Level 1 - Flow RMT Training - 05 /98

1
Level 1
Fundamental Training
Level 1 - Flow RMT Training - 05 /98
2
Topics: Slide No:
Why measure flow? 3 - 4
Flow terminology 5 - 18
Flowmeter selection 19 - 24
DP flowmeters 25 - 46
Velocity flowmeters 47 - 55
Mass flowmeters 56 - 61
Displacement meters 62
Rosemount flow products summary 63
Exercise 64 - 65
Contents
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Safety
Uncontrolled flow rates may cause
temperature & pressure to reach dangerously high levels
turbines & other machinery to overspeed
tanks to spill
Custody Transfer
the measurement of fluid passing from a supplier to a
customer
cash register of the system
example a local gas station measures how much gas being
pumped into the vehicle for billing
requires high measurement accuracy
Product Integrity
ensuring right amount of blended materials in for example
processed food & gasoline
Why measure flow?
5 Common Reasons
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Efficiency Indication
to determine efficiency of process by
measuring the amount of each input that has gone into the
product
comparing the above measurement to the amount of product
producedl
Process Variable Control
Flow rate is measured & controlled during energy transfer
application, for example
heat exchanger
fluid temperature controlled by varying the flow rate
of steam
Why measure flow?
5 Common Reasons
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Flow terminology
Flow Control Loop
I/P FIC
TT FT
Flow Loop Issues:
May be a Very Fast Process
Noise in Measurement Signal
May Require Filtering
May Require Fast-Responding Equipment
Typically Requires Temperature Compensation
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Density: (rho) = m/V = mass/volume
Mass per unit volume at given operating conditions.
Common units: kg/m
3
or

lb/ft
3

Density of a liquid varies with temperature
Density of a gas varies with temperature and pressure

Flow terminology
Fluid Properties
Liquids Gases

| Temperature = + Density | Temperature = + Density
+ Temperature = | Density + Temperature = | Density

| Pressure = No change | Pressure = | Density
+ Pressure = No change + Pressure = + Density
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For Liquids,

Specific Gravity =


For Gases,

Specific Gravity =



Density of liquid at process temperature
Density of water at 15.6C
Molecular Weight of gas
Molecular Weight of air
Flow terminology
Fluid Properties
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Gas Compressibility Factor: Z-factor
Used to correct gas equations for real-gas effects.
Accounts for the deviation from the ideal situation.






For an ideal gas Z=1 and PV=nRT(Ideal Gas Law).
The True Gas Law: PV=ZnRT
Z & n Can be found in engineering tables.
R is dependant on units chosen for P, T & V
PV = nRT
Absolute pressure
Volume
Molecular weight
Universal gas constant
Absolute temperature

Flow terminology
Fluid Properties
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Viscosity
Measure of a fluids tendency to resist a shearing
force, or to resist flow





A greater force is required to shear high viscosity
fluids than low viscosity fluids (viscosity = shear
stress/shear rate).
Viscosity normally decreases with an increase in
temperature for a liquid, but increases with an
increase in temperature for a gas
Force
Fluid
Thickness
Fixed Plate
Area


Water is 1cP, peanut butter is 10,000 cP
Flow terminology
Fluid Properties
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Fluid Type
Clean Fluid
A fluid that is free from solid particles, e.g. clean water.
Dirty Fluid
A fluid containing solid particles, e.g. muddy water.
Slurry
A liquid with a suspension of fine solids, e.g. pulp and
paper, or oatmeal.
Steam
Water vapour
Gas
Natural gas
Flow terminology
Fluid Properties
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Laminar Flow Turbulent Flow
Transition Flow
Flow terminology
Fluid Properties
Flow Profile
Higher velocity in the middle
Lower velocity at the edge
Lower velocity at the edge
Pipe Wall
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0 2000 4000
Transition Laminar Turbulent
Reynolds
Number
(Pipe I.D.) ( Velocity) (Density)
Viscosity
Rd = ( x v x D)/
m
m/s kg/m
3

