Professional Documents
Culture Documents
By Premanand Lotlikar
Agenda
Layered Tasks OSI Model Layers in the OSI Model TCP/IP protocol suite Addressing
Layered Tasks
Sending a letter
OSI Model
OSI Model
Is a set of protocols that allows any two different systems to communicate regardless of their underlying architecture It is NOT a protocol; It is a model for:
Understanding
Layered Architecture
OSI model composed of 7 layers Related functions collected into discrete groups (layers) Each layer has functions distinct from others Allows complete interoperability between incompatible systems
Peer-to-Peer Processes
Information moves down in the sending device and moves up in the receiving device Interface defines the information and services a layer must provide
Physical Layer
Functions required to carry bit stream over physical medium Deals with mechanical and electrical specifications of the interface and transmission medium
Physical Layer
characteristics of interface and medium Representation of bits (how 0 & 1 changes to signals) Data rate Synchronization of bits Line configuration (P2P, Multipoint) Physical Topology Transmission mode (simplex, half-duplex, fullduplex)
Transform physical layer into a reliable link Makes the physical layer appear error-free to the upper layer
Framing Physical addressing (address of sender/receiver) Flow control Error control Access control (which device has control over the link)
Hop-to-Hop Delivery
Network Layer
Routing
Source-to-Destination delivery
Transport Layer
Responsible for process-to-process delivery of the entire message Ensures that the entire message arrives intact and in order
Transport Layer
Service-point addressing
Port address NL gets each packet to the correct computer; TL gets the entire message to the correct process
Connection control
Flow control (end2end; rather than single link) Error control (end2end; rather than single link)
Transport Layer
Session Layer
It is the network dialog controller Establishes, maintains and synchronizes interaction among communicating systems
Session Layer
Dialog control
Half-duplex
or Full-duplex
Synchronization
Transfer
of 1000 pages Sensible to keep a check after every 100 pages If 523 page fails, retransmitting only 500th page onwards and not all the pages from 1 onwards
Presentation Layer
Presentation Layer
Application Layer
Enables user to access the network Provide user interfaces and support for services like email, DBMS, remote file etc
Application Layer
Network Virtual Terminal (remote logon) File transfer, access and management Mail services Directory services
Summary of layers
Was developed prior to OSI model Original suite was defined as having 4 layers:
Host-to-Network,
Protocols
not define any specific protocol Supports all standard and proprietary protocols
Network Layer
Internetworking
RARP
ICMP IGMP
IP Protocols
connectionless protocol Best-effort delivery: no error checking or tracking Data packets are called Data grams Data grams can be out of sequence or duplicated IP keeps NO track of routes and no facility for reordering
IP Protocols
Protocols
Transport Layer:
Represented
by TCP and UDP Responsible for delivery of a message from one process to another User Datagram Protocol (UDP):
Adds
Transmission
Reliable
Addressing
Addressing
Specific
Physical Addresses
Address of the node as defined by the LAN/WAN It is included in the frame used by data link layer Lowest level address
07:01:02:01:2C:4B
A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address.
Logical Addresses
Necessary for universal communication; independent of underlying physical network Logical addresses are for unique identity irrespective of the underlying physical network Currently logical address in the Internet is 32bit No two publicly addressed and visible hosts on the Internet can have the same IP address
IP addresses
Port Addresses
Recap
Q) The Internet model include: A) physical, data link, network, transport, and application layers Q) The transport layer is responsible for A) process-to-process delivery of the entire Q) The network layer oversees A) host-to-host delivery of individual packets Q) Processes on two or more devices communicating at a same layer are called: A) Peer-to-peer processes