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Chapter 23
Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins
Irene Lee Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, OH 2004, Prentice Hall
Peptides and proteins are polymers of amino acids linked together by amide bonds
glycine
O
O
alanine
O
+H 3N
+H 3N CH CH CH 3 C CH 3 O-
CH CH 2 CH CH 3
O-
+H 3N
CH CH
C CH 3
O-
CH 3
CH 2 CH 3
valine
leucine
isoleucine
threonine
O
+H 3N
+H 3N CH CH 2 SH C O-
CH CH 2 CH 2 S
O-
cysteine
CH 3
methionine
O +H 3N CH CH 2 CH 2 C OO C O-
aspartatic acid
glutamic acid
asparagine
glutamine
lysine
arginine
O +H 3N CH CH 2 C O+H 3N CH CH 2
O C O-
OH
phenylalanine
tyrosine
O +H 3N CH CH 2 C O-
+H 2N
N NH
HN
proline
histidine
tryptophan
The isoelectric point (pI) of an amino acid is the pH at which it has no net charge
The pI of an amino acid that has an ionizable side chain is the average of the pKa values of the similarly ionizing groups
A mixture of amino acids can be separated by electrophoresis on the basis of their pI values
Ion-Exchange Chromatography
Cations bind most strongly to cation-exchange resins Anions bind most strongly to anion-exchange resins An amino acid analyzer is an instrument that automates ion-exchange chromatography
Formation of a Peptide
Peptide Bond
Because amino acids have two functional groups, a problem arises when one attempts to make a particular peptide
Amino acids can be added to the growing C-terminal end by repeating these two steps
When the desired number of amino acids has been added to the chain, the protecting group can be removed
The first step in determining the sequence of amino acids in a peptide or protein is to cleave the disulfide bridges
The next step is to determine the number and kinds of amino acids in the peptide or protein
protein
6 N HCl
amino acids
100C 24 h
The N-terminal amino acid of a peptide or a protein can also be determined by Edman degradation
The particular PTH-amino acid can be identified by chromatography using known standards
The C-terminal amino acid can be identified by treating the protein with carboxypeptidase
Cyanogen bromide causes the hydrolysis of the amide bond on the C-side of a methionine residue
The tertiary structure is the three-dimensional arrangement of all the atoms in the protein
Disulfide bonds are the only covalent bonds that can form when a protein folds Proteins that have more than one peptide chain are called oligomers