Teknik Penelitian dan Penulisan untuk Jurnal dan Prosiding

Oleh:

Nazori Agani

Disampaikan pada kuliah umum mahasiswa Pasca Sarjana Magister Ilmu Komputer Jakarta, 10 Maret 2012

MATERI PENELITIAN BIDANG TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI DAN KOMUNIKASI

Sistem Telekomunikasi Sistem Kontrol & Robotik Instrumentasi Computer Visi & Image Processing (Similarity, Texture, Edge Detection, Shape, Pengolahan Citra Digital, Representasi Objek 3D) Pattern Recognition (Pengenalan Pola) Voice Recognition (Pengenalan Suara) Sistem Jaringan Rekayasa Sistem Informasi

PENGERTIAN
1. Penelitian merupakan salah satu tugas pokok sivitas akademika Universitas Budi Luhur dalam melaksanakan Tridarma Perguruan Tinggi. 2. Penelitian adalah kegiatan dalam upaya menghasilkan pengetahuan empirik, teori, konsep, metode, model atau informasi baru yang memperkaya dan mengembangkan ilmu pengetahuan, teknologi dan/atau kesenian.
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Penelitian tidak sekedar:

- Menguji (test) peralatan elektronik, software dan hardware - Mengaplikasikan, mendesain peralatan yang sudah ada - Menuliskan teori2 berdasarkan observasi kualitatif hasil wawancara saja Penelitian yang dimaksud adalah mendesain, membangun, algoritma ataupun prototype yang baru dan mempunyai kontribusi ilmiah dibidang ICT

Penulisan Artikel Ilmiah

Tujuan menulis artikel ilmiah adalah untuk menuangkan pemikiran kita ke khalayak akademik lebih luas melalui media jurnal yang sesuai dengan disiplin ilmunya baik lingkup nasional maupun internasional. Artikel ilmiah selayaknya ditulis berdasarkan hasil penelitian lapangan sehingga memuat informasi-informasi dan fakta-fakta empirik yang akurat, mutakhir dan komprehensif dengan metodologi yang jelas. Laporan penelitian saja tidak cukup, karena sering kali hanya dibaca oleh pemberi dana dalam lingkungan terbatas.

Artikel ilmiah dipaparkan secara singkat, rinci, logis, sistematis, padat, dan komprehensif (namun tidak bertele-tele), dengan menggunakan bahasa Indonesia (asing) yang sesuai dengan aturan main yang berlaku di dunia akademik. sehingga pembahasan dan analisisnya dapat dipahami dengan jelas dan tepat. Dengan artikel ilmiah hasil penelitian menjadi lebih enak dibaca, dicerna dan dipahami karena telah melalui proses penyempurnaan penulisan dan penyuntingan ulang (pembahasan dan analisis termasuk materi, data, bahasa, dsb.)

Menulis artikel ilmiah memerlukan persiapan lebih matang, lebih cermat, lebih teliti, dan latihan berkelanjutan. Menulis artikel ilmiah memerlukan juga kesungguhan, keberanian dan kepercayaan diri yang tinggi. Yang tidak kalah pentingnya menulis artikel ilmiah harus dilakukan sebagai suatu kewajiban yang menyenangkan dan mengasyikkan, bukan karena keterpaksaan.

Konstribusi
Syarat yang harus dipenuhi dalam penulisan adalah adanya konstribusi yang belum pernah dipublikasikan Konstribusi fokus pada beberapa aspek: Metode baru (Inovativ praktis) Tinjauan kritis terhadap suatu subjek (topik) Hasil riset terkini Membandingkan hasil penelitian sebelumnya (yang terakhir)

Contoh konstribusi

The original contribution of this research is in the development of a method for identifying myocardial tissue using texture analysis applied onto echocardiography image. Much research work has been done on texture analysis for defect detection or similarity measured problem. Most of them used texture samples obtained from good quality and standard image size such as: textile, paper, steel, rock and wood inspection. The proposed technique in this research performed texture analysis based on poor quality images. The proposed method is a hybrid between wavelet extension transform and gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM). The developed algorithm has been trained and tested with image data of size 16x16 pixels.
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..................................................................................... The problem of font recognition on a single unknown Chinese character, which can provide greater flexibility, has arisen in order to deal with these situations. Our previous paper [5] used stroke property features and stroke distribution features to recognize the font, the only paper to date that presents a solution to this problem, but the recognition rate was only 69.7 percent. In this paper, a new algorithm is proposed for font recognition that can recognize the font of a single unknown Chinese character effectively...........