kg/ms
Flow terminology
Fluid Properties
Reynolds number defines the state of fluid flow
Dimensionless number
Indicates flow profile
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Flow conditions; Velocity = 0.5 m/s
density = 995.7kg/m
Temperature = 25C
Viscosity = 0.7cP
Pipe ID = 60mm
(1 Poise = 0.1 kg/m s)

i) Find the Reynolds number for the fluid.
ii) Identify the type of flow.
(a) Laminar
(b) Transitional
(c) Turbulent
= 42,673
RD = V.d. /
= 0.5 x 0.06 x 995.7 x 1000 /0.7
= 0.7 / 1000 kg/ms
Flow terminology
Fluid Properties
Example:
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Pressure & Temperature changes inside process pipe
determines which state the steam is in
Saturated steam (all vapor)
Steam exactly at its saturation point (SP)
temperature & pressure at which liquid turns to vapor (as
pressure increases, saturation temperature increases)
Superheated steam
Steam when pressure drop below SP
Steam when temperature rise above SP
e.g. at 350 psia, saturation temperature for water is 222C.
Steam at 350 psia & 278C includes 56C of super heat
Quality steam ( mixture of water liquid & vapor)
Condensed steam when pressure rise above SP
Condensed steam when temperature drop below SP
Flow terminology
Fluid Properties
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Texture of inner walls
smooth wall slightly increase fluid velocity
rough wall slightly decrease fluid velocity
Inside diameter
e.g., doubling the diameter increase flow rate by
as much as 4 times
Vol. flow rate(Q
v
) = Cross-section area * Velocity
= tD
2
/4 * Velocity
= D
2
(t/4 x Velocity)
Flow terminology
Pipe Geometry & Conditions
Q
v
= (2D)
2
* (t/4 x Velocity)
Q
v
= 4 (D
2
* (t/4 x Velocity))
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Flow Profile Disturbance
factors that cause flow profile to become irregular
symmetrical profile
caused by reducers or expanders pipe sections
eliminated by inserting appropriate length of straight
pipes
asymmetrical profile
caused by elbows, valves and tees
eliminated by inserting appropriate length of straight
pipes
swirl
caused by pumps, compressors, or two pipe elbows
in different planes
eliminated by inserting flow conditioners
Flow terminology
Pipe Geometry & Conditions
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Metric Unit - m
3
/s
Others
StdCuft/s - Standard Cubic feet per second
StdCuft/min - Standard Cubic feet per minute
StdCuft/h - Standard Cubic feet per hour
StdCuft/d - Standard Cubic feet per day
StdCum/h - Standard Cubic meter per hour
StdCum/d - Standard Cubic meter per day
NmlCum/h - Normal Cubic meter per hour
NmlCum/d - Normal Cubic meter per day
Volumetric Flow Rate
Std - reference to 14.696 psi Atm. at 68 deg.F
Nml - reference to 101.325 Atm. At 0 deg.C
Flow terminology
Engineering Units
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Mass Flow Rate
Metric Unit - kg/s
Others
lbs/sec - Pounds per second
lbs/min - Pounds per minute
lbs/hour - Pounds per hour
lbs/day - Pounds per day
gram/sec - grams per second
grams/min - grams per minute
grams/hour - grams per hour
kg/min - kilograms per minute
kg/hour - kilogram per hour

Flow terminology
Engineering Units
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Flowmeter selection
Specification
Accuracy
% of rate
uncertainty of flow proportional to flow rate




