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CDMA Concept

A Brief From RGM TTC BSNL Chennai

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Multiple Access Techniques

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FDMA
For Radio systems, there are two resources: Frequency and Time. Division by Frequency, so that each pair of communicators is allocated part of the Spectrum for all of the time, results in Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA). Frequency Slot is the channel.

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TDMA
Division by Time, so that each pair of communicators is allocated all (or at least a large part) of the spectrum for part of the Time results in Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA). Time Slot is the channel.

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CDMA
In Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), every communicator will be allocated the entire spectrum all of the time. CDMA uses Codes to identify connections. Code is the channel.

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CDMA Spreading

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CODING
CDMA uses unique spreading codes to spread the Baseband data before transmission. The signal is transmitted in a channel, which is below noise level. The receiver then uses a correlator to despread the wanted signal, which is passed through a narrow band pass filter. Unwanted signals will not be despread and will not pass through the filter.

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CODING
Codes take the form of a carefully designed one/zero sequence produced at a much higher rate than that of the Baseband data. The rate of a spreading code is referred to as chip rate rather than bit rate.

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Spread Spectrum Principle

Spread Spectrum Principle


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The broad spectrum of the transmitted signal gives rise to Spread Spectrum. Spread Spectrum is generated by modulating the RF signal with a code consisting of different Pseudo Random Binary Sequences, which is inherently resistant to noisy signal environment.

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Spread Spectrum Principle


A number of Spread Spectrum RF signals thus generated share the same frequency spectrum. Thus, the entire bandwidth available in the band is used by each of the users using same frequency at the same time.

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Spread Spectrum Principle


On the receive side, only the signal energy with the selected binary sequence code is accepted and original information content (data) is recovered. The other users signals whose codes do not match contribute only to the noise and are not despread back in bandwidth.

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Salient Features of a typical CDMA System


Frequency of operation Duplexing Method Access Chls/Carrier RF Spacing Coverage approx. 824-849 MHz and 869-894 MHz FDD Max 61 Channels 1.25 MHz 5 kms with HandHeld 20 Kms with fixed units

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Different Codes
Walsh Long and Short

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Walsh Code
Traffic channels are separated by unique Walsh code. Walsh Codes are orthogonal to each other. Orthogonality provides nearly perfect isolation between the multiple signals transmitted by the BTS.

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Walsh Generation
Repeat the function Right Repeat the function Below Invert the function Diagonally

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Long Code
Period of Long Code = 242 1 Used for Scrambling in the Forward link. Is unique for the subscribers and is known as the Address Mask.

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Short Code
Period of Short Code = 215 1 Differentiates the cells and the sectors in a cell. Consists of codes for I & Q channels feeding the modulator.

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Advantages
Larger Capacity Vocoder and variable data rates Less(Optimum) Power per cell Seamless Hand-off No Frequency Planning High Tolerance to Interference Multiple Diversity

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Larger Capacity
C = W x log2(1 + S/N) where C = Channel Capacity W = Bandwidth available S/N = Signal to Noise Ratio Increasing the Bandwidth and thereby increasing the Channel Capacity forms the basis of CDMA. S/N can be increased by devising proper Power Control methods.

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Vocoder
Vocoding compresses 64 kbps into lower bit rate to reduce bandwidth. Transmitting Vocoder takes voice samples and generates an encoded speech/packet for transmission. Receiving Vocoder decodes the received speech packet into voice samples.

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Variable Rate Vocoder


Uses adaptive threshold to determine the required data rate. By operating at half rate on some of the frames, the capacity of the system can be enhanced without noticeable degradation in the quality of the speech.

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Power Control
Reverse link Open Loop Power Control Reverse link Closed Loop .. Forward link ..

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Reverse Open Loop Power Control


Mobile Station should adjust its transmit power according to the changes in its received power from the BTS. Open Loop Power Control attempts to ensure that the received signal strength at the BTS from different Mobile Stations, irrespective of their distances from the BTS, should be same.

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Closed Loop Power Control


BTS provides rapid corrections to the Mobile Stations open loop estimates to maintain optimum transmit power by the Mobile Stations. BTS measures the received signal strength from the Mobile connected to it and compares it with a threshold value and a decision is taken by the BTS every 1.25 mS to either increase or decrease the power of the Mobile.

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Forward link Power Control


BTS adjusts its power in the forward link for each subscriber, in response to measurements provided by the MS so as to provide more power to Mobile who is relatively far away from the BTS or is in a location experiencing more difficult environment.

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Power Control Methods-Benefits


More number of Mobile Stations are able to use the system without degradation in the performance. Extends the life of the battery used in portables. Minimizes the concern of ill effects of RF radiation on the human body.

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Hard HandOver
Handover occurs when a call has to be passed from one cell to another as the user moves between cells. In a traditional Hard" Handover, the connection to the current cell is broken, and then the connection to the new cell is made. This is known as a Break-before-Make" handover.

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Soft HandOver
Since all cells in CDMA use the same frequency, it is possible to make the connection to the new cell before leaving the current cell. This is known as a Make-before-Break" or Soft" Handover. Soft handovers require less power, which reduces interference and increases capacity.

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Seamless HO
CDMA provides Soft HO feature for the Mobile crossing from one cell to another cell by combining the signals from both the cells in the transition areas. Mobile can be connected to more than two BTS during the handover. Performance of the network at the boundaries of the cells is improved, virtually eliminating the dropped calls.

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No Frequency Planning
As the adjacent cells use the same common frequency, no Frequency Planning is required.

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High Tolerance to Interference


The primary advantage of Spread Spectrum is its ability to tolerate a fair amount of interfering signals as compared to other conventional systems.

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Diversity Techniques
Diversity Techniques are employed to counter the effect of fading. Greater the number of Diversity Techniques employed, better the performance of the system in a difficult environment

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Multiple Diversity
Frequency Diversity Wide Band RF signal of 1.25 MHz Multipath Rake Receiver Symbol Interleaving, Error Detection and Correction coding

Space Diversity
Time Diversity

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Capacity Considerations
In order to increase the number of subscribers served, the cell is further divided into Sectors. These Sectors are served by Directional Antennas.

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Capacity - Cellular System


20-40 active lines/sector/1.25 MHz Assuming Busy Hour Traffic = 0.1 E, 400 subs can be served/sector/1.25 MHz Assuming 6 sectors in a cell, Total Capacity = 400 x 6 = 2400 One more frequency pair results in Capacity = 2 x 6 x 400 = 4800

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Conclusion
Features: Common Frequency, Multipath Rake Receiver, Power Control, Variable bit rate Vocoding and Soft Hand-Off Benefits: No Frequency Planning, Larger Capacity, Flexibility along with High Performance Quality

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