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G2 - Productive, profitable, resilient agriculture & aquaculture systems

HIGH SALINITY Water stagnation 30-50 cm several weeks in aman River water saline Dec-Jul High soil salinity in dry season

MEDIUM SALINITY Water stagnation 30-50 cm several weeks in aman River water saline mid-Feb-Jun Medium soil salinity in dry season

LOW SALINITY Water stagnation 30-50 cm several weeks in aman River water fresh 10-11 months Mild soil salinity in dry season

North 24 Parganas Polder 3

Polder 30 Patuakhali STU

South 24 Parganas

Polder 43/2/F

West Bengal, India

South West Bangladesh


Andy Nelson

Objectives (5+1)
1. Rice variety evaluation aus (early rainy season) - low, medium aman (main rainy season) - low, medium & high salinity boro (dry season) - low, medium 2. Rice-based cropping system intensification Triple rice - low, medium Rice-rice-rabi - low, medium Rice+fish - brackish water aquaculture - high 3. Homestead production systems analysis & options literature review & surveys - low, medium, high evaluation of options for increasing productivity, incomes 4. Year-round brackish water aquaculture systems - high Evaluation of improved management options 5. Technology & policy recommendations 6. Pilot community water management CPWF Innovation Grant 6 ha compartment 3

CPWF Innovation Project

BAU Patuakhali Sci & Tech Uni.

Jahangir Alam

Updates
1. Kabir & Subashis Homestead production systems surveys 2. Saha Opportunities for improving year-round aquaculture & rice-aquaculture systems 3. Akhlas Opportunities for improving ricebased cropping systems 4. Manoranjan Pilot community water management project 5. Liz Key findings, future plans

G2, Output -3: Improved Homestead production system

Activity 3.2: Survey of homestead economy and farming system in coastal Bangladesh and India

Objectives:
To describe homestead farming system To understand current use of resources and productivity To identify research questions for improving homestead systems

Map of Survey Areas:


Polder 30 North 24 Parganas Polder 3

South 24 Parganas

Polder 43/2/F

West Bengal, India

Bangladesh

Andy Nelson

Survey of homestead economy and farming system in coastal Bangladesh

Sampling design for Bangladesh


Household list for each survey area was collected from respective union parishad 6% of all households sampled SPSS software was used to select sample households randomly.

Sample Number
Areas Polder-30 Polder-3-High land Polder-3-Low land # samples 380 229 301 # households

5,500
4,500 5,065 6,786 21,851

Polder-43 All polders

349 1,259

Data Collection
Number of Data Enumerators: 10 (8 fishery graduate, 2 social science graduate) Orientation and training: 2-4 January 2012 Field test, group work, review and feedback incorporation in polder 30 and Khulna: 5-12 January 2012 Data Collection starts at each polder: 13 January 2012 Data collection ends: 20 March 2012

Data Entry, Analysis & Report


MS Access based data entry format was developed by WF on 22 February . Trial data entry, feedback and modification of data entry format: 26-29 February 2012 Number of Data Entry Operator: 7 Data entry started: 1 March 2012 Data entry ended: 1 April 2012 Data Cleaning: near completion Analysis: At advanced stage Report: early draft completed

Number of Households under Different Land Class in the Survey Areas


800

700
600 # of households 500 400 300 200 100 0 Polder 30 Polder 3-H Polder 3 L Polder 43 ALL Polder Functionally landless < 0.2 ha Marginal 0.6 - 1.0 ha Large >3 ha Small 0.2-0.6 ha Medium 1.0-3.0 ha

More than 50% households are functionally landless


* Categories based on Bangladesh Household Income and Expenditure Survey (2010)

Average Land distribution


Polder-30 Polder-3H Polder-3L Polder43 81.3 77 85.5 75.5 0.311 18.7 0.068 0.246 23 0.072 0.457 14.5 0.076 0.356 24.5 0.121 All polder 79.5 0.348 20.5 0.085

Field Land Area (%) Average Field Land Area (ha) Homestead Land Area (%) Average Homestead Land Area (ha)

Average Land distribution among the functionally landless category


Field Land Area (%) Average Field Land Area (ha) Homestead Land Area (%) 36 0.020 64 0.036 27 0.012 73 0.032 23 0.012 77 0.040 30 0.020 70 0.048 29 0.016 71 0.040

Average Homestead Land Area (ha)

Shows the importance of homestead for the functionally landless group for the farm production and household consumption

Average Annual Household Income From Different Sources (Tk/household/year)


Average off farm income (TK) Average farm income from Homesteads (TK)
70000

Average farm income from Field (TK)


60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0

Taka

Functionally Landless

Small

Marginal

Percentage of People Living Below National Poverty Line ( Income <1.25 $US/person/day)
100 90

80
70 % of people 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 National (2005) Surveyed Households marginal small Functionally landless