% of full scale
uncertainty of flow remains constant
Rate of Flow % of Rate Accuracy Uncertainty Range
100 gpm 2% of 100 gpm 98-102 gpm
50 gpm 2% of 50 gpm 49-51 gpm
20 gpm 2% of 20 gpm 19.6-20.4 gpm
Rate of Flow % of Rate Accuracy Uncertainty Range
100 gpm 2% of 100 gpm 98-102 gpm
50 gpm 2% of 50 gpm 49-51 gpm
20 gpm 2% of 20 gpm 19.6-20.4 gpm
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Flowmeter selection
Specification
Rangeability (Turndown)
Meter maximum
maximum flow rate that a flowmeter is capable of
reading
commonly used for magnetic, vortex and Coriolis
meters
Application maximum
maximum flowrate that occurs in the process flow
of a particular application
commonly used for orifice plates, flow nozzles, and
venturi tubes
Repeatability
the ability of a flowmeter to produce the same
measurement each time it measures a flow
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Flow Technologies
Mass
Volumetric Head
Velocity
Meter
Positive
Displacement
Meter
Coriolis Meter
Thermal Meter
DP Flow
Meter
Target
Meter
Annubar
Orifice
Venturi
Nozzle
Elbow Taps
Magnetic
Vortex
Ultrasonic
Turbine
Oval
Nutating disc
Gear
Gerotor
Flowmeter selection
Classes of Flowmeters
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.

Displacement Meters
measure volume flow rate Qv directly by
repeatedly trapping a sample of the fluid.
total volume = sample volume * number of samples
High pressure loss
Head Meters (DP Flow Meters)
measures fluid flow indirectly by creating &
measuring a differential pressure by means of a
restriction to the fluid flow
Flowmeter selection
Classes of Flowmeters
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A reliable flow measurement is dependent upon the correct
measurement of A and v.
Velocity Meters
FLOW is measured inferentially by measuring
VELOCITY through a known AREA.
With this indirect method, the flow measured is the
volume flow rate, Qv. Stated in its simplest term
Q
V
= A * v where
A: cross-sectional area of the pipe
v: fluid velocity
m
3
/s = m
2
* m/s

Flowmeter selection
Classes of Flowmeters
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Mass Meters
Infer the mass flow rate via the equation;
Q
m
= Q
v
* where,
Q
m
: the mass flow rate
Q
v
: the volume flow rate
: fluid density
kg/s = m
3
/s * kg.m
3


Consist of 2 devices;
One device will measure fluid velocity
The other device will measure fluid density
Flowmeter selection
Classes of Flowmeters
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Flow Restriction in Line cause a differential Pressure
Line Pressure
Orifice Plate
(Primary Element)
Q
V
= K DP
Constant
DP flowmeter
DP Flow Equation
H.P. L.P.
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FE
FT
FIC
Outputs represent true flow only under specified conditions.
Using constants in flow equations assumes a static flow
environment.
For DP flowmeter output to represent true flow, the following
fluid properties must be constant:
Fluid density
Fluid viscosity,
DP volumetric
flow
Q
V
= K DP
Primary
Element
Pressure
Transmitter
Flow Controller
Control
Valve
DP flowmeter
DP Flow Equation
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For varying fluid density and viscosity
Compensation is required to represent TRUE flow
Q
M
= K DP*(P/T)
Partial
Compensation
Takes care of
Density only
Mass Flow, Q
M
= Volumetric flow * Density
= m
3
/s * kg/m
3

= kg/s

DP flowmeter
DP Flow Equation
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Traditionally way of partially compensated DP mass
flow has been accomplished using a system.
FE
TT
FT
PT FC FIC
Pressure
Transmitter
(AP)
Pressure
Transmitter
(DP)
Temperature
Transmitter +
Sensor
Flow Computer
Flow
Controller
Control
Valve
Primary
Element
Q
M
= K DP*(P/T)
DP flowmeter
DP Flow Equation
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3095 Multivariable
TM
Flow Transmitter
3 Process Sensors used as inputs
to Mass Flow Calculation:
RTD Temperature Sensor Input
Differential Pressure Sensor
Piezoresistive Static Pressure Sensor

