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Advance Social Psychology A Report by: Miss Crisavil C.

Catubay

RELATIONSHIP
A state of connectedness between people (especially an emotional connection) A state involving mutual dealings between people or parties or countries (anthropology) relatedness or connection by blood or marriage or adoption

Relationship Development
Knapp's Relationship Escalation Model

Initiation

This stage is very short, sometimes as short as 10-15 seconds. In this stage, interactants are concerned with making favorable impressions on each other. They may use standard greetings or observe each other's appearance or mannerisms.

Experimenting

In the next stage, individuals ask questions of each other in order to gain information about them and decide if they wish to continue the relationship. "Many relationships progress no further than this point"

Intensifying

Self-disclosure becomes more common in the intensifying stage. The relationship becomes less formal, the interactants begin to see each other as individuals, and statements are made about the level of commitment each has to the relationship. The individuals become a pair in the integrating stage. They begin to do things together and, importantly, others come to see them as a pair. A shared relational identity starts to form in this stage.

Integrating

Bonding

During the bonding stage, a formal, sometimes legal, announcement of the relationship is made. Examples include a marriage, "best friend" ritual, or business partnership agreement. Few relationships reach this level.

Relationship Development
Knapp's Relationship Termination Model

Differentiating

In this stage, partners begin to stress the "me" instead of the "we." In other words, the individuals begin to assert their independence. They may develop different hobbies or activities. The relationship may continue to dissolve, or this stage may be a warning sign that the couple needs to address their relationship status.

Circumscribing

Communication between the couple diminishes during this stage. They tend to avoid certain topics of discussion. Outwardly, the couple appears normal. At this stage, attempts can be made to discuss the relationship and return it to a positive state. During the stagnating stage, the individuals avoid discussing the relationship because they think they know what the other will say. Others begin to take notice that something is wrong.

Stagnating

Avoiding

The pair begins to physically separate themselves during the avoiding stage. The individuals try to reduce the opportunities for discussion.
This is the final stage of the relationship. Termination may come naturally, such as at the end of the semester when roommates move out, or arbitrarily, through divorce. Termination of the relationship can occur positively or negatively.

Terminating

Sociological/Incidental Cues

Duck's Relationship Filtering Model

Duck's model is a set of filters through which we make choices about the level of relationship we wish to pursue with others. The first filter, socioligical/incidental cues, describes the constraints placed on our meeting people due to where we live or work. In other words, given our sociological location, there are some people we see a lot of and others we never meet.

Preinteraction Cues

Information we gain about people before we even interact with them leads us to exclude or include individuals with whom we wish to have a relationship. For instance, the appearance of some individuals will cause you to avoid or approach them. As we begin to interact with others, we make judgments about whether to include or exclude them from possible relationships. At the deepest level, we make judgments about people based on their personality and the degree to which we think it will match ours. As others reach this level, we consider them "best friends."

Interaction Cues

Cognitive Cues

Social exchange theory

proposes that social behavior is the result of an exchange process. The purpose of this exchange is to maximize benefits and minimize costs. According to this theory, people weigh the potential benefits and risks of social relationships. When the risks outweigh the rewards, people will terminate or abandon that relationship. Costs involves things that are seen as negatives to the individual such as having to put money, time and effort into a relationship. The benefits are thing things that the individual gets out the relationship such as fun, friendship, companionship and social support.

Social Exchange Theory: The Maker and Breaker of Relationships


French philosopher Albert Camus stated, Dont walk in front of me, I may not follow. Dont walk behind me, I may not lead. Just walk beside me and be my friend. However, as we all know, it is not easy to keep pace with friends forever.

TYPES OF RELATIONSHIPS

PARENT-CHILD RELATIONSHIP

Parents-Child Relationship

consists of a combination of behaviors, feelings, and expectations that are unique to a particular parent and a particular child. The relationship involves the full extent of a child's development.

Characteristics of the Parent

Parental self-confidence is an important indicator of parental competence. Mothers who believe that they are effective parents are more competent than mothers who feel incompetent. Also, mothers who see themselves as effective also tend to believe their infants as less difficult to handle. Parental age and previous experience are also important.