Average homestead land use pattern (in Decimal) by overall Polder


40

35
30 25
Area (Dec)

20 15 10 5 0
Dwelling House Yard Poultry Livestock shade Fruit vegetable garden/trees garden Pond Tree covered area

Benefit cost ratio for different homestead farm components based on 2011 Production (preliminary!) BCR (including household labor) Production System Aquaculture Vegetable Poultry Livestock Polder-30 1.79 0.44 0.27 0.72 Polder-3H 1.14 0.76 0.49 0.86 Polder-3L 1.10 1.78 0.27 1.03 Polder-43 0.84 0.51 0.17 0.43 All Polder 1.19 0.68 0.26 0.73

BCR (excluding household labor) Production System Polder-30 Aquacultur 3.1 e Vegetable 2.2 Poultry 0.9 Livestock 1.4 Polder-3H 2.1 3.5 2.0 2.0 Polder-3L 1.7 4.6 1.2 1.9 Polder-43 1.1 2.7 0.7 2.2 All Polder 1.8 3.1 1.0 1.8

Survey of homestead economy and farming system in coastal West Bengal of India

Survey on homestead production system, West Bengal (India)


Districts South 24 Parganas Sagar Blocks Gram Panchayats Dhablat Ramkarchar Namkhana Namkhana Narayanpur Kakdwip Rishi Bankim Chandra Madhusudhanpur North 24 Parganas Sandeshkhali I Hatgachi Villages Purusattampur,Shibpur, Prasadpur(Bisalakhshipur) Harinbari, Khasramkarchar, Krishnanagar Madangunj, Namkhana, Debnagar Durganagar, Ganeshnagar, Ishwaripur Bamanagar, Gangadharpur, Gobindarampur Madhusudhanpur, Ramtanunagar, Shibkalinagar Dakhin Kanmari, Semulhati, Bermajur, Jupkhali, Daudpur and Durgamandap 30 Villages (under progress)

Total

Sandeshkhali II Bermajur-I, Bermajur-II & Durgamandap 5 blocks 10 Gram Panchayat

Survey design Multistage Stratified Random Sampling

Current status of survey Total no of households ((HH) to be surveyed Survey completed so far Survey completed in N 24 Parganas Survey completed in South 24 Parganas = 720 no = 218 no = 41 % = 25 %

Components of HPS South 24 Parganas

% of area under different components of HPS

Components of HPS North 24 Parganas


% of respondents possess
100 100 90 100 93

80
70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 27 20 23 40 40

Dwelling house

Pond

Vegetable garden

Fruit tree

Poultry

Livestock

Tree

Yard

*Respondents includes HH having at least one HPS

Next Steps for Bangladesh and India


Final cleaning of data and complete analysis Exploring : relations between homestead production
system and income and food security and nutrition productivity gaps

Session with Indian colleagues for final analysis and cross-country comparisons in Q1 2013

Thanks

Output 2: Rice-aquaculture for high salinity zone

Output 4: Year round aquaculture for high salinity zone

Rice-aquaculture: Salinity fluctuates from high in dry season to low in rainy season

BANGLADESH

Year round aquaculture: Salinity fluctuates from high in dry season to medium in rainy season

Research Objective
Improved management for enhanced productivity, profitability & resilience in rice-aquaculture & year round aquaculture systems

24 mini-ghers for rice-aquaculture 12 mini-ghers for year round aquacul

Before

Construction

Drain/Intake canal Around every gher

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Aquaculture Treatments
3 aquaculture treatments (4 reps) in BOTH systems 1. Farmers Practice: Polyculture, shrimp+fish & farmer mgt

2. Improved mgt1: Monoculture shrimp, 2 cycles: shrimp - tilapia+prawn


3. Improved mgt 2: Polyculture, 2 cycles: shrimp+fish - prawn+fish

Tilapia + shrimp + catfish Prawn (fresh water) Shrimp (brackish water)

Management
Practice Liming Farmers Practice Improved 1 & 2 200 kg ha-1 200 kg ha-1

Water filtering Water depth Predatory Fish Fertilization Shrimp seed Feed Water replenishment Post stocking fertilization Fish seed

Unfiltered 20-30 cm Not eradicated No fertilizer Not PCR tested No feed When needed Very insufficient
Some wild

Filtered 50-100 cm Eradicated Fertilizer & dolomite PCR tested Feeding When needed When primary production is low All from hatcheries

Tradeoffs between water mgt for rice & aquaculture


Saline water needs to be drained in July to allow leaching of salt by rainfall prior to rice transplanting Higher brackish water aquaculture production if saline water is kept for longer Need shallow water after transplanting rice (<20 cm) This is shallow for aquaculture (importance of trenches)

Better aquaculture productivity with deeper water (70-100 cm) Better rice productivity with shallower water (<30 cm)

