Chemistry has an important role to play in achieving a sustainable civilization on earth.

Mr. Sushil Kumar Associate Prof., BGIET, Sangrur

Physical vs. Chemical Changes

Physical changes occur when substances or objects undergo a change without changing into another substance Chemical changes are changes substances undergo when they become new or different substances.

Physical vs. Chemical Changes

Remember that after a:
Physical change objects identity
remains the same Usually involves energy (like heat) and states of matter. Chemical change objects identity changes

Chemical changes happen on a molecular level

http://www.chem4kids.com/files/matter_chemphys.html

Physical Change
Melting of ice cream is
an example of a physical change. - Involves heat

YOUR TURN: Can you think of other examples of physical changes?

Chemical Change
Burning of a candle
is an example of a chemical change.
At the molecular level:
The wax molecule changes to carbon dioxide and water molecules.

Tarnishing of silver

Other examples of chemical changes

Corrosion (rusting) of iron

Can you think of another term for chemical changes?

Other examples of chemical changes

Chemical change = chemical reaction YOUR TURN: Can you think of other examples of everyday life chemical reactions?

Can you identify the following changes as physical or chemical?

Melting of ice Digestion of food Formation of frost on your window Milk turns sour Crushing a plastic bottle Fireworks

Identifying chemical changes

Chemical changes are more difficult to identify than physical changes Cant see changes in molecules But we can look for observable signs
bubbling and fizzing color change light production

Everyday life chemical changes/reactions

Acid-base reactions Q. Do you know where in our body do we have acids? Q. Can you give some examples of acids? Bases? Q. Can you give an example of acidbase reaction?

Everyday life chemical changes/reactions

Oxidation reactions Q. Can you tell which gas is used or produced during oxidation?

GREEN CHEMISTRY
PREVENTING POLLUTION SUSTAINING THE EARTH

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GREEN CHEMISTRY
DEFINITION
Green Chemistry is the utilisation of a set of principles that reduces or eliminates the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and application of chemical products .

GREEN CHEMISTRY IS ABOUT Waste Minimisation at Source Use of Catalysts in place of Reagents Using Non-Toxic Reagents Use of Renewable Resources Improved Atom Efficiency Use of Solvent Free or Recyclable Environmentally Benign Solvent systems

Green Chemistry Is About...

Waste
Materials

Hazard
Risk

Energy Cost

Why do we need Green Chemistry ?

Chemistry is undeniably a very prominent part of our daily lives. Chemical developments also bring new environmental problems and harmful unexpected side effects, which result in the need for greener chemical products. A famous example is the pesticide DDT.

The 12 Principles of Green Chemistry

(1-6)
1. Prevention
It is better to prevent waste than to treat or clean up waste after it has been created.

2. Atom Economy
Synthetic methods should be designed to maximise the incorporation of all materials used in the process into the final product.

3. Less Hazardous Chemical Synthesis

Wherever practicable, synthetic methods should be designed to use and generate substances that possess little or no toxicity to people or the environment.

4. Designing Safer Chemicals

Chemical products should be designed to effect their desired function while minimising their toxicity.

5. Safer Solvents and Auxiliaries

The use of auxiliary substances (e.g., solvents or separation agents) should be made unnecessary whenever possible and innocuous when used.

6. Design for Energy Efficiency

Energy requirements of chemical processes should be recognised for their environmental and economic impacts and should be minimised. If possible, synthetic methods should be conducted at ambient temperature and pressure.

The 12 Principles of Green Chemistry (7-12)

7 Use of Renewable Feedstocks
A raw material or feedstock should be renewable rather than depleting whenever technically and economically practicable

8 Reduce Derivatives
Unnecessary derivatization (use of blocking groups, protection/de-protection, and temporary modification of physical/chemical processes) should be minimised or avoided if possible, because such steps require additional reagents and can generate waste.

9 Catalysis
Catalytic reagents (as selective as possible) are superior to stoichiometric reagents.

10 Design for Degradation

Chemical products should be designed so that at the end of their function they break down into innocuous degradation products and do not persist in the environment.