Characteristics of the Child


Characteristics that may affect the parent-child relationship in a family include the child's physical appearance, sex, and temperament. At birth, the infant's physical appearance may not meet the parent's expectations, or the infant may resemble a disliked relative. As a result, the parent may subconsciously reject the child. If the Children who are loved thrive better than those who are not. Either parent or a nonparent caregiver may serve as the primary caregiver or form the primary parent-child love relationship.

In some countries, childrearing is considered protective nurturing. Children are not rushed into new experiences like toilet training or being in school. In other countries, children are commonly treated in a harsh, strict manner, using shame or corporal punishment for discipline. In other countries, children are expected to enter the adult world of work when they are still quite young: girls assume domestic responsibilities, and boys do outside farm work. In addition, in Asian cultures, parents understand an infant's personality in part in terms of the child's year and time of birth.

Cultural Impact

Impact of Birth Order


The position of a child in the family, whether a firstborn, a middle child, the youngest, an only child, or one within a large family, has some bearing on the child's growth and development.

An only child or the oldest child in a family excels in language development because conversations are mainly with adults.

Infancy
As babies are cared for by their parents, both parties develop understandings of the other. Gradually, babies begin to expect that their parent will care for them when they cry. Gradually, parents respond to and even anticipate their baby's needs. This exchange and familiarity create the basis for a developing relationship.
PARENT-INFANT ATTACHMENT. One of the most important aspects of infant psychosocial development is the infant's attachment to parents. Attachment is a sense of belonging to or connection with a particular other. This significant bond between infant and parent is critical to the infant's survival and development. Started immediately after birth, attachment is strengthened by mutually satisfying interaction between the parents and the infant throughout the first months of life, called bonding. By the end of the first year, most infants have formed an attachment relationship, usually with the primary caretaker. By six to seven months, strong feelings of attachment enable the infant to distinguish between caregivers and strangers. The infant displays an obvious preference for parents over other caregivers and other unfamiliar people. The quality of the infant's attachment predicts later development. Youngsters who emerge from infancy with a secure attachment stand a better chance of developing happy and healthy relationships with others. The attachment relationship not only forms the emotional basis for the continued development of the parent-child relationship, but can serve as a foundation for future social connections.

Toddlerhood
As youngsters begin to talk and become more mobile during the second and third years of life, however, parents usually try to shape their child's social behavior. In essence, parents become teachers as well as nurturers, providers of guidance as well as affection.
Socialization is an important part of the parent-child relationship. It includes various child-rearing practices, for example weaning, toilet training, and discipline. Dimensions of the parent-child relationship are linked to the child's psychological development, specifically how responsive the parents are, and how demanding they are. Responsive parents are warm and accepting toward their children, enjoying them and trying to see things from their perspective. In contrast, nonresponsive parents are aloof, rejecting, or critical

Children's healthy psychological development is facilitated when the parents are both responsive and moderately demanding.

During toddlerhood, children often begin to assert their need for autonomy by challenging their parents

Preschool

Various parenting styles evolve during the preschool years. Preschoolers with authoritative parents are curious about new experiences, focused and skilled at play, self-reliant, self-controlled, and cheerful.

School Age

During the elementary school years, the child becomes increasingly interested in peers, but this is not be a sign of disinterest in the parent-child relationship. Children whose parents are both responsive and demanding continue to thrive psychologically and socially during the middle childhood years. During the school years, the parent-child relationship continues to be influenced by the child and the parents.

Parenting Styles
authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive (indulgent), and detached. Although no parent is consistent in all situations, parents do follow some general tendencies in their approach to childrearing, and it is possible to describe a parent-child relationship by the prevailing style of parenting. Parenting style is shaped by the parent's developmental history, education, and personality; the child's behavior; and the immediate and broader context of the parent's life. Also, the parent's behavior is influenced by the parent's work, the parents' marriage, family finances, and other conditions likely to affect the parent's behavior and psychological well-being.

Adolescence

As the child enters adolescence, biological, cognitive, and emotional changes transform the parent-child relationship. The child's urges for independence may challenge parents' authority. Many parents find early adolescence a difficult period. Adolescents fare best and their parents are happiest when parents can be both encouraging and accepting of the child's needs for more psychological independence. . Authoritative parenting that combines warmth and firmness has the most positive impact on the youngster's development. Adolescents who have been reared authoritatively continue to show more success in school, better psychological development, and fewer behavior problems. Adolescence may be a time of heightened bickering and diminished closeness in the parent-child relationship, but most disagreements between parents and young teenagers are over less important matters, and most teenagers and parents agree on the essentials. By late adolescence most children report feeling as close to their parents as they did during elementary school.