Q
M
= N C
d
E Y d
2
DP*(P/T)
These constants takes care of
velocity of the fluid
friction of the fluid in contact with the pipe
viscosity of the fluid
to give a fully compensated dynamic flow measurement
K
DP flowmeter
DP Flow Equation
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C
d
Actual_flow
Theoretical_f low
C
d
is a correction factor to the theoretical equation.
Equations for calculating C
d
are derived from experimental data.
C
d
is a function of beta ratio and Reynolds number, and is different
for each primary element.
Discharge Coefficient (C
d
)
Density is NOT constant for gases.
Y
1
1
Y
1
f , , , | k AP P
1
for Liquids:
k is the isentropic exponent, a
property of gases:
k
C
p
C
v
Gas Expansion Factor (Y
1
)
= < 1
(Beta ratio = restriction diam. / pipe diam.)
DP flowmeter
DP Flow Equation
Q
M
= K DP*(P/T)
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C
d
R
D

10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
Concentric Square-edge Orifice
GASES LIQUIDS
Discharge Coefficient vs. R
D

CONSTANT
DP flowmeter
DP Flow Equation
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0 5 10
4
1 10
5
1.5 10
5
2 10
5
2.5 10
5
3 10
5
3.5 10
5
4 10
5
4.5 10
5
5 10
5
0.59
0.6
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64
0.65
0.66
Beta = .75
Beta = .6
Beta = .5
Beta = .4
Beta = .2
Orifice Plate Discharge Coefficients
Pipe Reynolds Number
D
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e

C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t

( 4 Flange Taps )
Discharge Coefficient vs. R
D
& |
Orifice Diam. / Pipe Diam. = Beta
d/D

= |
Beta Values are
almost constant
DP flowmeter
DP Flow Equation
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0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260
0.85
0.9
0.95
1
1000 psi
250 psi
100 psi
50 psi
20 psi
Gas Expansion Factors
Differential Pressure (inH2O)
G
a
s

E
x
p
a
n
s
i
o
n

F
a
c
t
o
r

( k=1.3, beta = 0.6 )
Gas Expansion Factor vs. DP
Line
Pressure
The higher the line pressure, the
more constant Gas Expansion
Factor for a variety of DP
DP flowmeter
DP Flow Equation
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Secondary - measures the differential pressure.
SECONDARY
Using well-established conversion
coefficients which depends on the type
of head meter used and the diameter of
the pipe, a measurement of the
differential pressure may be translated
into a volume rate.
DP Flow Meters consist of two main components:
PRIMARY
Primary - placed in the pipe to restrict the flow.
Orifice, Venturi, nozzle, Pitot-static tube, elbow,
and wedge.

DP flowmeter
Components
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Simplest and least expensive.
Constrict fluid flow to produce diff. pressure across the plate.
Produce high pressure upstream and low pressure downstream.
Flow proportional to square of the flow velocity.
Greater overall pressure loss compared to other primary
devices.
Cost does not increase significantly with pipe size (advantage).
DP flowmeter
Orifice Plate
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Gradually narrows the diameter of pipe.
Resultant drop in pressure is measured.
Pressure recovers at the expanding section of the meter.
For low pressure drop and high accuracy reading applications
Widely used in large diameter pipes.

DP flowmeter
Venturi Tube
High Pressure Side Low Pressure Side
Cross section
Area A
2

Cross
section
Area A
1

Flow
P
1
P
2

Q (Actual) = C x A
1
x A
2
2 x ( P
1
-P
2
)
( A
1
2
- A
2
2
)

x
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High velocity flow meter.
Elliptical restriction of flow at nozzle opening.
No outlet area for pressure recovery.
For application where turbulence is high (Re > 50000)
eg.,stream flow at high temperatures.
Pressure drop falls betw. That of venturi tube and orifice plate
(30-95%)
DP flowmeter
Flow Nozzle
D
D
d
D/2
FLOW
NOZZLE
High Pressure
Low Pressure
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P V
g
P
f
f
f
c
f
f
1 1
2
2
2
+ =
P P
f f
1 2
V
f
f
1

