The

purpose of the electric transmission system is the interconnection of the electric energy producing power plants or generating stations with the loads. A three-phase AC system is used for most transmission lines. The three-phase system has three phase conductors. The operating frequency is 60 Hz in the U.S. and 50 Hz in Europe, Australia, and part of Asia.

 The

system voltage is defined as the rms voltage between the conductors, also called line-to-line voltage. The voltage between the phase conductor and ground,called line-to-ground voltage, is equal to the line-to-line voltage divided by the square root of three.

The generating station produces the electric energy. The generator voltage is around 15 to 25 kV. This relatively low voltage is not appropriate for the transmission of energy over long distances. At the generating station a transformer is used to increase the voltage and reduce the current. In Figure above, the voltage is increased to 500 kV and an extra-high-voltage (EHV) line transmits the generator-produced energy to a distant substation. Such substations are located on the outskirts of large cities or in the center of several large loads.

The voltage is reduced at the 500 kV/220 kV EHV substation to the high-voltage level and highvoltage lines transmit the energy to high-voltage substations located within cities. At the high-voltage substation the voltage is reduced to 69 kV. Sub-transmission lines connect the high-voltage substation to many local distribution stations located within cities. Subtransmission lines are frequently located along major streets. The voltage is reduced to 12 kV at the distribution substation.

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3)

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5)

Tower: The figure shows a lattice, steel tower. Insulator: V strings hold four bundled conductors in each phase. Conductor: Each conductor is stranded, steel reinforced aluminum cable. Foundation and grounding: Steel-reinforced concrete foundation and grounding electrodes placed in the ground. Shield conductors: Two grounded shield conductors protect the phase conductors from lightning.

 The

power transmission line is one of the major components of an electric power system. Its major function is to transport electric energy, with minimal losses, from the power sources to the load centers, usually separated by long distances.

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Series resistance Series inductance Shunt capacitance

Once

evaluated, the parameters are used to model the line and to perform design calculations. The arrangement of the parameters (equivalent circuit) representing the line depends upon the length of the line.

 length

is less than 80 km (50 mi). the capacitive effect is negligible Assuming balanced conditions, the equivalent circuit, a single phase with resistance R, and inductive reactance XL in series

between 80 km (50 mi) and 240 km (150 mi) long. single-phase in a nominal circuit configuration. The shunt capacitance of the line is divided into two equal parts, each placed at the sending and receiving ends of the line.

more than 240 km long. the model must consider parameters uniformly distributed along the line. The appropriate series impedance and shunt capacitance are found by solving the corresponding differential equations.

Z = z l = equivalent total series impedance () Y = y l = total shunt admittance (S) z = series impedance per unit length (/m) y = shunt admittance per unit length (S/m) = zy = propagation constant