FRIENDSHIP

Friendship
is a relationship between two people who hold mutual affection for each other. Ancient Greece Friendship was a topic of moral philosophy which was greatly discussed by Plato, Aristotle, and Stoics. Openness in friendship was seen as an enlargement of the self; Aristotle wrote, "The excellent person is related to his friend in the same way as he is related to himself, since a friend is another self; and therefore, just as his own being is choice-worthy him, the friend's being is choice-worthy for him in the same or a similar way

Friendship
Islam In Islamic culture, friendship, also known as companionship, is taken seriously and numerous important attributes of a worthwhile friend have emerged in Islamic media. These include, for both men ("brothers") and women ("sisters"): The notion of a righteous (or "Saalih") person, who can appropriately define between that which is "good" and that which is "evil", has appeared prominently; concordance with the perspectives and knowledge of other Islamic companions is considered to be important; forgiveness regarding mistakes and loyalty between friends is emphasized; and, a "love for the sake of Allah" is considered to be a relationship of the highest significance between two humans. Asia In Central Asia, male friendships tend to be reserved and respectful in nature. They may use nicknames and diminutive forms of their first names.

Friendship
Near East-Middle East It is believed that in some parts of the Near East-Middle East, friendship has been described as more demanding when compared with other cultures; friends are people who respect each other, regardless of shortcomings, and who will make personal sacrifices in order to assist another friend, without considering the experience an imposition. Many Arabian people perceive friendship in serious terms, and will deeply consider personal attributes such as social influence and the nature of a person's character before engaging in such a relationship. Germany Germans typically have very few friends, although friendships that do develop typically last a lifetime, as loyalty is held in high regard. Germans may appear aloof to people from other countries, as they tend to be cautious and keep their distance when it comes to meeting new people. The development from becoming an acquaintance to a friend can take several months.

In Russia, one typically accords very few people the status of "friend". These friendships, however, make up in intensity what they lack in number. Friends are entitled to call each other by their first names alone and a norm of polite behavior is addressing acquaintances by full first name.

Friendship Russia
United States

Americans also use the term friend very freely, referring to someone they have known for a few weeks as a friend. The rise of social networking websites, initially with friendster, followed by others like myspace and facebook, which popularized the concept of "Friend requests", also diluted the traditional meaning of "friend" due to the casual way that many users accept friend requests from people who they have met only once or none at all, whom, once the request is accepted, goes into the first person's "friend list

Acquaintance: not a true friendsharing of emotional ties is absent. An example would be a coworker with whom one enjoys eating lunch or having coffee, but would not look to for emotional support. Best friend (or close friend): A person someone shares extremely strong interpersonal ties with as a friend. Blood brother or blood sister: Either people related by birth, or a circle of friends who swear loyalty by mixing the blood of each member together; the latter carries the risk of transmitting infections such as HIV. Bro or Bruh: Slang used primarily in the USA, Australia, Canada and New Zealand by teenage and young adult men to describe a male close friend. Sis: Female equivalent of "bro".

Types of friendships

Buddy: In the USA, males and sometimes females often refer to each other as "buddies", for example, introducing a male friend as their "buddy", or a circle of male friends as "buddies". Casual relationship or "friends with benefits": A sexual or nearsexual, emotional relationship between two people who do not expect or demand to share a formal romantic relationship. Family friend: A friendship extended to family members of the friends. Close relation is developed in those societies where family ties are strong. This term is usually used in the Indian subcontinent. Comrade: Means "ally", "friend", or "colleague" in a military or political connotation. This is the feeling of affinity that draws people together in time of war or when people have a mutual enemy or even a common goal.

