued)

_____________ Largest of the white blood cells Gray-blue cytoplasm Dark blue-purple nucleus is often kidney shaped Function as ____________ Important in fighting chronic infection 100700 monocytes per cubic millimeter of blood (48% of WBCs)
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Formed Elements
Platelets

Derived from ruptured multinucleate cells (megakaryocytes) Needed for the _______________ Platelet count ranges from 150,000 to 400,000 per cubic millimeter of blood 300,000 is considered a normal number of platelets per cubic millimeter of blood

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Hematopoiesis
Blood cell formation

Occurs in ______ bone marrow All blood cells are derived from a common stem cell (hemocytoblast) ______________ differentiation Lymphoid stem cell produces lymphocytes Myeloid stem cell produces all other formed elements

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2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 10.4

Formation of Erythrocytes
Unable to divide, grow, or synthesize proteins because they are anucleate Wear out in _____ to _____ days When worn out, RBCs are eliminated by phagocytes in the spleen or liver Lost cells are replaced by division of hemocytoblasts in the red bone marrow

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Control of Erythrocyte Production


Rate is controlled by a hormone (________________) Kidneys produce most erythropoietin as a response to reduced oxygen levels in the blood Homeostasis is maintained by negative feedback from blood oxygen levels

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Homeostasis: Normal blood oxygen levels 1 Stimulus Low blood O2carrying ability due to Decreased RBC count Decreased amount of hemoglobin Decreased availability of O2

5 O2carrying ability of blood increases.

4 Enhanced erythropoiesis increases RBC count.

3 Erythropoietin stimulates red bone marrow.

2 Kidney (and liver to a smaller extent) releases erythropoietin

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Figure 10.5

Formation of White Blood Cells and Platelets


Controlled by __________

Colony stimulating factors (CSFs) and interleukins prompt bone marrow to generate leukocytes Thrombopoietin stimulates production of platelets

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Hemostasis
Stoppage of bleeding resulting from a break in a blood vessel ____________ involves three phases Vascular spasms

Platelet plug formation Coagulation (blood clotting)

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Hemostasis
_________________

Vasoconstriction causes blood vessel to spasm Spasms narrow the blood vessel, decreasing blood loss

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Step 1 Vascular spasms occur. Smooth muscle contracts, causing vasoconstriction.

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Figure 10.6, step 1

Hemostasis
______________ formation

Collagen fibers are exposed by a break in a blood vessel Platelets become sticky and cling to fibers Anchored platelets release chemicals to attract more platelets Platelets pile up to form a platelet plug

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Collagen fibers

Step 2 Platelet plug forms. Injury to lining of vessel exposes collagen fibers; platelets adhere. Platelets release chemicals that make nearby platelets sticky; platelet plug forms.

Platelets

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Figure 10.6, step 2

Hemostasis
_______________

Injured tissues release tissue factor (TF) helps in clotting PF3 (a phospholipid) interacts with TF, blood protein clotting factors, and calcium ions to trigger a clotting cascade Prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to thrombin (an enzyme)

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Hemostasis
Coagulation (continued)

Thrombin joins fibrinogen proteins into hairlike molecules of insoluble fibrin Fibrin forms a meshwork (the basis for a clot)

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Fibrin

Step 3 Coagulation events occur. Clotting factors present in plasma and released by injured tissue cells interact with Ca2+ to form thrombin, the enzyme that catalyzes joining of fibrinogen molecules in plasma to fibrin. Fibrin forms a mesh that traps red blood cells and platelets, forming the clot.

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Figure 10.6, step 3

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Figure 10.7

Hemostasis
Blood usually clots within ___ to ___ minutes

The clot remains as endothelium regenerates The clot is broken down after tissue repair

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Undesirable Clotting
__________

A clot in an unbroken blood vessel Can be deadly in areas like the heart __________ A thrombus that breaks away and floats freely in the bloodstream Can later clog vessels in critical areas such as the brain

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Bleeding Disorders
_________________

Platelet deficiency Even normal movements can cause bleeding from small blood vessels that require platelets for clotting Evidenced by petechiae, small purplish blotches ____________ Hereditary bleeding disorder Normal clotting factors are missing
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Bleeding Disorders
Thrombocytopenia