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Masalah pengenalan font yang tidak dikenal pada karakter cina, yang dapat memberikan fleksibilitas yang lebih besar, telah muncul untuk menangani masalah ini. Paper sebelumnya [5] digunakan stroke properti fitur dan stroke distribusi fitur untuk mengenali font, satu-satunya paper yang menyajikan solusi untuk masalah ini, tetapi tingkat ketelitian adalah hanya 69,7 persen. Dalam makalah ini, algoritma baru yang diusulkan untuk pengakuan font yang dapat mengenali font satu karakter Cina yang tidak diketahui secara efektif.

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Kerangka penulisan
Jumlah halaman dalam paper biasanya antara 5 sampai 20 halaman

Abstrak, skala nasional biasanya diminta dalam dua bahasa (Indonesia dan Inggeris) Introduction (Pendahuluan) Related Work Methodology (Metodelogi) Application

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Experimental Result (Hasil Penelitian) Comparison (Perbandingan dengan penelitian sebelumnya) Conclusions (Kesimpulan) References (Daftar pustaka)

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Judul
informatif lengkap tidak terlalu panjang atau terlalu pendek (5-15 kata) memuat variabel-variabel yang diteliti

Nama Penulis
Tanpa disertai gelar akademik Nama lembaga ditulis di catatan kaki di halaman pertama Disertai alamat untuk korespondensi

Sponsor
di catatan kaki pada halaman pertama di catatan akhir sebelum daftar rujukan.
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APPLICATION OF TEXTURE ANALYSIS IN ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IMAGES FOR MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION TISSUE Nazori Agani1, S.A.R. Abu-Bakar2, and Sheikh Hussain Sheikh Salleh3 1Department of Electrical Engineering Universitas Budi Luhur Jl. Raya Ciledug, Jakarta Selatan, Indonesia (12260) Telp. (021)5853753, Fax.(021)5853752 nazori@bl.ac.id 2,3Department of Electrical Engineering Univeriti Teknologi Malaysia 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia syed@fke.utm.my, hussain@fke.utm.my
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Abstrak dan Kata Kunci Ringkas dan padat tentang ide-ide yang paling penting (antara 200-250 kata atau halaman) Memuat: masalah dan/atau tujuan penelitian prosedur penelitian ringkasan hasil penelitian Hasil yang telah dicapai Kata kunci memuat kata-kata pokok Jumlah kata kunci sekitar 3-5 Kata kunci diperlukan untuk komputerisasi sistem informasi ilmiah
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Contoh Abstrak

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Pendahuluan
Biasanya tidak diberi judul (paling banyak 2 halaman) Memuat: latar belakang atau rasional penelitian landasan teori (kajian pustaka) memaparkan beberapa hasil kajian yang terdahulu, kelemahannya keunggulan dari hasil riset yang kita lakukan rencana pemecahan masalah yang diusulkan rumusan tujuan penelitian

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Contoh latar belakang (aplikasi dari riset secara umum)

. Textures provide important role for automatic visual inspection. Their analysis is fundamental to many applications such as industrial monitoring of product quality control, remote sensing of earth resources, and medical diagnosis with computer tomography. Much research work has been done on texture analysis, such as classification, compression, retrieval and segmentation for the last three decades. Despite the effort, texture analysis is still considered an interesting but difficult problem in image processing.

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Contoh previous work (kajian pustaka) Mojssilovi et al. [5] designed wavelet extension transform only and calculated the energy from four sub-bands (LL, HL, HH, and LH) for extracting the feature vector. Nekovic et al. [6] also presented wavelet extension transform only and calculated the energy from sub-band vertical edge (LH) for extracting the feature vector. Kim et al. [7] presented traditional wavelet transform in extracting the feature vector and compared with using the gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) technique. Agani et al. [8] presented wavelet extension transform and GLCM for diagnosis of myocardial tissue and single frame image only of every patient was used as sample data.

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Contoh usulan rencana riset yang akan dilakukan

.. This research proposed wavelet extension transform with gray level cooccurrence matrix for identifying myocardial infarction from echocardiography images and compare with using wavelet extension based on energy. 8 frames images of every patient have been used as sample data for testing the accuracy of the developed algorithm
Contoh objectives The objective of this research is aimed at the problem of myocardial infarction with texture analysis techniques. There are two main objectives in this research: The first objective is to design and develop an algorithm for identifying myocardial infarction tissue using texture analysis technique. The second objective is to evaluate the relationship between the infarcted myocardial by the use of quantitative analysis of 2dimensional echocardiographic images using texture analysis techniques. ..
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Metodelogi

Memaparkan teori dasar yang dipakai pada penelitian yang mencakup

Desain penelitian Formulasi yang digunakan Populasi & Sampel/Sumber data Bagaimana data dikumpulkan Bagaimana data dianalisis Prosedur penelitian
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Desain penelitian