11 Real-time Analysis for Pollution Prevention

Analytical methodologies need to be further developed to allow for real-time, in-process monitoring and control prior to the formation of hazardous substances.

12 Inherently Safer Chemistry for Accident Prevention

Substances and the form of a substance used in a chemical process should be chosen to minimise the potential for chemical accidents, including releases, explosions, and fires.

It is better to prevent waste than to treat or clean up waste after it is formed

Chemical
Process

Energy requirements should be recognized for their environmental impacts and should be minimized. Synthetic methods should be conducted at ambient pressure and temperature

Heating Cooling Stirring Distillation Compression Pumping Separation

GLOBAL WARMING

Energy Requirement (electricity)

Burn fossil fuel

CO2 to atmosphere

A raw material of feedstock should be renewable rather than depleting wherever technically and economically practical
Non-renewable Renewable

Resource Depletion Renewable resources can be made increasingly viable technologically and economically through green chemistry.
Biomass Nanoscience Solar Waste utilization

Carbondioxide

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs)

The major uses of GREEN CHEMISTRY

Energy Global Change Resource Depletion Food Supply Toxics in the Environment

Energy
The

vast majority of the energy generated in the world today is from non-renewable sources that damage the environment.
Carbon

dioxide Depletion of Ozone layer Effects of mining, drilling, etc Toxics

Energy

Green Chemistry will be essential in

developing the alternatives for energy generation (photovoltaics, hydrogen, fuel cells, biobased fuels, etc.) as well as continue the path toward energy efficiency with catalysis and product design at the forefront.

Global Change
Concerns for climate change, oceanic temperature, stratospheric chemistry and global distillation can be addressed through the development and implementation of green chemistry technologies.

Resource Depletion
Due

to the over utilization of nonrenewable resources, natural resources are being depleted at an unsustainable rate. Fossil fuels are a central issue.

Resource Depletion
Renewable

resources can be made increasingly viable technologically and economically through green chemistry.

Biomass Nanoscience & technology Solar Carbon dioxide Chitin Waste utilization

Food Supply
While current food levels are sufficient, distribution is inadequate Agricultural methods are unsustainable Future food production intensity is needed. Green chemistry can address many food supply issues

Food Supply
Green

chemistry is developing:

Pesticides which only affect target organisms and degrade to innocuous by-products. Fertilizers and fertilizer adjuvants that are designed to minimize usage while maximizing effectiveness. Methods of using agricultural wastes for beneficial and profitable uses.

Toxics in the Environment

Substances

that are toxic to humans, the biosphere and all that sustains it, are currently still being released at a cost of life, health and sustainability. One of green chemistrys greatest strengths is the ability to design for reduced hazard.

Pollution Prevention Hierarchy

Prevention & Reduction Recycling & Reuse Treatment Disposal

WHAT IS A SUSTAINABLE CIVILIZATION?

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WE SHOULD CONSIDER THIS QUESTION FROM SEVERAL VIEWPOINTS:

The environment and human health A stable economy that uses energy and resources efficiently Social and political systems that lead to a just society

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TO UNDERSTAND THE ROLE OF CHEMISTRY IN SUSTAINABILITY, WE WILL LOOK AT THE FIRST TWO POINTS
The environment and human health A stable economy that uses energy and resources efficiently

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IN A SUSTAINABLE CIVILIZATION
Technologies used for production of needed goods are not harmful to the environment or to human health. Renewable resources (such as plant-based substances or solar energy) are used rather than those, like fossil fuels, that will eventually run out.

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IN A SUSTAINABLE CIVILIZATION
Materials are recycled at the end of their use if they are not biodegradable (easily broken down into harmless substances in the environment).

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IN A SUSTAINABLE CIVILIZATION
Manufacturing processes are either designed so as not to produce waste products, OR Waste products are recycled or biodegradable.

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WHILE WE HAVE MADE SOME PROGRESS IN ACHIEVING THESE GOALS, WE STILL HAVE A LONG WAY TO GO
Mountains of solid waste are piling upparticularly in industrialized nations. Air and water pollution continue to be problems in many places.

