Chapter 6 URBAN IRIGATION DESIGN

What Is Stormwater?
Stormwater is water from rain and melted snow that flows across the ground into the storm sewers found at low points and along the sides of streets. The stormwater flows through a system of pipes and roadside ditches that make up the storm sewer system. The water eventually finds its way to lakes, rivers, streams, wetlands, and the ocean
.

Standard design
Urban Storm water Management Manual For Malaysia (Manual Saliran Mesra Alam Malaysia , MSMA)
The Urban Storm water Management Manual for Malaysia (MSMA) is a guideline published by the Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia (DID) in 2000 is to manage the storm water instead of draining it away as fast as possible to more environmentally approach by utilizes detention and retention infiltration and purification process.

These objective seem to be achieved when :

When towns grow, natural, vegetated areas are replaced with impervious surfaces like roads, parking lots and buildings. These hard surfaces do not allow ground infiltration of rain and snow melt, and increase stormwater runoff which leads to flash flooding, water pollution and erosion. Stormwater best management practices (BMPs) combine quality engineering, wise planning, acceptable maintenance practices, and public education to achieve cleaner water in our streams, lakes, oceans and drinking water reservoirs.

The development and implementation of structural and non structural measures to reconcile the conveyance and storage function of storm water systems within the space and and related needs for expanding urban populations. Development and implementation of a range of measures or Best management practice (BMPs) to improve the quality of urban storm water runoff to its discharge to receiving water.

For example

Non structural

Gross pollutant trap

Swale

Wet Pond

Dry Pond

Kelebihan MSMA
Mengecilkan /mengurangkan aliran ke dalam sungai kurangkan kerosakan kepada persekitaran sungai. Mesra Alam- menggunakan alur berumput. Lebih selamat- mesra pengguna kerana tiada penggunaan longkang besar yang terbuka. Mengelakkan pengumpulan sampah sarap dengan menggunakan perangkap sampah. maghasilkan lebih kawasan hijau, Kolan takungan kering boleh digabungkan dengan kemudahan lain sperti taman reakreasi. Penapisan air larian permukaan.
menggalakkan penyusupan.

Design rainfall intensity (Rainfall of course the driving force behind all storm water studies and design.)

Rainfall intensity
Involves ARI = (average reoccurrence interval) IDF = Rainfall intensity (depth/duration) , duration, Frequency IDF value formula: ( 30< t < 1000min)

ln(RIt) = a +b ln (t) + c (ln (t))2 + d (ln (t))3

RI = t

the average rainfall intensity (mm/hr) for ARI and duration t

R= average return interval, years

t = duration , minutes a,b,and c are fitting constants depends to ARI

IDF value formula (short duration 5 to 30 minutes ) Pd = P30- Fd (P60 P30)

which I = Pd/d, d= duration

where

Runoff estimation Rational Method Is one of the most frequently used urban hydrology methods in Malaysia to computing storm water flows from rainfall. ( small catchments up to 80 hectares)The formula is

Qy = C . yIt . A 360
Qy = y year ARI peak flow
yIt

= y year ARI average rainfall Intensity over time of concentration , Tc (mm/hr)

C= dimensionless runoff coefficient A= drainage area (ha)

Time of concentration , Tc =is often considered to be travel to inlet plus the time of travel in the storm water conveyance systems. Tc = To + Tch
To = overland flow time (minutes) Td= flow time in channel, curbed gutter or pipe

Overland flow time can occurred either on grass or paved surface

To = 107. n. L 1/3 S 1/2

Channel Flow Time, Tch

The time taken for storm water to travel along the open channel ( using Mannings equation)
To = overland sheet flow travel time , minutes L= overland n= Mannings sheet flow path roughness length, m value for the surface S= slope of overland surface

Tch = n . L R2/3 S1/2 60

n= mannings roughness coef R= hydraulic radius, m S =friction slope (1/m) L= length of Tch = travel reach,m time channel , minutes

Example 1
a) Determine the time of concentration for post development generated from a minor drainage of medium density residential area of 0.2577 ha.
Given : Area Overland flow, Lch Slope of open drain, S Mannings coef,n Min velocity, V = Catchment area average slop, So 450mm
Drain type = HRGW + 450mm wide Drain wide = Drain depth = 225mm dia 450mm 450mm

= = = = 0.6m/s =

0.2577ha 148m 1/300m 0.015

0.5%

Solution
Step 1 : Determine ARI for the development for medium density , from table 4.1 minor system ARI = 5 years Step 2 : The overland flow time, To To = 107. n. L 1/3 S 1/2 = 107 * 0.015 * 101/3 = 4.89 minutes 0.51/2 Area, A = 0.45 * 0.45 =0.2025m2 Wettwed = 0.45 * 2(0.45) =1.35m Hydraulic radious, R = 0.15 The channel flow time, tch Tch = n . L R2/3 S1/2 60 = 0.015 * 148 * 0.15 2/3 * 1/300 1/2 60 = 2.27 So, Tc = To + Tch = 4.89 + 2.27 = 7.16m

b) Calculate rainfall intensities for 10 years design ARI in Alor Setar . Given : Area catchment = 0.26ha Concentration time, Tc = 15 minutes Solution : Given concentration time , Tc = 15 minutes Determine the value of I(intensity) and P (precipitation) for ARI 10 years( for t = 30 & 60 minutes ) ln(RIt) = a +b ln (t) + c (ln (t))2 + d (ln (t))3 ln(10I30) = a +b ln (t) + c (ln (t))2 + d (ln (t))3

from table 13.A1 for Alor Setar a= 5.6422, b= 0.1575, c=-0.1329 & d= 0.0056 ln(10I30) = 5.6422 +0.1575 ln (30) - 0.1329 (ln (30))2 + 0.0056 (ln (30))3 = 5.6422 + 0.5357 0.1329(11.5681) + 0.0056 (39.3455) = 4.8606 10I = 129.1mm/j 30 P30 = 64.6mm ( I = Pd/d ) ln(10I60) = 4.4435 10I = 85.1 mm/j 60 P60 =? Pd = P30- Fd (P60 P30) = 64.6 0.72(85.1-64.6) REFER TABLE 13.3 = 49.84mm 10I = 49.84/(15/60) ( I = Pd/d ) 15 =199.36mm/j

Example 2
Determine peak dischage on peak housing area in Kuala lumpur , Please use a parameter below as assumption in calculation stated peak discahrge : Area housing = 20 hectar Area density housing = high Drainage type = minor drainage length of overland flow = 100m Long drain channel = 300m Slope average = 0.2%

Solution Determine ARI for the development for high density , from table 4.1 minor system ARI = 10 years and major system design ARI = 100 years Step 1: Determine Tc Tc = To + Tch To = 11 minutes from chart 4.1 ( flow =100m, slope =0.2% & paved surface, n = 0.015) Tch = L/V ( L = 300m & assume V = 1.0m/s) so Tch = 300/1.0 = 300 second = 5 minutes Value of Tc= 11 minutes + 5 minutes = 16 minutes For Tc = 16 minutes

Determine P(precipitation) and I(intensity) for ARI 10 years ( t= 30minutea & 60 minutes) from table 13.A1 for Kuala Lumpur a= 4.9696, b= 0.6796 , c = -0.2584 & d = 0.0147 please continue ..the answer is 10P 16 = 50.214mm 10I 16 = 188mm/hr Step 2 : Peak discharge, Q = Qy = C . yIt . A 360 = refer to table 6F using category 3 housing , C = 0.88 Q10 = 0.88 * 188 * 20 360 = 9.191m3/S