Well Performance and Artifical Lift Rev 3

INTRODUCTION TO WELL PERFORMANCE & ARTIFICIAL LIFT
November 2001
by Russ Gilbert & Justin Gilmour
WHY BOTHER WITH WELL PERFORMANCE ?

What is a well? Why is it important ?
= $$$$$
the well
INTRODUCTION TO WELL PERFORMANCE

CONCEPTS COVERED Basic Well Configuration Reservoir Inflow Performance Tubing Outflow Performance Improving Well Performance
BASIC WELL CONFIGURATION

XMAS TREE
Gas Export Hydrocarbon Flow
Separator
= Oil Export
$$$$
CASING
TUBING OUFLOW PERFORATIONS RESERVOIR INFLOW RESERVOIR
RESERVOIR INFLOW
Higher Pressure (Driving Force)
Inflow Performance Principle:

Reservoir pressure (Pres)
Pressure
Pres P P BHP
PRESSURE DROP
pressure
oil rate
Bottomhole pressure (BHP)
BHP
As pressure drop increases rate increases!
Can we model this principle? Wellbore Damage (Skin)
RESERVOIR INFLOW
Mathematical Model
Flow Rate (Q) varies with:
- Inflow Pressure Drop? - Thickness of the Reservoir? - Permeability of the Reservoir Sand? - Phase of the Moon? - Skin Damage around the Well? - Reservoir Pressure? - Fluid Viscosity? - Hours of Sunshine? - Wellbore Radius (P) (h) (k) (x) (S) (Pres) () (y) (rw)
P BHP
BHP
pressure
Pres
Q= f
RESERVOIR INFLOW
Mathematical Model
- Inflow Pressure Drop? - Thickness of the Reservoir? - Permeability of the Reservoir Sand? - Phase of the Moon? - Skin Damage around the Well? - Reservoir Pressure? - Fluid Viscosity? - Hours of Sunshine? - Wellbore Radius (P) (h) (k) (x) (S) (Pres) () (y) (rw)
P BHP
pressure
Pres
BHP
Q= f
K h P rw
Various inflow equations are used to model reservoir inflow in software such as Prosper
TUBING OUTFLOW
Lower Pressure
Tubing Performance Principle:

WHP
Bottomhole pressure (BHP)
pressure
PRESSURE LOSS
Well Head pressure (WHP)
oil rate
As rate increases pressure loss increases!

BHP
Higher Pressure (Driving Force)
Can we model this principle?
TUBING OUTFLOW
Mathematical Model
WHP
- Fluid Weight/Type? - Friction Losses - Fluid Viscosity? - Friction Losses - Tubing Length? - Phase of the Moon? - Friction Losses - Tubing diameter ? - Friction Losses - Tubing roughness ? - Hours of Sunshine? - Well Head Pressure?
() () (L) (x) (d) (f) (y) (WHP)
Q= f
BHP
Note: The acceleration term (velocity increasing due to gas expansion) has been assumed to be negligible for this presentation.
TUBING OUTFLOW
Mathematical Model
WHP
- Fluid Weight/Type? - Friction Losses - Fluid Viscosity? - Friction Losses - Tubing Length? - Phase of the Moon? - Friction Losses - Tubing diameter ? - Friction Losses - Tubing roughness ? - Hours of Sunshine? - Well Head Pressure?
() () (L) (x) (d) (f) (y) (WHP)
Q= f
BHP
1
Fluid Weight . Friction Losses . Wellhead Pressure
Various correlations are used to model tubing outflow in software such as Prosper
Note: The acceleration term (velocity increasing due to gas expansion) has been assumed to be negligible for this presentation.
TUBING OUTFLOW
Fluid Weight/Type
VLP (TUBING) CURVES ( 20 Nov 01 16:11)
6000 Variables 1:Water Cut (percent) 2:First Node Pressure (psig) 3:Tubing/Pipe Diameter (inches) 1 2 3 0=0 0=50.0 0=1.99 1=50.000 1=200.0 1=2.75 2=90.000 2=400.0 2=3.83 3=4.89
Mixture
5000 202 102 4000 002
All Wtr 50/50 All Oil
Pressure (psig)
3000
2000
1000
0 0 5000 10000 15000 20000
Liquid Rate (STB/day) Fluid Oil Flow Tubing Type Producer Lift None Comp Cased Hole Corrln Hagedorn Brown Bottom Measured Depth 10000.0 (feet) Bottom T rue Vertical Depth 10000.0 (feet)
Tubing Length=10,000ft; Tubing Diameter=4 1/2OD;WHP=50psig
TUBING OUTFLOW
Friction Losses
2 3/8
6000
3 1/2
Variables 1:Water Cut (percent) 2:First Node Pressure (psig) 3:Tubing/Pipe Diameter (inches) 1 2 3 0=0 0=50.0 0=1.99 1=50.000 1=200.0 1=2.75 2=90.000 2=400.0 2=3.83 3=4.89
Tubing OD
5000 001
4 1/2 5 1/2
4000 000
Pressure (psig)
002 003
3000
2000
1000
0 0 5000 10000 15000 20000
Tubing Length=10,000ft; All Oil; WHP=50psig
TUBING OUTFLOW
Well Head Pressure
6000 Variables 1:Water Cut (percent) 2:First Node Pressure (psig) 3:Tubing/Pipe Diameter (inches) 1 2 3 0=0 0=50.0 0=1.99 1=50.000 1=200.0 1=2.75 2=90.000 2=400.0 2=3.83 3=4.89
Well Head Pressure 400 psig 50 psig
5000
200 psig
022 012 4000 002
Pressure (psig)
3000
2000
1000
0 0 5000 10000 15000 20000
Tubing Length=10,000ft; All Oil; Tubing Diameter=4 1/2
THE OIL RATE

