STUDIES ON TREATMENT OF WASTE WATER BY PHYTOREMEDATION PROCESS

What is the Problem & Solution What is the Phytoremadation Importance of Plant to reduce pollution Technical terms of Phytoremadation Advantage/Disadvantage of Phytoremadation Water pollution and Phytoremadation Plants for Phytoremadation Why Duckweed ? Labortory setup Result Conclusion

PROLEM OF CONTAMINATION
I. Introduction A. Definition of the Problem: Toxic wastes in the form of poisonous organics and pathogens, heavy metals, radioisotopes, and even explosives found in soils impose a serious threat to human health and disrupt existing ecosystems.

Proposed Solution(s)
Remediation through removal (and/or relocation), neutralization, or dilution of toxic substances using industrial or biological systems . a) Industrial collection/extraction/neutralization EXPENSIVE

b) Bioremediation - LESS EXPENSIVE

1) Use of bacteria and other microbes 2) Use of fungi 3) Use

of plants - PHYTOREMEDIATION

Definition of Phytoremediation:
The use of plants to remediate contamination of soil with organic or inorganic wastes.

Technology that use plants to clean up contaminated sites.

systems for remediation and restoration.

Green technology that uses plants

II. Sources of Toxic Waste(s)

A. Sewage sludge from human, cattle, swine or

other waste (pathogens, heavy metals)

B. Toxic dump from industrial sites (poisonous

organics, heavy metals, radioisotopes, explosives)

C. Garbage processing (poisonous organics and

pathogens, heavy metals, radioisotopes, you name it!)

III. Types of Toxic Waste(s)

A. Pathogens: Animal diseases that persist in the soil B. Poisonous organics: Herbicides and insecticides C. Heavy metals: Cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, manganese, nickel, tin D. Radioisotopes: Uranium E. Explosives: TNT

IV. Types of Organisms used in Bioremediation

A. Bacteria: Arthrobacter sp.,

Flavobacterium sp., Pseudomonas cepacia (for poisonous organics); Thiobacillus ferrooxidans (for recovery of uranium by leaching); Acinetobacter, Bacillus,Bradyrhizobium, Flavobacterium, Mycobacterium (for heavy metal accumulation)

B. Fungi: Hebeloma cylindrosporum,

Penicillium asperum, Rhizopus stolonifer, Suillus bellini, Trichoderma viride (for poisonous organics)

PHYTOREMADATION

C. Plants:

Barley (Hordeum

vulgare), Corn (Zea mays), Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne), Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris), Wheat (Triticum aestivum) - for heavy metals and other(s) , DUCKWEED(Lemna)

V. Types of Phytoremediation

METAL
PHYTOEXTRACTION

ORGANIC
PHYTODEGRADATION

METAL RHIZOFILTRATION

METAL RHIZODEGRADATION

PHYTOSTABILIZATION

PHYTOVOLATILISATION

V. Types of Phytoremediation

A. Phytodecontamination (removes the

contaminant from the soil) 1. Phytoextraction: Absorption of the contaminant into the plant tissue and subsequent harvesting for destruction. 2. Phytovolatilization: Plants and their associated microbial activity help to increase the rate of volatilization of a contaminant from the soil. The volatilization occurs from plant shoots or roots, as well as from the soil surface.

 3. Phytodegradation: Plants take up the contaminant and metabolize it to an environmentally benign material. 4. Rhizo(sphere)degradation: Plant roots, their associated microflora and/or excretedproducts destroy the contaminant in the root zone.

B. Phytostabilization (sequesters the contaminant into the matrix)

1. Humification: Incorporation of the

contaminant into soil humus resulting in lower bioavailability.

2. Lignification: Toxic components become

irreversibly trapped in the plant cell wall constituents.

 3. Irreversible binding (soil sequestration):

Compounds become increasingly unavailable due to binding in the soil.

VI. Example of Phytoremediation:

"Plant Bioremediation of Heavy Metal-Contaminated Soil as a Treatment of Sewage Sludge."

What is the Problem & Solution What is the Phytoremadation Importance of Plant to reduce pollution Technical terms of Phytoremadation Advantage/Disadvantage of Phytoremadation Water pollution and Phytoremadation Plants for Phytoremadation Why Duckweed ? Labortory setup Result Conclusion

HJDHSGHJ
SCDDS

 NMNB

As evident from Table , total suspended solids (TSS) values decreased by increasing treatment periods, reaching minimum concentration of 14 mg L-1 after 8 days (reduced by 96.3%). Data in Table revealed that total dissolved solids (TDS) recorded their minimum values of 545 mg L-1, after two days treatment (TDS reduced by 5.9%) and then values increased gradually to the end of the experiment reaching their maximum values of 637 mg L-1,

The dissolved oxygen values increased as temperatures values decreased, revealing that the more cooler the water the more dissolved oxygen it can hold.

Data recorded in Table showed that, values of pH were always alkaline and ranged between 7.25 as a minimum value recorded at zero days and 7.51 as maximum value obtained after six days treatment period. A 7.5 pH was found to be the most ideal for the successful establishment of a duckweed system and optimum pond performance. Duckweed grew well at pH 6 - 7.5 with outer limits of 4 and 8. it has observed that duckweed growth declines as the pH becomes more alkaline.
rv

The sewage temperature is one of the crucial design parameters of duckweed ponds. In the present experiment temperature ranged between 20.6oC and 29.4oC which was within temperature tolerance limit for duckweed growth the upper temperature tolerance limit for duckweed growth was around 34oC. Duckweed cold tolerance allows it to be used for yearround wastewater treatment in areas where tropical macro phytes, such as water hyacinths, can only grow in summer.

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), showed a gradual removal by prolonged treatment periods

After 8 days. showed that calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl) reached their minimum concentrations of 78, 72, 68.85 and 156.9 mg L-1, respectively after two days, with a reduction percentage of 35%, 42%, 1.2% and 20.7%, respectively and then their values returned to increase gradually till the end of the experiment.