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BUT HOW CAN CHEMISTRY HELP US TO ACHIEVE A SUSTAINABLE CIVILIZATION?

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First, lets consider chemistrys benefits The chemical industry produces many products that improve our lives and upon which we depend.

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BENEFITS OF THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY:

Antibiotics and other medicines Fertilizers, pesticides Plastics Nylon, rayon, polyester, and other synthetic materials Gasoline and other fuels Water purification

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Most of the environmental problems of past centuries and decades, such as the biological contamination of drinking water, were solved only when the methods of science in generaland chemistry in particularwere applied to them.

The phenomenal rise in human life expectancy and in the material quality of life that has come about in recent decades is due in no small measure to chemicals and chemistry.
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Although the positive contributions of chemistry and the chemical industry are many, some pollution problems have also resulted. Many of these problems can now be solved.

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SOME WELL-PUBLICIZED INCIDENTS FROM THE PAST FEW DECADES

The Cuyahoga River in Ohio became so polluted with chemicals it caught fire. A plant accident in Bhopal, India, released methyl isocyanate. Nearly 4,000 people died.

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SOME WELL-PUBLICIZED INCIDENTS FROM THE PAST FEW DECADES

An accidental release of chemicals, including dioxin, in Seveso, Italy in 1976 resulted in the deaths of farm animals and long-term health problems for many local residents.

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MANY COUNTRIES HAVE ALREADY ENACTED LAWS AND SIGNED INTERNATIONAL TREATIES TO REDUCE POLLUTION LEVELS, INCLUDING:
Montreal Protocol to Protect the Ozone Layer Global Treaty on Persistent Organic Pollutants Rio Declaration on Environment and Development

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Despite these efforts, large quantities of harmful substances are still being released into the environment.

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THE POLLUTION PREVENTION ACT

This is the environmental law stating that the first choice for preventing pollution is to design industrial processes that do not lead to waste production. This is the approach of green chemistry.

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GREEN CHEMISTRY WORKS TOWARD SUSTAINABILITY BY:

Making chemical products that do not harm either our health or the environment, Using industrial processes that reduce or eliminate hazardous chemicals, and

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GREEN CHEMISTRY WORKS TOWARD SUSTAINABILITY BY:

Designing more efficient processes that minimize the production of waste materials and decreases the amount of non-renewable energy used.

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GREEN CHEMISTRY MEANS

Preventing pollution before it happens rather than cleaning up the mess later.

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GREEN CHEMISTRY MEANS

Saving companies money by using less energy and fewer/safer chemicals, thus reducing the costs of pollution control and waste disposal.

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EXAMPLES OF GREEN CHEMISTRY

Reducing lead pollution Putting out fires the green way Safer dry cleaning

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LEAD POLLUTION HAS BEEN DECREASED BY

Replacing lead in paint with safe alternatives, and Replacing tetraethyl lead with less toxic additives (e.g., lead-free gasoline).

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CHEMICAL FOAMS TO FIGHT FIRES

Millions of tons of chemical firefighting foams used worldwide have discharged toxic substances into the environment, contaminating water supplies and depleting the ozone layer.

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PUTTING OUT FIRES THE GREEN WAY

A new foam called Pyrocool FEF has now been invented to put out fires effectively without producing the toxic substances found in other fire-fighting materials.

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CHEMICALS FOR DRY CLEANING

Perchloroethylene (perc) is the solvent most widely used in dry cleaning clothing. Perc is suspected of causing cancer and its disposal can contaminate ground water.

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A SAFER METHOD OF DRY CLEANING

Liquid CO2 can be used as a safer solvent if a wetting agent is used with it to dissolve grease. This method is now being used commercially by some dry cleaners.

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IN SUMMARY, GREEN CHEMISTRY IS

Scientifically sound, Cost effective, and Leads toward a sustainable civilization.

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Conclusion
Green chemistry not a solution to all environmental problems But the most fundamental approach to preventing pollution.

Thank you