Rice-aquaculture system Therefore 2 water depth treatments (50 cm, 70 cm) in rice-aquaculture system

Timeline (Output 2 & 4)


February April June August October December

Shrimp & fish Stocking

Shrimp disease in some ponds

Partial harvest

Stocking Fish & prawn

Complete harvest

Rice planting (Output 2)

Preliminary Findings rice-aquaculture

Results: Partial Harvest (Rice-aquaculture)


1800 1600 1400 Shrimp (50cm) Shrimp (70cm) Tilapia (50cm) Tilapia (70cm)

Yield (kg ha-1)

1200
1000 800 600 400 200 0

25-70% mortality of shrimp due to virus despite improved management potential 450 kg/ha Delay of 1 week in disease in our ghers vs outside

Fish not harvested

Farmer's

Monoculture

Polyculture

Farmers expected tilapia to die now very interested Polyculture provides buffer against loss of shrimp increased resilience At partial harvest, production of tilapia appears to be higher in deeper water (70cm)

September drainage congestion in whole region after heavy rain due to inadequate water conveyance system (drainage) October water shortage - plenty of freshwater in river but inadequate conveyance system (irrigation)

Preliminary Findings - Year round aquaculture

Results: Partial Harvest (Output 4)


2500

Shrimp
2000

Tilapia

25-50% mortality of shrimp despite improved management potential 450 kg/ha

Yield (kg ha-1)

1500

1000

500 Fish not harvested

Fish NA

Farmer's

Monoculture

Polyculture

AGAIN Polyculture provides buffer against loss of shrimp increased resilience

Summary: Preliminary Findings


Aquaculture
Productivity: 5-20 times higher total yield in polyculture systems Profitability: Addressed after complete harvest Resilience: Polyculture reduces risk of loss of investment in the event of shrimp disease. Disease: Need community-based approach if shrimp disease is to be controlled Rice 3 HYV & 3 local varieties of rice have been transplanted but not yet harvested Both Need improved community water management for drainage & irrigation

Increasing productivity through improved varieties & cropping system intensification in low, medium & high salinity areas of the coastal zone

Deep water for prolonged periods is a major challenge for the rainy season (aman crop) THROUGHOUT the coastal zone

Submergence tolerance

2nd transplanting submerged for 1 week shortly after transplanting BRRI dhan52 survived well (sub1 gene)

Tolerance to water stagnation this crop (BRRI dhan54 experienced deep water (up to 44 cm) for several weeks (Polder 30), but Tuong even more tolerant although harvest is proving difficult

Salinity is a problem in some locations in some or all seasons Salinity tolerant varieties

Salt sensitive varieties

Work of BRAC & others show many promising high yielding &/or high value rabi crop options instead of very low yielding crops (sesame, grasspea)

Productivity Improvement in Polder 43/2F (almost year-round FRESH water)


Cropping Patterns: Aus-Aman-Boro or Aus/Fallow-Aman-Rabi
A
Existing

M
Fallow/ Aus (Mala)

D
15 Nov

15 Jul

T. Aman (Traditional: 2-3t/ha)

Rabi (Grasspea:0.5 t/ha)

15 Apr

Aus (BR55-4t/ha)

15 Jul

T. Aman (BR52/ BR54: 5 t/ha)

15 Nov

Boro (BR47/ BINA8 7 t/ha)

Rice: 3-5 t/ha Rabi: 0.5 t/ha Rice: 16 t/ha

15 Apr

Aus (BR55)

15 Jul

T. Aman (BR52/ BR54 5 t/ha)

15 Nov

Rabi (Sunflower-3 t/ha Maize:7 t/ha)

Rice: 9 t/ha Rabi: 3-7 t/ha

Achieved 15 t/ha in cropping system trial in 1st year of G2

Achieved in cropping system trial in 1st year G2

All lands are fallow except varietal and cropping system trials in Bazarkhali, Amtali during boro 2011-12 (Polder 43/F/2)

Fallow area

Varietal trial

10 9 8 7

Shorter duration varieties for triple cropping with farmer preferred grain type

Yield (t/ha)

6 5 4

3
P-43

2 1 0
BRRI dhan28 BRRI dhan29 BRRI dhan47 BRRI dhan50 BRRI dhan53 BRRI dhan55 BRRI dhan45 Alloran BRRI Hybrid BRRI Hybrid dhan2 dhan3

Variety

Performance of HYV at polder 43/2F, Boro 2011-12

Farmers crop of HYV aman, Polder 43/2/F

Productivity Improvement in Polder 30 (Medium Saline Areas)


Cropping Pattern : Aman-Boro or Aus-Aman-Rabi
A
Existing

M
Fallow

15 Jul

T. Aman (Traditional: 2-3t/ha)

15 Feb

Rabi (Sesame:0.5 t/ha)

