Professional Documents
Culture Documents
It is the most abundant element but must be removed from larger molecules like water or petroleum.
Production
Hydrogen can be produced from Fossil Fuels (currently 90% of 42 mtons/yr) Water
Production
Fossil Fuels Coal
converted to mixture of hydrogen (50%), methane (35%), and carbon monoxide (8%)
Partial Oxidation
Range of feed stocks, 75% SRM
Production
Fossil Fuels
The downside: All of these methods release CO2
Production
Water: Electrolysis Electricity + H2O H2 + O + H2O (steam) Large-scale units using alkaline electrolyte can run at 7075% efficiency (EE - H2 ) Smaller systems with polymer electrolytes reach 8085% efficiency (EE - H2 ) Steam electrolyzers in development may be able to reach 90% efficiency (EE - H2 )
Production
Water: Electrolysis
When using electricity generated from thermal power stations the overall efficiency of converting fossil fuel to hydrogen via electrolysis would, typically, be only about 30%.
(Rand, Dell, 2005)
Production
Water: Direct Methods Thermochemical
Could utilize waste heat from a nuclear plant Could be achieved with solar mirrors
Photoelectrolysis sunlight to H2
presently only 12% efficiency new technique reporting 4.5% efficiency
Biophotolysis algae to H2
Production
Review
Hydrogen Storage
The Challenge: store large amounts of hydrogen at ambient temperature and pressure. -compressed gas tanks -cryogenic liquid hydrogen tanks -metal hydrides -chemical reactions (e.g. hydrolysis) -nanomaterials
Jeff Long, UC-Berkeley
One solution: a three-dimensional lattice of tiny hollow cubes, each capable of storing eight hydrogen molecules inside
Hydrogen Storage
Uses
Ways to release the energy
Catalytic Combustion
High control, low temperatures possible Heating, cooking
Fuel Cells
Uses
Fuel Cell
Inputs: Hydrogen Oxygen Outputs: Electricity Water Heat
Uses
Types of Fuel Cells Alkaline fuel cells (AFC) Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEMFC) Phosphoric Acid fuel cells (PAFC) Direct Methanol fuel cells (DMFC) Molten Carbonate fuel cells (MCFC) Solid Oxide fuel cells (SOFC)
Uses
Types of Fuel Cells
Overall reaction is the same H2 + O2 H2O Low temperature fuel cells AFC, PEMFC, PAFC, DMFC High temperature fuel cells MCFC, SOFC Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Vehicles Small-scale distributed power generation
Uses
Applications of Fuel Cells
Uses
Applications of Fuel Cells
Distributed Generation
Commercial and Residential stationary
Uses
Applications of Fuel Cells
Energy/National Security
Total U.S. primary energy production and consumption, historical and projected, 1970 to 2025.
SOURCE: EIA (2003)
Energy Diversity
U.S. primary energy consumption, by fuel type, historical and projected, 1970 to 2025.
SOURCE: EIA (2003).
Environment/Climate Change
U.S. emissions of carbon dioxide, by sector and fuels, 2000. SOURCE: EIA (2002)
Environment/Climate Change
Estimated volume of carbon releases from passenger cars and light-duty trucks: current hydrogen production technologies (fossil fuels), 20002050. Source: NAS
Public Health
Particulate air pollution Smog Other air pollutants
htttp://airnow.gov
Consumption factor*
1.3 1.2 2.4
Domestic oil
Wind Solar Nuclear
??
140 >740 3.2
*Factor by which U.S. would need to increase current consumption of this resource to produce required hydrogen equivalent
Source: U.S. Dept. of Energy, H2 Posture Plan, 2004
Fuel cells already used in stationary power backup systems Public-private partnerships and alliances setting goals
Solid State Energy Conversion Alliance (SECA)
The overall U.S. hydrogen market is estimated at $798.1 million in 2005 and is expected to rise to $1,605.3 million in 2010. The overall European hydrogen market is estimated to be about $368 million in 2005 and is expected to grow to $740 million in 2010.
Source: Fuji-Keizai USA, Inc.: 2005 Hydrogen Market, Hydrogen R&D and Commercial Implication in The U.S. and E.U.
Possible optimistic market scenario showing assumed fraction of hydrogen fuel cell and hybrid vehicles in the United States, 2000 to 2050. Sales of fuel cell light-duty vehicles and their replacement of other vehicles are shown.
Source: The Hydrogen Economy: Opportunities, Costs, Barriers, and R&D Needs (2004); National Academies Press.
NCEP, 2004
10.8 9.72
NOTES: Energy densities are based on total storage system volume or mass. Energy densities for compressed hydrogen are at pressures of 10,000 psi. SOURCES: DOE (2002b, 2003b)
Should it happen?
Reliance on Natural Gas rather than Oil Carbon Sequestration Picking a winner
U.S. emissions of carbon dioxide, by sector and fuels, 2000. SOURCE: EIA (2002)
Sources
N.Z. Muradov, T.N. Veziro4glu / International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 30 (2005) 225 237 M.A.R. Sadiq Al-Baghdadi / Renewable Energy 29 (2004) 22452260 J.T.S. Irvine / Journal of Power Sources 136 (2004) 203207 S.A. Sherif et al. / Solar Energy 78 (2005) 647660 B. Johnston et al. / Technovation 25 (2005) 569585 W.W. Clark et al. / Utilities Policy 13 (2005) 4150 D.A.J. Rand, R.M. Dell / Journal of Power Sources144 (2005) 568578 Manvendra K. Dubey, Science for sustainability, Los Alamos National Laboratory, 2003 Brent D. Yacobucci, Aimee E. Curtright, A Hydrogen Economy and Fuel Cells: An Overview, Congressional Research Service, 2004 Hoffman, Peter Tomorrows Energy, 2001. The Hydrogen Economy: Opportunities, Costs, Barriers, and R&D Needs (2004): National Academies of Science NCEP, ENDING THE ENERGY STALEMATE A Bipartisan Strategy to Meet Americas Energy Challenges, Dec 2004 www.hydrogenhighway.ca.gov www.fuelcells.org htttp://airnow.gov
alternatives to gasoline engines: clean diesels gasoline-electric hybrids hydrogen internal combustion engines (H2ICE) hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCV)
FreedomCAR Partnership Plan identifies technology milestones to measure progress in 2010 and 2015 (these can be downloaded from www.eere.energy.gov/vehicle.html). Some of the key 2010 milestones include: Electric propulsion system with a 15-year life and capability to deliver at least 55 kW for 18 seconds,and 30 kW continuously at a system cost of $125/kW peak. Internal combustion engine powertrain systems that cost $30/kW,have a peak brake engine efficiency of 45%,and meet or exceed emission standards. Electric drivetrain energy storage with a 15-year life at 300Wh and with a discharge power of 25 kW for 18 seconds at a cost of $20/kW. Material and manufacturing technologies for high-volume production vehicles that enable/support the simultaneous attainment of affordability,increased use of recyclable/renewable materials,and a 50% reduction in the weight of the vehicle structure and subsystems.
Biological: Biofuel cells have been reported (see Ref 6) achieving several hundred nanowatts of power, in which tethered biological enzymes at two electrodes first strip a hydrogen ion off glucose and then combine the H+ with oxygen to create both power and water.
Alkaline Fuel Cell (AFC) Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC) Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC) Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) Direct Methanol Fuel Cell
Fuel cell types are generally characterized by electrolyte material. The electrolyte is the substance between the positive and negative terminals, serving as the bridge for the ion exchange that generates electrical current.