Determined for specific fluid, specific tubing & specific reservoir by intersection of the reservoir inflow & tubing outflow curves
reservoir pressure - Pres
from tubing outflow

pressure
from reservoir inflow

surface pressure - WHP
oil rate
THE OIL RATE

Initial Conditions
Inf low v Outflow Curves ( 20 Nov 01 17:04)
6000 Variables 1:Reservoir Pressure (psig) 1 2 0=3000.0 1=4000.0 2=5000.0 IPR Curve VLP Curve 5000
Reservoir Pressure 5000 psig
4000
Pressure (psig)
3000
2000
2 1000
0 0 5000 10000 15000 20000
6500 bopd
Liquid Rate (STB/day) Fluid Oil Flow Tubing Type Producer Lift None Comp Cased Hole Corrln Hagedorn Brown First Node Pressure (psig) 50.0 Bottom Measured Depth 10000.0 (feet) Bottom T rue Vertical Depth 10000.0 (feet) IPR PI Entry Res Temp 200.0 Res Pres 3000.0
(degrees F) (psig)
Tubing Length=10,000ft; All Oil; Tubing Diameter=4 1/2; WHP=50psig, Pres=5000psig, k.h=10000mdft, rw=8.5, Wellbore Skin=5
THE OIL RATE

Pressure Depletion
6000 Variables 1:Reservoir Pressure (psig) 1 2 0=3000.0 1=4000.0 2=5000.0

5000
IPR Curve VLP Curve
4000 psig 3000 psig

Pressure (psig)
4000
2 1 0
3000
2000
2 1000
1 0 0
2500 bopd
5000
6500 bopd
10000
0 15000
20000
(degrees F) (psig)
Tubing Length=10,000ft; All Oil; Tubing Diameter=4 1/2; WHP=50psig, Pres=depleting, k.h=10000mdft, rw=8.5, Wellbore Skin=5
THE OIL RATE

Pressure Depletion & %Water Increase

5000
IPR Curve VLP Curve
%Water 100%
Now 4500 psig

4000 psig 3000 psig
Pressure (psig)
4000 2 1 0
50% (Now) 0%
3000
2000
2 1000
1 0 0
3000 bfpd
5000
10000
0 15000
20000
(degrees F) (psig)
Tubing Length=10,000ft; %wtr increasing; Tubing Diameter=4 1/2; WHP=50psig, Pres=depleting, k.h=10000mdft, rw=8.5, Wellbore Skin=5
THE OIL RATE

Pressure Depletion & %Water Increase
Was 6,500 bopd, now 1500 bopd
What can we do to stop oil rate falling ?
IMPROVING WELL PERFORMANCE

Oil rate can be increased by: Shifting reservoir inflow up Shifting tubing outflow curve down
reservoir pressure - Pres
pressure
Tubing outflow
Reservoir inflow)
surface pressure - WHP
oil rate How Do You Do That Then ?

Shifting Reservoir Inflow Curve Up - How To
Q= f
K h P rw S
Increase Decrease
Increase: Decrease:
Kh,
P
S
rw
Fracture, Horizontal Well
Heat-Up
Increase Reservoir Pressure
Re-Perf., Acidise, Fracture, Dissolve
Drill Bigger Hole

Shifting Tubing Outflow Curve Down - How To
1
Q= f
Reduce: Fluid Weight, Friction Losses, Wellhead Pressure
Isolate Wtr Prodn or Add gas via gas lift (aka artificial lift)
Bigger Tubing
Lower Separator Pressure

Shifting Reservoir Inflow Curve Up
P res 5000 psig 4000 psig 3000 psig

Pressure (psig)
IPR Curve VLP Curve 5000
%Water 100% 50% 0%
Increase: 3 Decrease:
Kh,
rw
4000
2 1 0
3000
Fracture, Heat-Up Horizontal Well
Drill Bigger Hole
2000
2 1000
Actions: (1) N/A

1
N/A
Later
Re-perf
N/A
0 0 5000 10000 0 15000 20000
4000 bfpd
(degrees F) (psig)
No Action: Rate = 3000bfpd Well Will Die Soon

