Logic Gates

CS/APMA 202, Spring 2005 Rosen, section 10.3 Aaron Bloomfield

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Review of Boolean algebra

Just like Boolean logic Variables can only be 1 or 0

Instead of true / false

Review of Boolean algebra

Not is a horizontal bar above the number _

0=1 _ 1=0
0+0 = 0 0+1 = 1 1+0 = 1 1+1 = 1

Or is a plus

And is multiplication

0*0 = 0 0*1 = 0 1*0 = 0 1*1 = 1

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Review of Boolean algebra

Example: translate (x+y+z)(xyz) to a Boolean logic expression

___

(xyz)(xyz)

We can define a Boolean function:

F(x,y) = (xy)(xy)

And then write a truth table for it:

x y F(x,y)

1
1 0 0

1
0 1 0

0
0 0 0
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Quick survey

a)
b) c) d)

I understand the basics of Boolean algebra Absolutely! More or less Not really Boolean what?

Todays demotivators

Basic logic gates

Not And Or Nand Nor Xor
x x

x y
x y

xy
x+y

x y z x y z

xyz
x+y+z

x y
x y x y

xy
x+y xy
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Rosen, 10.3 question 1

Find the output of the following circuit

x y y
Answer: (x+y)y

x+y (x+y)y y
__

Or (xy)y

Rosen, 10.3 question 2

Find the output of the following circuit

x y
Answer: xy

xy
y

xy

___ __

Or (xy) xy

Quick survey

a) b) c) d)

I understand how to figure out what a logic gate does Absolutely! More or less Not really Not at all

10

Rosen, 10.3 question 6

Write the circuits for the following Boolean algebraic expressions __ a) x+y

x y

x+y

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Rosen, 10.3 question 6

Write the circuits for the following Boolean algebraic expressions _______ b) (x+y)x

x y

x+y

x+y

(x+y)x

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Writing xor using and/or/not

p q (p q) (p q) x y (x + y)(xy)
____

x 1 1 0 0

y 1 0 1 0

xy 0 1 1 0

x y

x+y xy xy

(x+y)(xy)

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Quick survey

a) b) c) d)

I understand how to write a logic circuit for simple Boolean formula Absolutely! More or less Not really Not at all

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Converting decimal numbers to binary

53 = 32 + 16 + 4 + 1
= 25 + 24 + 22 + 20 = 1*25 + 1*24 + 0*23 + 1*22 + 0*21 + 1*20 = 110101 in binary = 00110101 as a full byte in binary

211= 128 + 64 + 16 + 2 + 1
= 27 + 26 + 24 + 21 + 20 = 1*27 + 1*26 + 0*25 + 1*24 + 0*23 + 0*22 + 1*21 + 1*20 = 11010011 in binary
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Converting binary numbers to decimal

What is 10011010 in decimal?
10011010 = 1*27 + 0*26 + 0*25 + 1*24 + 1*23 + 0*22 + 1*21 + 0*20 = 27 + 24 + 23 + 21 = 128 + 16 + 8 + 2 = 154

What is 00101001 in decimal?

00101001 = 0*27 + 0*26 + 1*25 + 0*24 + 1*23 + 0*22 + 0*21 + 1*20 = 25 + 23 + 20 = 32 + 8 + 1 = 41
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A bit of binary humor

Available for $15 at http://www.thinkgeek.com/ tshirts/frustrations/5aa9/

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Quick survey

a) b) c) d)

I understand the basics of converting numbers between decimal and binary Absolutely! More or less Not really Not at all

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How to add binary numbers

Consider adding two 1-bit binary numbers x and y

0+0 = 0 0+1 = 1 1+0 = 1 1+1 = 10

Carry is x AND y Sum is x XOR y The circuit to compute this is called a half-adder

x 0 0 1 1

y 0 1 0 1

Carry Sum 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0

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The half-adder
Sum = x XOR y Carry = x AND y

x y

x y

Sum Carry

Sum Carry
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Using half adders

We can then use a half-adder to compute the sum of two Boolean numbers
1 1 +1 ? 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0

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Quick survey

a)
b) c) d)

I understand half adders Absolutely! More or less Not really Not at all

22

How to fix this

We need to create an adder that can take a carry bit as an additional input

Inputs: x, y, carry in Outputs: sum, carry out Will add x and y with a half-adder Will add the sum of that to the carry in Its 1 if either (or both): x+y = 10 x+y = 01 and carry in = 1

This is called a full adder

x y c carry sum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0

What about the carry out?

0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

0 0 0

1 1 0
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The full adder

The HA boxes are half-adders

c x y
X

HA

S S

s c

C C

HA

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The full adder

The full circuitry of the full adder
c s x y c

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Adding bigger binary numbers

Just chain full adders together

x0 y0 x1 y1 x2 y2 x3 y3

HA

s0
C X Y C

FA

s1
C X Y C

FA

s2
C X Y C

FA

s3 c
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Adding bigger binary numbers

A half adder has 4 logic gates A full adder has two half adders plus a OR gate

Total of 9 logic gates

To add n bit binary numbers, you need 1 HA and n-1 FAs To add 32 bit binary numbers, you need 1 HA and 31 FAs

Total of 4+9*31 = 283 logic gates

To add 64 bit binary numbers, you need 1 HA and 63 FAs

Total of 4+9*63 = 571 logic gates

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Quick survey

a) b) c) d)

I understand (more or less) about adding binary numbers using logic gates Absolutely! More or less Not really Not at all

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More about logic gates

To implement a logic gate in hardware, you use a transistor Transistors are all enclosed in an IC, or integrated circuit The current Intel Pentium IV processors have 55 million transistors!

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Pentium math error 1

Intels Pentiums (60Mhz 100 Mhz) had a floating point error

Graph of z = y/x
Intel reluctantly agreed to replace them in 1994

Graph from http://kuhttp.cc.ukans.edu/cwis/units/IPPBR/pentium_fdiv/pentgrph.html

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Pentium math error 2

Top 10 reasons to buy a Pentium:

10 Your old PC is too accurate 8.9999163362 Provides a good alibi when the IRS calls 7.9999414610 Attracted by Intel's new "You don't need to know what's inside" campaign 6.9999831538 It redefines computing--and mathematics! 5.9999835137 You've always wondered what it would be like to be a plaintiff 4.9999999021 Current paperweight not big enough 3.9998245917 Takes concept of "floating point" to a new level 2.9991523619 You always round off to the nearest hundred anyway 1.9999103517 Got a great deal from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory 31 0.9999999998 It'll probably work!!

Flip-flops
Consider the following circuit:

What does it do?

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Memory
A flip-flop holds a single bit of memory

The bit flip-flops between the two NAND gates

In reality, flip-flops are a bit more complicated

Have 5 (or so) logic gates (transistors) per flipflop

1 Gb = 8,589,934,592 bits of memory Thats about 43 million transistors!

Consider a 1 Gb memory chip

In reality, those transistors are split into 9 ICs of about 5 million transistors each
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Quick survey

a)
b) c) d)

I felt I understood the material in this slide set Very well With some review, Ill be good Not really Not at all

34

Quick survey

a)
b) c) d)

The pace of the lecture for this slide set was Fast About right A little slow Too slow

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