Bernoullis energy balance for an

incompressible, non-viscous fluid:
In order to measure accurate flow rate, a pitot traverse is required.
Stagnation Pressure Sensing - measures a point velocity.
( )
V
g P P
f 1
c f f
f
2 1
2
=


Theoretical Point Velocity
DP flowmeter
Pitot Tube
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Fluid Flow
Low (Static) Pressure Tap
High (Impact) Pressure Tap
Static pressure port
High pressure port
DP flowmeter
Pitot Tube
One-point velocity measurement
accuracy affected by changes in velocity profile
tube must be moved back & forth in the flow
stream for average measurement
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High Pressure Tap Low Pressure Tap
Cross section
of Annubar
Blunt
Front
Sharp Edge
Blunt
Rear
H.P. L.P.
Fluid Flow
DP flowmeter
Averaging Pitot Tube (Annubar)
Include several measurement ports over the entire
diameter of the pipeline
more accurate flow measurement than the regular
pitot tube
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Advantages:
Can be inserted through a small opening.
Can sample the velocity at many points.
Low pressure drop, non-obstrusive.
Disadvantages:
Pitot traverse requires a technician, and is time-
consuming.
Pitot tube is fragile (not suited for industrial app.)
DP signal is low.
Accuracy depends on the velocity profile.
Easily plugged by foreign material in the fluid.
DP Flowmeter
Pitot Tube
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DP flowmeter
Wedge Flow Element
inserted in the process pipe
forms a wedged obstruction on the inner wall of
the pipe
usually used with remote seals for measuring
dirty fluids, slurries & fluids at high viscosity (low
R
D
) that tends to build up or clog orifice plates
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DP flowmeter
V-Cone
high accuracy
normally lab-calibrated
work equally well with short and long straight pipes
for customers who have limited room for straight
piping requirements
can be used with some dirty fluids
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Head Meter
Rotameter
Variable-area flowmeters
float inside the tapered tube rises in response to fluid flow rate
pressure is higher at the bottom than the top of the tapered tube
float rests where the dp between upper & lower surfaces of the
float balances the weight of the float
flowrate read direct from scale or electronically
commonly used for indication only
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Head Meter
Target Meter
A disc is centered in the pipe
with surface positioned at right
angle to the fluid flow.
Force of the fluid acting against
the target directly measures the
fluid flow rate.
Requires no external
connections, seals or purge
systems.
Useful for dirty or corrosive
fluids.
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Advantages:
Low cost
Easily installed and/or
replaced
No moving parts
Suitable for most gases
or liquids
Available in a wide
range of sizes and
models
Disadvantages:
Square-root head/flow
relationship
High permanent
pressure loss
Low accuracy
Flow rage normal 4:1
Accuracy affected by
wear and/or damage of
the flow primary element
especially with corrosive
fluids.
Head Meter
Target Meter
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As the conductive process liquid moves through the field with
average velocity V, the electrodes sense the induced voltage.
Faradays Law of electromagnetic
induction.
A voltage will be induced in a
conductor moving through a
magnetic field.
E = kBDV
E = magnitude of induced voltage
V = velocity of the conductor
D = width of the conductor
B = strength of the magnetic field
k = proportionality constant
Velocity Meter
Magnetic Flowmeter
Conductive
Process
Medium
Lining
Field Coils
Sensing
Electrodes
SST Tube
Flange
Magnetic Field B
(Constant Strength)
E
E
Variable Flow Rate
(Feet Per Second)
D
D
V
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Advantages:
Obstructionless flow
Unaffected by viscosity,
pressure, temperature
and density
Good accuracy
No RD constraints
Suitable for slurries and
corrosive, nonlubricating,
or abrasive liquids
Wide rangeability (30:1)
Disadvantages:
Liquid must be
electrically conductive
Not suitable for gases
Can be expensive,
particularly in small
sizes
Must be installed so that
the meter is always full
Velocity Meter
Magnetic Flowmeter
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An alternating voltage is produced as each blades cuts the
magnetic lines of flux. Each pulse represents a discrete volume
of liquid.
Consist of multi-blade rotors
supported by bearings and
enclosed in a pipe section.
perpendicular to fluid flow.
Fluid flow drives the rotor.
Rotor velocity is proportional to
overall volume flow rate.
Magnetic lines of flux created by a
magnetic coil outside the meter.
Velocity Meter
Turbine Meter
FLOW
Rotor Blades
Pickup Probe
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Advantages:
High accuracy
Rangeability 10:1
Very good repeatability
Low pressure drops
Can be used on high
viscosity fluids (but with
lower turndowns)
Disadvantages:
Moving parts subject to wear
Can be damaged by
overspeeding
High temperature,
overspeeding, corrosion,
abrasion and pressure transient
can shorten bearing life
Rather expensive
Filtration required in dirty fluids
Velocity Meter
Turbine Meter
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Velocity Meter
Vortex Flowmeter
Shedder Bar
Vortices
FLOW
Force on
Sensor
Sensor
Pivoting
Axis
Shedder
Bar
Vortex
Shedder
Force
FLOW
von karman effect (vortex
shedding)
As fluid pass a bluff body, it
separates and generates
small eddies/vortices that are
shed alternately along and
behind each side of the bluff
body.
This vortices cause areas of
fluctuating pressure that are
detected by a sensor.
The frequency of vortex
generation is directly
proportional to fluid velocity.