Dapat berupa gambaran umum dari metode yang dipakai:

input Proses output

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Contoh desain penelitian

.. contrast and inverse difference moment for each sub-bands (ii) The detection part (texture classification) which is a mahalanobis distance classifier being trained by defect free samples (see Figure 2). Input image Wavelet extension analysis

GLCM

Feature extraction

Texture classification Image classification

Figure 2 General flow process in identifying an echocardiography image

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Hasil Penelitian

Biasanya diawali dengan perangkat yang kita gunakan misalnya: software, hardware, dll..
contoh: The algorithms were developed and tested using MATLAB 7.0 release 14 along with Image Processing Toolbox, and Wavelet Toolbox [15]. As for hardware, Intel Pentium IV CPU 1.60 GHz, with 256 Mega-byte RAM and 20 Giga-byte capacity of hard disk were used. The echocardiography equipment used was the HP SONOS 5500 Imaging system.

Pengambilan Sampel data (Data acquisition) Tabel hasil dari penelitian lengkap dengan akurasi dalam prosentase Tabel hasil penelitian sebelumnya (terakhir) dibandingkan dengan hasil penelitian yang dirancang
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Contoh Pengambilan Sampel data (Data acquisition) ..infarcted area. Sample data were taken by supervised technician in cooperation with experienced echocardiographers. The experiments (training and testing phases) involved 17 patients. For each image to be analyzed, ..

Frame grabber

Figure 6 Block diagram of the data acquisition

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Membandingkan dengan hasil penelitian sebelumnya

Tujuan dari sub ini adalah: a. untuk membandingkan hasil. perbandingan dilakukan terutama dari hasil penelitian yang dilaporkan dalam jurnal internasional b. mencari dukungan untuk temuan anda sendiri. C. Disajikan dalam bentuk numerik atau/dan tabel
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Contoh membandingkan hasil dari riset terdahulu 4.2 Comparison with Wavelet Extension Based on Energy The performance of the proposed method was compared to that energy base of wavelet image extension transform based on energy [5]. For this comparison texture measure as input data were similar to that of the proposed method. The result for wavelet extension based on energy technique is presented in Table 2, the threshold value, for this method is 14.00. It can be seen that the classification rate obtained using the wavelet extension based on energy technique is 81.62%, while the proposed method has achieved 91.32%. The highest performance rate for the wavelet extension based on energy reached 100% by patients Pi7, while the lowest performance rate is 50% (Pi1). In general, the proposed method has shown better results than the wavelet extension based on energy

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Kesimpulan dan Implikasi/Saran

memuat jawaban atas pertanyaan penelitian dalam bentuk substantif dalam bentuk esai, bukan dalam bentuk numerikal Memuat implikasi temuan penelitian dan/atau saran-saran yang mengacu kepada tindakan praktis, atau pengembangan teoretis, dan penelitian lanjutan.

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Contoh:
5.0 CONCLUSIONS The combinations of the wavelet extension transform features with the gray level cooccurrence matrix have been proposed for application of texture analysis in echocardiography images. Its application is useful for a real world scene such as in biomedical field. The following conclusions can be drawn from our studies: (i) Algorithm for texture analysis has the advantage of identifying myocardial infarction from echocardiography as normal tissue and infarcted tissue. (ii) Wavelet extension and co-occurrence matrix procedure approach is an effective method for application in similarity evaluation of texture images.

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Daftar Pustaka (References)

Fungsi

sebagai bukti bahwa penulis mengetahui sumber bacaan. sebagai pendukung gagasan atau argumentasi. sebagai penjelas istilah-istilah kunci. untuk merumuskan kerangka teori. untuk menjelaskan posisi studi anda di antara studi-studi lain. untuk menunjukkan pentingnya hasil/temuan studi anda. untuk memberikan informasi bahwa pernyataan dalam karya ilmiah itu bukan hasil pemikiran penulis. untuk memberikan informasi selengkapnya tentang sumber kutipan.
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Daftar Pustaka (References) harus lengkap sesuai dengan rujukan dalam teks tatacara penulisan daftar rujukan mengikuti gaya yang berlaku di jurnal yang bersangkutan.
Contoh: [7] Kim, N. D., V. Amin, D. Wilson, G. Rouse, and S. Udpa. 1998. Ultrasound Image Texture Analysis for Characterizing Intramuscular Fat Content of Live Beef Cattle. Ultrasonic Imaging. 20: 191-205. [8] Agani, N., S. A. R. Abu-Bakar, and S. H. Sheikh Salleh. 2005. Texture Analysis of Echocardiography Images for Diagnosis of Myocardial Tissue. International Conference on Instrumentation, Communication and Information Technology. Bandung, Indonesia. [9] Mallat, S. G. 1989. Multifrequency Channel Decomposition of Images and Wavelet Models. IEEE Transaction on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing. 37(12): 2091-2110.
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Teknik Penulisan Daftar Pustaka Berdasarkan Nara Sumber

