CCNA

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CCNA PROJECT

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What is CISCO

The phenomenal growth of the Internet in mid - to late 1990s quickly changed the telecom landscape. As the Internet Protocol (IP) became widely adopted, the importance of multi-protocol routing declined. Nevertheless, Cisco managed to catch the Internet wave, with products ranging from modem access shelves (AS5200) to core GSR routers that quickly became vital to Internet service providers and by 1998 gave Cisco de-facto monopoly in this critical segment.

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Products and services:

Borderless networks: for their range of routers, switches, wireless systems, security systems, WAN acceleration, energy and building management systems and media aware networks. Collaboration: IP video and phones, Tele Presence, Health Presence, Unified Communications, Call Center systems, Enterprise social networks and Mobile applications.

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IP NGN (Next Generation Networks): High-end routing and switching for fixed and mobile service provider networks, broadcast video contribution/distribution, entitlement and content deliver systems.

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A Cisco 7960G IP Phone

A Cisco Router

Router symbol

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Connecting Interfaces of Router

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Cisco Certified Network Associate

The Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) certification covers skills necessary to administer devices on small or medium-sized networks. This certification requires the ICND1 640-822 and ICND2 640-816 exams Cisco Career Certifications are IT Professional certifications for Cisco Systems products.

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Contents of CCNA

The use of IP, EIGRP, Frame Relay, RIPv2, VLANs, Ethernet, and access control lists is all included within the curriculum. Cisco produces a breakdown of the CCNA objectives on their website. Networking, OSI model, Routing, Switching , and basics of all LAN and WAN.
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Introduction to Networking

A network is defined as devices connected together to share information and services.

The types of data/services that can be shared on a network is endless - documents, music, email, websites, databases, printers, faxes, telephony, videoconferencing, etc.

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Basic Network Types

Networks are generally broken down into two types: LANs (Local Area Networks) - a high-speed network that covers a relatively small geographic area, usually contained within a single building or campus. A LAN is usually under the administrative control of a single entity/organization.

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WANs (Wide Area Networks) The book definition of a WAN is a network that spans large geographical locations, usually to interconnect multiple LANs. A more practical definition describes a WAN as a network that traverses a public network or commercial carrier, using one of several WAN

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About MAN

Note: Occasionally, books will define a third type of network known as a MAN (Metropolitan Area Network). A MAN is defined as a network that spans several LANs across a city-wide geographic area. The term MAN is less prevalent than either LAN or WAN

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OSI Reference Model

A network reference model serves as a blueprint, dictating how network communication should occur. Network models are organized into several layers, with each layer assigned a specific networking function. These functions are controlled by protocols, which govern end-to-end communication between devices.

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OSI Reference Model

The (OSI) model was developed in the 1970s by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). It was the first networking model, and provided the framework governing how information is sent across a network. The OSI Model (ISO standard 7498) consists of seven layers, each corresponding to a particular network function:

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7 Application 6 Presentation 5 Session 4 Transport 3 Network 2 Data-link 1 Physical

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Info About Layers:

The Application layer (Layer 7) provides the actual interface between the user application and the network. The Presentation layer (Layer 6) controls the formatting of user data, whether it is text, video, sound, or an image. The presentation layer ensures that data from the sending device can be understood by the receiving device.

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The Session layer (Layer 5) establishes, maintains, and ultimately terminates connections between devices. Sessions can be full-duplex or half-duplex. The Transport layer (Layer 4) is concerned with the reliable transfer of data, end-to-end. This layer ensures that data arrives at its destination without corruption or data loss. Examples of transport layer protocols include Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP).

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The Network layer (Layer 3) has two key responsibilities. First, this layer controls the logical addressing of devices. Second, the network layer determines the best path to a particular destination network. The data-link(Layer 2) layer packages the higher-layer data into frames, so that the data can be put onto the physical wire. This packaging process is referred to as framing or encapsulation.. The Physical layer (Layer 1) controls the transferring of bits onto the physical wire. Devices such as network cards, hubs, and cabling are all considered physical layer equipment

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IP ADDRESSES

IP address is a 32-bit address that uniquely and universally defines the connection of a device (for example, a computer or a router) to the Internet.

The IPv4 addresses are unique and universal.

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Dotted-decimal notation and binary notation for an IPv4 address

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Figure 19.7 Configuration and

addresses in a subnetted network

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An example of address allocation and distribution by an ISP

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Routing
It is a process by which packets are

efficiently transported from source to destinations. The algorithms that make the routing decisions are called Routing Algorithms. In simple terms this means that the routing algorithms make decisions as to how a packet must be sent from one router to another.

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Types of Routing

Stati c Rout ing

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Defa ult Rout ing

Dyna mic Routi ng

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Static vs. Dynamic Routing

There are two basic methods of building a routing table: Statically or Dynamically. A static routing table is created, maintained, and updated by a network administrator, manually. A static route to every network must be configured on every router for full connectivity. Routers will not share static routes with each other, (such as a link going down, or a new network added) requires manual intervention. Routers operating in a purely static environment cannot seamlessly choose a better route if a link becomes unavailable.

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A dynamic routing table is created, maintained, and updated by a routing protocol running on the router. Examples of routing protocols include RIP (Routing Information Protocol), EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol), and OSPF (Open Shortest Path First). Specific dynamic routing protocols are covered in great detail in other guides. Do not confuse routing protocols with routed protocols: A routed protocol is a Layer 3 protocol that applies logical addresses to devices and routes data between networks (such as IP) A routing protocol dynamically builds the network, topology, and next hop information in routing tables (such as RIP, EIGRP, etc.)

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Advantages Disadvantages of static routing

Static Routing Minimal CPU/Memory overhead. updates are not shared between routers. Granular control on how traffic is routed Static Routing Infrastructure changes must be manually adjusted Impractical on large network

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Advantages Disadvantages Dynamic Routing

Advantages Simpler to configure on larger networks Will dynamically choose a different (or better) route if a link goes down Ability to load balance between multiple links Disadvantages Updates are shared between routers thus consumes BW The choice of the best route is in the hands of the routing protocol.
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Dynamic Routing
Distance-vector protocols

Categories
hybrid protocol

Link-state protocols

Ex: RIP and IGRP.

Ex:OSPF and IS-IS

EX: EIGRP

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