Types of friendships

Types of friendships
Frenemy: A portmanteau of the words fr(iend) and enemy, the term frenemy refers to someone who pretends to be a friend but actually is an enemy. This is also known as a lovehate relationship. Imaginary friend: a non-physical friend created by a child or even an adult. Sometimes they are human; other times, they are animals. Imaginary friends are also created for people desperate for social interaction but are isolated from contact with humans and pets. Internet relationship: a form of friendship or romance which takes place over the Internet. Some internet friendships evolve into real-life friendships. These friendships are also based on the thought that they may never meet in real life, they know each other for who they are instead of the mask they may use in real life. Mate: In the UK, Ireland, Australia, and New Zealand, blokes often refer to each other as "mates", for example, introducing a male friend as their "mate", or a circle of male friends as "mates". In the UK, as well as Australia, this term has begun to be taken up by women as well as men.

Types of friendships
Open relationship: a relationship, usually between two people, that agree each partner is free to have sexual intercourse with others outside the relationship. When this agreement is made between a married couple, it is called an "open marriage". Agentic friendship: a friendship in which both parties look toward each other for help in achieving practical goals in their personal and professional life. These types of friends value sharing time together, but only if there are no other priorities and the friend is actually available to help in the first place. Pen pal: people who have a relationship via postal correspondence. Now pen pals have been established into internet friendships with the use of chat or social networking sites. They may or may not have met each other in person and may share either love, friendship, or simply an association between each other. This type of correspondence was encouraged in many elementary school children; it was thought that an outside source of information or a different person's experience would help the child become more worldly.

Friendship development through childhood


At the early school age, friendships are based on the sharing of toys and objects and the enjoyment that is received from performing activities together. Friendships at this age are maintained through affection, sharing, and creative play time. Children are likely to share more with someone they consider to be a friend than with someone who is just a peer (New Newman, 2012).
As a child moves from early school age to middle childhood, they face the developmental task of friendship. At this stage in life, children become less individualized and more aware of others. They begin to see their friends point of view and have fun playing in groups of peers who have the same interests as them. They also experience peer rejection as they move through the middle childhood years.

2004) (Crosnoe, R., & Needham, B.,

The Study of Friendships in Adolescent Development

Friendships in adolescent development include positive influences on how they act, feel, and think, and also problematic aspects including negative peer pressure. . Findings revealed that adolescents were less likely to engage in problem behavior when their friends did well in school, participated in school activities, avoided drinking and had good mental health. Also, these positive characteristics are greater when done together within the social group.

Friendships in Adulthood

(Fowler) Just like adolescents, relationships with friends are important to older adults. Friends contribute to our satisfaction, give us a sense of belonging, competence, and self-worth.

Friendship involves: - Enjoyment - spending time doing things together and sharing life experiences. - Trust believing that our friends act on our behalf. - Respect and understanding believing that our friends have the right to their own opinions.
Men and women have the same number of friends, however, women are likely to confide more in friendships than men. Men tend to enjoy activities or discuss and practice special skills.

Quality of Friendship
Friendship is Life Enhancing (Helm, 2012). By engaging in activities with friends, pleasure and happiness are intensified. The quality of friendships relates to happiness because friendship provides a context where basic needs are satisfied (Demir, 2010). By experiencing a good quality of friendship, the individual is led to feel more comfortable with who they are as a person. Ultimately, good quality friendships connect with the meaning of life satisfaction. Higher friendship quality directly contributes to self-esteem, selfconfidence, and social development (Berndt, 2002).

Quality of Friendship: Two Dimensions

Friendship has two dimensions (Demir, 2007). The two dimension include: quality and conflict. The quality of friendship is important for a persons wellbeing and it contributes to the closeness of friends The second dimension is conflict, which connects with the quality of friendships. High quality friendships have great ways of resolving conflict which ultimately leads to a stronger and healthier relationship.

best for the other The tendency to desire what is

The value of friendship is often the result of friends consistently demonstrating the following:

Sympathy and empathy Honesty, even in situations where it may be difficult for others to speak the truth Mutual understanding and compassion; ability to go to each other for emotional support Enjoyment of each other's company Trust in one another Positive reciprocity equal give-and-take between the two parties The ability to be oneself, express one's feelings and make mistakes without fear of judgement.

INTIMATE OR ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIP

Intimate or Romantic Relationship

Romance is the expressive and pleasurable feeling from an emotional attraction to another person associated with love. In the context of romantic love relationships, romance usually implies an expression of ones strong romantic love, or ones deep and strong emotional desires to connect with another person personally.