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Advantages:
Good accuracy
Usually wide flow range
Used with liquids, gases
and steam
Minimal maintenance (no
moving parts)
Good linearity over the
working range
Disadvantages:
Not suitable for abrasive or
dirty fluids
Straight upstream pipe
required equal to 30 times
pipe diameter or longer
Limited by low velocity (RD
< 10,000)
Velocity Meter
Vortex Flowmeter
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Velocity Meter
Ultrasonic Flowmeters
uses sound waves to determine flow rates of fluids.
Transit-Time Method
2 piezoelectric transducers mounted opposing, to focus
sound waves between them at 45 angle to the direction of
flow within a pipe. In a simultaneous measurement in the
opposite direction to fluid flow, a value (determined
electronically) is linearly proportional to the flow rate.
Receiver
Transmitter
FLOW
Upstream Transducer
Downstream Transducer
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Velocity Meter
Ultrasonic Flowmeters
uses sound waves to determine flow rates of fluids.
Doppler Effect Method
One of the 2 transducer mounted in the same case on one
side of the pipe transmits sound waves (constant
frequency) into the fluid. Solids or bubbles within the fluid
reflect the sound back to the receiver element. Frequency
difference is directly proportional to the flow velocity in the
pipe.
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Advantages:
Non-intrusive,
obstructionless
Wide rangeability (10:1)
Easy to install (especially
for clamp-on version)
Cost virtually
independent of pipe size
The flow measurement is
bi-directional
Disadvantages:
Maximum temperature 150C
Particular fluid conditions are
required (TOF-type: clean
liquids; Doppler-type: particles
or impurities in the stream)
Not very high accuracy (about
2%)
Doppler flowmeter clamp-on
type requires a pipe of
homogeneous material
(cement or fibreglass linings
must be avoided)
Velocity Meter
Ultrasonic Flowmeters
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Operating Principle
Uses a obsructionless U-shaped tube as a sensor
Applies Newtons 2nd Law of Motion to determine flow rate.
Force = mass x acceleration
The flow tube vibrates at its natural frequency by an
electromagnetic drive system.

Mass Meter
Coriolis Meter
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Coriolis Effect
Fluid flowing through the upward moving tube, pushes
downward against the tube.
Fluid flowing out through the downward moving tube,
pushes upward against the tube.
The combination of upward and downward resistive forces
causes the sensor tube to twist (coriolis effect).

