THE GREAT TOWN PLANNERS

of MODERN AGE

Planning Theories

MODERN AGE: TOWN PLANNING

Started in 20th century

Sociologist: Patrick Geddes,

Ebenezer Howard, Lewis Mumford enter in the field of town planning Other Town Planners: Le Corbusier, Griffith Taylor, Clarence Stein, Henry Wright, Patrick Abercrombie and Charles Correa.

PATRICK GEDDES (1854-1932)

Town Planner (Sociologist) Scotland Book: Cities in Evolution Emphasis on Survey Before Plan -

Diagnosis before treatment. theory of conservative surgery, Survey Social and economic Surveys First Introduced Sociological concept in TP.

 Human needs are most important than

physical aspect. He derived the term Reciprocal Accommodation. Lord Pentland (Gov. of Madras) invitation came to India in 1915. Advised for improvements in 18 major towns in India.

PRINCIPALS OF TOWN PLANNING BY GEDDES:

Establishing organic relationship between

Folk, Place and Work Corresponds to triad (Geddesian triad) : Organism, Function and Environment Folk Organism: Social aspect Place Function: Physical Aspect Work Environment: Economical Aspect City a Physical utility for a collective living Governed by definite laws of growth where environment played a great part.

 The diagram symbolises an unending interplay between the 4 sections of life: acts, deeds, facts, thoughts. These ideas lead to the development of a small, self sustained community settlement.

Notions of life: Patrick Geddes

EBENEZER HOWARD (1850-1928)

Sociologist

town planner. Concept of Garden City Landmark in history of TP. Book : Tomorrow later Garden Cities of Tomorrow Diagram of The Three Magnets Town Magnet, Country Magnet and Third magnet having attractive features of both town and country called Garden City. Letchworth, Welwyn are the first few Garden cities

GARDEN CITY PRINCIPAL:

The dwellings for all classes of people

should be distributed about a large central court in which the public buildings would be located. The shopping centre to be located on the edge of the town. The employment facilities for all the people to be provided by starting a variety of Industries. The industries to be located on the outskirts of the town.

 City should have permanent belt of

agricultural land of 3 to 5 thousand acres. Advantages of rural life such as fresh airs, gardens, playfeilds, cottages Amenities of Urban life such as schools, theatres, hospitals, recreations centres No private ownership - land will be brought under cooperative basis in order to control the finances and utilised for the upliftment of the community itself.

CLARENCE STEIN (1882-1975)

Architect Town Planner Great Influence of Garden City Town Plan for a city Radburn in New

Jersey

PLANNING PRINCIPLES BY STEIN:

Grid iron system greatest enemy of traffic

and road users. Overall Planning Superblock Superblocks to be enclosed by main roads. High Speed traffic roads should have limited access from the neighbourhood Footpaths for pedestrians should be safe and segregated from vehicular traffic. Houses to be turned inside out.

 Community park spreading on whole of the

area instead of one big chunk of land. Cul-de-sac streets -These are loop street of dead end streets -To avoid through traffic.

PATRICK ABERCROMBIE (1879-1957)

Architect Town Planner He is best known for the post-Second

World War re-planning of London He synthesized the theories of sir Patrick Geddes and Ebenezer Howard. Pioneer Planner to advocate Regional Planning.

PLANNING PRINCIPLES OF PATRICK ABERCROMBIE

Civic Survey to be carried out before

planning. Diagnosis before treatment. Planning not to be done on piece meal basis. Town to be considered as whole unit. Uncontrolled growth should be stopped. Industrial should be located on the outer areas of the town.

LE CORBUSIER (1887-1965)
Architect Town Planning. City as a living organism Towns are biological phenomena, such as

head, heart, limb, lungs and arteries Head: high court, Legislative assembly, Secretariats, Raj Bhavan. Heart: City Centre with commercial buildings and shops Limbs: Industries and Educational Institute Lungs: Parks and Playfields, green belt. Arteries: Roads, footpaths.

PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING BY LE CORBUSIER:

Populations residing in the core of the city

should be removed and inhabitate at outer countryside in satellite towns. Provision of speedy transportation. Provision of plenty of open spaces round the tall buildings throughout the length and breadth of the city. Population control: High density should be spread over the entire area.

FORMS OF PLANNING:
According to Planning Authorities: Local

Planning, Country Planning, Regional Planning, National Planning, International Planning.

Local Planning: Influence by economic conditions. Population density as low as possible. Zones are formed and traffic regulations are maintained.

Country Planning: To develop in orderly manner on pre determined lines. To avoid haphazard development. Suitable transport facility to link town with country. Scope given to Village industry like poultry farms, dairies, weaving industries along with Agriculture.

Regional Planning: Planning for much larger region Principles more or less same as town planning Region Territory within 15 to 50 km containing no. of towns and villages. To develop region in a coordinated manner. Deals with planning of regional transport, regional water supply and drainage,

National Planning: Planning done at national level. Consider resources, potentialities in different fields of the nation. Utilize national resouces in best possible way for development of nation. Works like Railways, Irrigation, Heavy Industries, Hydro electric works comes under national planning.

International Planning: Came into existence with establishment of United Nations Organization (UNO) Promote Cooperation, goodwill among different nation of the world. UNO appoint agencies to conduct the surveys in different fields like health, housing, food education etc. To provide suitable solution for the problems at international level.