Intimate or Romantic Relationship


INTIMACY - The exclusivity of the relationship. - Insider Information. - Private - Creates a special bond between two people; its like the superglue of relationship

Intimate or Romantic Relationship


When you are being romantic you are putting your love on display for the whole world to see. Its like standing on the mountaintop and shouting to the world, I am in love with this person!

Benefits of romance is two fold: 1. The special someone in your life knows theyre loved. 2. The rest of the world knows you are in an exclusive relationhip.

Intimate or Romantic Relationship


INTIMACY - happens the moment we are invited in the exclusive VIP room of another persons life. Intimacy follows the statement, I am going to tell you something Ive never told anyone before. These are the risky words of deep trust and vulnerability. The exclusivity of the personal information creates the condition of intimacy. That intimacy is preserved in that relationship as long as the information remains exclusive.

10 Keys to a Successful Romantic Relationship

1. Tell your partner you love them. Although its true that actions speak louder than words, words often speak more clearly than actions. Take a moment every now and then to verbalize your feelings for your partner. A simple I love you or You mean the world to me can go a long way towards making your significant other feel wanted, cared for, and secure in your relationship. 2. Show some affection. Small acts of physical intimacy the hand on the small of the back as you brush by in the hallway, your arm around their shoulder on the sofa, your hand on their thigh when seated side-by-side, holding hands while walking down the street give your partner a warm feeling and convey the love and affection you feel for them. The littlest touch can be as important, or even more important, than the longest night of sexual intimacy. 3. Show appreciation for your partner. Let your partner know on a regular basis what it is that you like most about them what you admire, what makes you proud, what their strengths are in your eyes. Building a romantic relationship isnt jsut about the initial bonding its about encouraging and supporting each others growth over the course of your lives. Help your partner achieve his or her potential by constantly building them up.

10 Keys to a Successful Romantic Relationship

4. Share yourself. Dont keep your likes and dislikes, dreams and fears, achievements and mistakes, or anything else to yourself. If its important to you, share it with your partner. More than that, be sure to share more with your partner than you do with anyone else. While there is certainly a need for some personal space in even the closest relationship, give as much of yourself and your time as you can bear to your partner. 5. Be there for your partner. Its obvious what you need to do when your partner faces a major life challenge like the loss of a job or the death of a loved one. But its just as important to be supportive when your partner faces lifes little challenges, too an argument at work, a rough commute, a misplaced check. Dont let yourself be a doormat, and definitely dont stand for physical or verbal abuse, but thicken your skin a little and be the voice of calm and reason when chaos strikes. Listen to whats bothering them and offer whatever help even if its just sympathy you can.

10 Keys to a Successful Romantic Relationship

6. Give gifts. Take advantages of opportunities to give material tokens of your love. Just the right book picked up at the bookstore, a special dessert, a piece of jewelry or clothing you noticed at the store anything small or large that tells them you were thinking of them. Leave a love note for them, or send them an SMS at work to I love you again, the little reminder that theyre always on your mind will help your partner feel better about themselves and secure in your relationship. 7. Respond gracefully to your partners demands and shortcomings. A big killer of relationships is unreasonable expectations. Unless you married a robot, your partner comes pre-loaded with a whole range of human failures and foibles. These are features, not bugs! Learn to recognize and appreciate your partners quirks for what they are: an essential part of who they are as people. Since our weaknesses are often at the core of our deepest insecurities, make sure you dont pick on or otherwise go out of your way to highlight your partners flaws.

10 Keys to a Successful Romantic Relationship

8. Make "alone time" a priority. No matter how busy both of your lives are, make sure you commit at least an evening every week or two to be alone together. Have new experiences, share your stories, and just generally enjoy each others company. 9. Take nothing for granted. Cultivate a daily sense of gratitude for your partner and the thousands of little blessings he or she has brought into your life. Remember that, if youre happy in your relationship, your partner is doing a thousand little things for you every day to make your relationship work (as, hopefully, you are for them). Never take that for granted a relationship is work of the highest order, and the second you stop it starts to slide away. 10. Strive for equality. Make sure you follow the Golden Rule in your relationship: do unto your partner as you would have done unto you. Strive for a fair division of household duties and other tasks, and dont expect or demand special considerations youd be unwilling to offer in return.


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