STUDY OF METHODS FOR LANDMINE DETECTION

RAHUL SHARMA M.TECH(ECE) 11192056

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
WHAT IS LANDMINE? MINE TYPES ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION MAGNETOMETER GPR X-RAY BACKSCATTER CONLUSION REFERENCES
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WHAT IS LANDMINE?
An explosive device which lay dormant for a long period of time, and then it is suddenly triggered into action by some triggering action or by suspecting a target. The triggering action may be simple or complex. Stepping on a mine and applying pressure to the initiating mechanism provides a simple trigger.

 ANTI-PERSONNEL - DESIGNED TO KILL OR

DISMOUNTED TROOPS ANTI-TANK - DESIGNED TO DESTROY OR DISABLE TRACK OR WHEELED VEHICLES CHEMICAL - DESIGNED TO DISPENSE SMOKE, CS OR MORE DANGEROUS BIOLOGICAL OR CHEMICAL AGENTS

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
The mine is exposed to time varying magnetic field as produced by the current in a coil of the detector . This magnetic field induces an eddy current in the conducting mine . The induced current produces a secondary magnetic field which is then detected by a coil in the detector.

MAGNETOMETERS
A Magnetometer is employed to detect the magnetic field associated with the dipole moment of a ferrous mine. The dipole moment of a ferrous object may be composed of a permanent or an induced moment. Magnetometers are employed to search for significant changes , that are due to the dipole moments .

GROUND PENETRATING RADAR(GPR)

GPR operates by transmitting pulses of ultra high frequency radio waves down into the ground through a transducer or antenna. These GPR sensors have the advantage of having the capability to detect plastic cased mines. The transmitted energy is reflected from various buried objects or distinct contacts between different earth materials. The antenna then receives the reflected waves and stores them in the digital control unit.
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X-RAY BACKSCATTER
When X-rays pass through matter they will be attenuated, i.e. absorbed or scattered. The probability of scattering is in the back direction. Organic materials typically absorb only a small fraction of the x rays, so that the scatter probability is high. Metals typically are strongly absorbing, and the scatter probability is low. Thus, organic materials are bright and metallic objects are dark in the image.
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ACOUSTIC / SEISMIC DETECTION

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Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance (NQR)

Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance (NQR), a derivative of NMR, is a bulk inspection technology which can be used to detect certain chemical elements which have a magnetic dipole moment. Amongst these is nitrogen-14 (14N) which is a major constituent of explosives used in landmines, such as RDX and TNT. It not only detects but can be used to identify the exact chemical compound used.
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Detection process

Before stimulation

RF field is applied

After excitation is removed 13

CONCLUSION
After having known all the technologies stated above being investigated for the detection of non-metallic landmines, we infer that there is a requirement is for a combination of several detectors, selected for a particular application to be deployed in the search for the landmines. This would enhance the detection capabilities. By operating detectors in conjunction, the strengths of a particular detector may be able to compensate for the weaknesses of another detector. This could also help to reduce the false alarm rate.
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REFERENCES
[1] WWW.WIKIPEDIA.COM [2] A REVIEW OF LANDMINE DETECTION by J.A.WASCHL [3]WWW.COLLEGESEMINARS.COM

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