Mass Meter
Coriolis Meter
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Mass Meter
Coriolis Meter
Signal Transmission
The amount the tube twist is proportional to the mass flow
rate of the fluid flowing through it.
Electromagnetic sensors located at each side of the tube
measures the respective velocity of the vibrating tube at
these points.
The sensor sends this information to the transmitter which
gives an output signal directly proportional to mass flow
rate.
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Advantages:
High accuracy: 0.25%
Relatively low pressure
drops
Suitable for liquid and
gas flow
Easy to install
Flow range (10:1)
Disadvantages:
Expensive
Mounting is critical (no
vibration)
Heat-tracing is required
in some applications
Mass Meter
Coriolis Meter
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Works on the principle of heat transfer by the fluid flow
Made up o 3 elements arranged along the direction of motion.
high accurate temperature sensor at upstream
an electrical heater in between
high accurate temperature sensor at downstream
The difference between the two temperature readings is
proportional to the mass flow rate. (if the thermal properties of
the fluid being metered are constant and known).
Mass Meter
Thermal Meter
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Advantages:
No moving parts
Suitable for large size
pipe (insertion type)
Good rangeability (50:1)
Accuracy: 1% FS
Low permanent pressure
losses
Disadvantages:
Meter sensitive to fluid heat
conductivity, viscosity, and
specific heat
Mostly gas service (only rare
liquid service)
Specific heat of the fluid
must be known and constant
i.e. the gas must have a
constant composition
Proper operation requires no
heat losses due to
conductive exchanges
though the pipe walls
Mass Meter
Thermal Meter
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An example of positive displacement meter
Two meshing oval gears rotate as fluid flows through them
Gears trap a known quantity of fluid as they rotate
Each complete revolution of both the gears = 4 * amount of
fluid that fills the space between the gear and the meter
body
volumetric flow rate is directly proportional to the rotational
velocity of the gears
Displacement flowmeter
Oval Gear Meter
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Meter


DP/Orifice

MV/Orifice

MV/Annubar

Magmeter

Vortex

Coriolis

Turbine
Fluids


Liquid,Gas,steam

Liquid,Gas,steam

Liquid,Gas,steam

Conductive Fluids

Liquid,Gas,steam

All

Liquid,Gas,steam
Dirty
Fluids

No

No

Some

Yes

Some

Yes

No
Viscosity


Low-Medium

Low-Medium

Low

Any

Low-Medium

Any

Low-Medium
Pipe
Size

0.5 - 40in

0.5 - 40in

0.5 - 72+in

0.2 - 36in

0.5 - 8in

0.5 - 6in

0.5 - 24in
Maximum
Pressure

6000psig

6000psig

6000psig

1400psig

1400psig

4000psig

6000psig
Maximum
Temp.







175C



200C

200C
Pressure
Loss

Medium-High

Medium-High

Low

Very Low

Low

High*

High
Rosemount flow products
Summary Table
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Exercise
1. Which of the following would generally provide the best turndown ?
(A) DP - Orifice Plate (C) Magnetic Flowmeter
(B) V.A.Meter (D) Turbine Meter

Which of the following directly measures mass flow rate, and which
volume flow rate. Indicate M or V
2. Magnetic Flowmeter [ ]
3. Vortex Meter [ ]
4. Coriolis Meter [ ]
5. Non-compensated DP Flowmeter [ ]
6. Fully-compensated DP Flowmeter [ ]
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7. The following flowmeters all create some pressure loss. Number
them in order, beginning with that which create the least loss.
(A) Venturi tube [ ]
(B) Positive displacement meter [ ]
(C) Magnetic flowmeter [ ]
(D) Vortex Meter [ ]
(E) Annubar [ ]
(F) Orifice plate [ ]

Exercise