Standard Journal Articles: Jensen, M. S., S. K. Jensen and K. Jakobsen. 1997. Development of digestive enzymes in pig with emphasis on lipolytic activity in the stomach and pancreas. J. Anim. Sci. 75:437-445. Jin, C. F., J. H. Kim, H. K. Moon, W. T. Cho, Y. K. Han and I. K. Han. 1998a. Effects of various carbohydrate sources on the growth performance and nutrient utilization in pigs weaned at 21 days of age. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 11:285-292. Jin, C. F., J. H. Kim, I. K. Han, H. J. Jung and C. H. Kwon. 1998b. Effects of various fat sources and lecithin on the growth performance and nutrient utilization in pigs weaned at 21 days of age. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 11:176-184.

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Journal Article with a Subtitle: Ackerson, R. C. 1981. Osmoregulation in cotton in response to water stress: 1. Alterations in photosynthesis, translocation and ultrastructure. Plant. Physiol. 67:484-488. Abstracts and Supplements: Mahan, D. C., E. M. Weaver and L. E. Russell. 1996. Improved postweaning pig performance by adding NaCl or HCl to diets containg animal plasma. J. Anim. Sci. 74(Suppl. 1):58(Abstr.). Smith, J. W., M. D. Tokach, R. D. Goodband, J. L. Nelssen, W. B. Nessmith, K. Q. Owen and B. T. Richert. 1995. The effect of increasing zinc oxide supplementation on starter pig growth performance. J. Anim. Sci. 73(Suppl. 1):72(Abstr.)

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Journal Article Accepted but not yet Published Li, D. F., J. L. Nelssen, P. G. Reddy, F. Bleccha, R. D. Klemm, D. W. Giesting, J. D. Hancock, G. L. Allee and R. D. Goodband. 1999. Measuring suitability of soybean products for early-weaned pigs with immunological criteria. J. Anim. Sci. (In press). Standard Book: AOAC. 1990. Official Methods of Analysis. 15th edn. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, Virginia. National Research Council. 1998. Nutrient Requirements of Swine. 10th Edn. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. SAS Institute Inc. 1989. SAS/STAT Users Guide: Version 6. 4th edn. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, North Carolina. Snedecor, G. W. And W. C. Cochran. 1989. Statistical Methods. 8th edn. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa.

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Chapter in an Edited Book: Cranwell, P. D. and P. J. Moughan. 1989. Biological limitations imposed by the digestive system to the growth performance of weaner pigs. In: Manipulating Pig Production II (Ed. J. L. Barnett and D. P. Hennessy). Australasian Pig Science Association, Werribee, Australia. Pp. 140-159. Mayes, P. A. 1990. Digestion and absoption. In: harpers Biochemistry, 22nd Ed. (Ed. R. K. Murray, D. K. Granner, P. A. Mayes and V. W. Rodwell). Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, Conneticut. Pp. 580-590. Thesis: Thacker, P. A. 1981. Effects of Dietary Propionate on Lipid Metabolism in Growing Swine. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta. Trottier, N. L. 1995. Protein Metabolism for the Lactating Sow. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.
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Conference Proceedings: Goodband, R. D., M. D. Tokach, S. S. Dritz and J. L. Nelssen. 1995. Practical nutrition for the segregated early weaned pig. In: Proceedings of the 1995 Saskatchewan Pork Industry Symposium, Sakatoon, Sakatchewan. Pp. 15-22. Research Reports etc.: Lutz, T. L. and T. S. Stahly. 1996. Dietary folic acid needs of high lean growth pigs. Iowa State University 1997 Swine Research Report. Pp. 4-6. Unpublished Memos, Letters, Personal Communications (Cited in Text Only/Dikutip hanya dalam teks) (L. G. Campbell, pers. Comm.., University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK). (A. J. Smith, unpul. Data).

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Sumber rujukan

A.Latief Wiyata (2008), Pendahuluan Pendekatan dan Metodelogi Urip Santoso, Teknik Penulisan Karya Ilmiah Ali Saukah, Langkah langkah Penulisan Artikel Ilmiah Agani, N., S. A. R. Abu-Bakar, and S. H. Sheikh Salleh. 2005. Application of Texture Analysis in Echocardiography Images for Myocardial Infarction Tissue. Jurnal Teknologi, 46(D):61-76

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