Hemophilia
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Blood Groups and Transfusions


Large losses of blood have serious consequences Loss of __ to __ percent causes weakness Loss of over ____ percent causes shock, which can be fatal Transfusions are the only way to replace blood quickly

Transfused blood must be of the same blood group


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Human Blood Groups


Blood contains genetically determined proteins

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_______ (a substance the body recognizes as foreign) may be attacked by the immune system One persons RBC proteins will be recognized as foreign if transfused into another person with different RBC antigens ____________ are the recognizers Blood is typed by using antibodies that will cause blood with certain proteins to clump (______________)

Human Blood Groups


There are over 30 common red blood cell antigens The most vigorous transfusion reactions are caused by ____ and ___ blood group antigens

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ABO Blood Groups


Based on the presence or absence of two antigens Type ___ Type ___

The lack of these antigens is called type ___

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ABO Blood Groups


The presence of both antigens A and B is called type ____ The presence of antigen A is called type ___ The presence of antigen B is called type ___

The lack of both antigens A and B is called type ____

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ABO Blood Groups


Blood type ____ can receive A, B, AB, and O blood Universal _________ Blood type B can receive B and O blood

Blood type A can receive A and O blood Blood type O can receive ____ blood Universal _______

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ABO Blood Groups


Blood Group AB RBC Antigens A, B Plasma antibodies None Blood that can be received A, B, AB, O Universal recipient

B A O

B A None

Anti-A Anti-B Anti-A, Anti-B

B, O A, O O Universal donor

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Rh Blood Groups
Named because of the presence or absence of one of eight Rh antigens (agglutinogen D) that was originally defined in Rhesus monkeys Most Americans are Rh+ (Rh positive)RBCs carry the Rh antigen Problems can occur in mixing ____ blood into a body with _____ (Rh negative) blood

Immune system becomes sensitized and begins producing antibodies (anti-Rh antibodies) against the foreign blood type
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Rh Dangers During Pregnancy


Danger occurs only when the mother is Rh and the father is Rh+, and the child inherits the Rh+ factor ___________ shot can prevent buildup of anti-Rh+ antibodies in mothers blood

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Rh Dangers During Pregnancy


The mismatch of an Rh mother carrying an Rh+ baby can cause problems for the unborn child The first pregnancy usually proceeds without problems The immune system is sensitized after the first pregnancy

In a second pregnancy, the mothers immune system produces antibodies to attack the Rh+ blood (_________ disease of the newborn)
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Blood Typing
Blood samples are mixed with anti-___ and anti-___ serum Coagulation or no coagulation leads to determining blood type

Typing for ABO and Rh factors is done in the same manner ______________testing for agglutination of donor RBCs by the recipients serum, and vice versa
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Blood Typing

Blood being tested Anti-A Type AB (contains antigens A and B; agglutinates with both sera)

Serum Anti-B

Agglutinated RBCs Type B (contains antigen B; agglutinates with anti-B serum)

Type A (contains antigen A; agglutinates with anti-A serum)

Type O (contains no antigens; does not agglutinate with either serum)


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Figure 10.8

Developmental Aspects of Blood


Sites of blood cell formation

The fetal ____ and ______ are early sites of blood cell formation Bone marrow takes over hematopoiesis by the ________ month Fetal hemoglobin differs from hemoglobin produced after birth Physiologic _______ results in infants in which the liver cannot rid the body of hemoglobin breakdown products fast enough
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Critical Thinking Question


Mrs. Carlyle is pregnant for the first time. Her blood type is Rh negative, her husband is Rh positive and their first child has been determined to be Rh positive. Ordinarily, the first such pregnancy causes no major problems but baby Carlyle is born blue and cyanotic.

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Critical Thinking Question


1. What is this condition, a result of Rh incompatability, called? 2. Why is the baby cyanotic? 3. Because this is Mrs. Carlyles first pregnancy, how can you account for the babys problem? 4. Assume baby Carlyle was born pink and healthy. What measures should be taken to prevent the previously described situation from happening in a second pregnancy with an Rh negative baby?
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Next Week
Unit 3The Cardiovascular System

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