Shifting Tubing Outflow Curve Down

Pressure (psig)
%Water 100% 50% 0%
Reduce: Fluid Weight, Friction Losses, Wellhead Pressure 3
4000
2 1 0
3000
50% + G/L
2000 2 1000
Isolate Wtr Prodn, Add gas via gas lift Actions: (2) Add G/L 7500 bfpd
Bigger Tubing
Lower Separator Pressure
N/A
N/A
1 0 0 5000 10000 0 15000 20000
(degrees F) (psig)
No Further Action: Rate = 4000bfpd Well Will Still Die Soon

Shifting Reservoir Inflow Curve Up

Pressure (psig)
%Water Increase: 3 Decrease: 100% 50% 0%
Kh,
P S
rw
4000
2 1 0
3000
Fracture, Heat-Up Horizontal Well
50% + G/L
2000 2 1000
Drill Bigger Hole
Actions: (3) N/A
N/A
Wtr Injector 10000 bfpd
N/A
N/A
1 0 0 5000 10000 0 15000 20000
(degrees F) (psig)
No Further Action: Rate = 7500bfpd Well Will Still Die, But Later

Well Condition 0% Wtr - Initial Action Fluid Rate (bfpd) 6,500 Oil Rate (bopd) 6,500 Comments No action Soon press. Will deplete & %wtr will increase Well will die soon (pres=4100psig) Well will die soon (pres=4000psig) Well will still die, but later. (pres=3200psig) Well will not die (pres=5000psig)
50% Wtr
No action
3,000
1,500
50% Wtr
Re-perforate (Res. Inflow) Add Gas Lift (Tbg Outflow) Add Wtr Injector (Res. Inflow)
4,000
2,000
50% Wtr
7,500
3,750
50% Wtr
10,000
5,000
Actions to improve well performance have almost returned oil rate to initial condition
SUMMARY
Basic Well Configuration
Reservoir Inflow Performance
Q= f
K h P rw S
Tubing Outflow Performance
Q =f
1
Improving Well Performance
Shifting Reservoir Inflow Curve Up Shifting Tubing Outflow Curve Down

Well Performance and Artifical Lift Rev 3

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Well Performance and Artifical Lift Rev 3

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INTRODUCTION TO WELL PERFORMANCE & ARTIFICIAL LIFT

WHY BOTHER WITH WELL PERFORMANCE ?

INTRODUCTION TO WELL PERFORMANCE

BASIC WELL CONFIGURATION

TUBING OUFLOW PERFORATIONS RESERVOIR INFLOW RESERVOIR

Inflow Performance Principle:

Bottomhole pressure (BHP)

As pressure drop increases rate increases!

Can we model this principle? Wellbore Damage (Skin)

Tubing Performance Principle:

As rate increases pressure loss increases!

Can we model this principle?

() () (L) (x) (d) (f) (y) (WHP)

() () (L) (x) (d) (f) (y) (WHP)

5000 202 102 4000 002

All Wtr 50/50 All Oil

0 0 5000 10000 15000 20000

Tubing Length=10,000ft; Tubing Diameter=4 1/2OD;WHP=50psig

0 0 5000 10000 15000 20000

Tubing Length=10,000ft; All Oil; WHP=50psig

Well Head Pressure 400 psig 50 psig

022 012 4000 002

0 0 5000 10000 15000 20000

Tubing Length=10,000ft; All Oil; Tubing Diameter=4 1/2

THE OIL RATE

reservoir pressure - Pres

from tubing outflow

from reservoir inflow

THE OIL RATE

Reservoir Pressure 5000 psig

0 0 5000 10000 15000 20000

THE OIL RATE

Reservoir Pressure 5000 psig

IPR Curve VLP Curve

4000 psig 3000 psig

THE OIL RATE

Reservoir Pressure 5000 psig

IPR Curve VLP Curve

Now 4500 psig

THE OIL RATE

Was 6,500 bopd, now 1500 bopd

What can we do to stop oil rate falling ?

IMPROVING WELL PERFORMANCE

oil rate How Do You Do That Then ?

IMPROVING WELL PERFORMANCE

Fracture, Horizontal Well

Increase Reservoir Pressure

Re-Perf., Acidise, Fracture, Dissolve

Drill Bigger Hole

IMPROVING WELL PERFORMANCE

Reduce: Fluid Weight, Friction Losses, Wellhead Pressure

Lower Separator Pressure

IMPROVING WELL PERFORMANCE

P res 5000 psig 4000 psig 3000 psig

IPR Curve VLP Curve 5000

%Water 100% 50% 0%

Fracture, Heat-Up Horizontal Well

Increase Reservoir Pressure

Re-Perf., Acidise, Fracture, Dissolve

Drill Bigger Hole

Actions: (1) N/A

0 0 5000 10000 0 15000 20000

No Action: Rate = 3000bfpd Well Will Die Soon