Rice: 3t/ha Rabi: 0.5 t/ha Rice: 5 t/ha Rabi: 37t/ha

Fallow 15 Apr 15 Jul

T. Aman (BR49/BR52/BR54: 5 t/ha)

15 Nov

Rabi (Sunflower/3 t/ha Maize 7 t/ha)

Fallow 15 Apr 15 Jul

T. Aman (BR49/BR52/ BR54 5 t/ha)

15 Nov

Boro (BR47/ BINA8 5.5 t/ha)

Rice: 10.5 t/ha


Rice:8.5 t/ha Rabi: 3-7 t/ha

15 Apr

Aus (BR55: 3.5 t/ha)

15 Jul

T. Aman (BR49/BR52/ BR54: 5 t/ha)

15 Nov

Rabi (Sunflower/ Maize 7t/ha)

Aman - Polder 30: BATIAGHATA

Productivity Improvement in Polder 3 (High salinity areas)


Cropping pattern: Aman-Shrimp

A
Existing

M
Fallow

15 Jul

T. Aman (BR23: 3 t/ha)

Shrimp 15 Nov

Rice: 3 t/ha Shr: 200 kg/ha

15 Apr

Fallow

15 Jul

T. Aman (BR44/BR52/ BR54 5 t/ha) + fish/prawn

Shrimp + fish 15 Nov

Rice: 5t/ha Shr+Fish: >>200 kg/ha

Varietal Trial after submergence

1st and 2nd set-submerged for 5 days and crop condition after drain out of water

3rd set Not submerged

Farmers field at Polder 3 (Sehara) Kaliganj

PVS Activities

2012 boro variety trials in India (12 in farmers fields) need shorter duration salt tolerant varieties

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Multiplication of Bangladeshi rice varieties at CSSRI, India in 2012 for Boro 2013

Kharif (wet season 2012) variety trials in India

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Improved Community Level Water Management (G2): Progress report


presented in the reflection workshop on 10 November 2012 Manoranjan Mondal Elizabeth Humphreys, T P Tuong

Rationale
The GoB has constructed 135 polders 50-60 years back to prevent tidal surge and saline water intrusion to facilitate aman rice cultivation during July-January that generally do not need appreciable drainage and fertilizer application for optimum yield (2-3 t/ha). Most lands remain fallow in DS due to salinity and lack of knowledge on crop and water management. With improved water management food production can be significantly increased by adopting HYV rice in aman season and a second crop in the dry season.

Existing Water Management Scenario


M J J A S O N D J F M A M J

T. Aman (140-160 d)

Rabi (130-140 d)

Deep flooding at the beginning of rainy season constrains the establishment of aman rice and adoption of modern HYV rice

Prolonged water logging at the end of rainy season delay establishment of rabi crop

Key Issues in Achieving Food Security


Key to increasing food production and improving rural livelihoods in the coastal region of Bangladesh is improved water management, Improved drainage to reduce the depth of inundation during the rainy season Drain-out water from rice fields rapidly at the end of the rainy season to allow timely establishment and safe of rabi crops Maximize use of available freshwater for crop production in the dry season.

Can Drainage be Improved?

High Tide 1-2 m

Embankment

Land Surface
Low Tide 2-3 m

Sluice gate

Land

River Bed

Study Site
Pol-30

Pol-3

Pol43/2F

Polder 3 :High Salinity Polder 30 : Moderate Salinity Polder 43/2F : Low Salinity

Study Site: Polder 30, Khulna

Study Site: Kismat Fultola, Polder 30, Khulna

River
Outside sampling area Drainage canal Outside sampling area

Road Sluice gate

Sluice canal Outside sampling area

Drainage outlet

Rural road

Construction of drainage outlet and drainage canals


Watershed boundary and internal drains was determined in consultation with the farmers. Internal drains/bunds were constructed to separate high and low land, together with a drain around the entire perimeter of the watershed. Drainage outlet was designed by a retired BWDB design engineer in collaboration with SCL. Constructed the drainage outlet under the supervision of the LGED engineer of Batiaghata upazila.

Baseline Information
Surveyed 37 farmers within the watershed and 15 farmers outside
60 Watersheed 50 40 Farmer (%) 30 20 Farmer (%) 10 0 None Primary (I-V) Secondary (VI-X) Education level Higher Secondary (XI-XII) Above 20 0 Drainable Not easily drainable Drainage pattern Outside 0 <40 40-60 Age group >60 80 Watershed Outside 60 Farmer (%)

40

20

100 80 60 40

Watersheed Outside

100
Farmers grown (%) 80 60 40 20 0

Watersheed Outside

Baseline Information

HYV Rice variety 80000 Watershed Cost and Return (Tk/ha) 60000 Outside

Traditional

40000

20000

0 Sesame Sesame Rice-HYV Rice-HYV Rice-HYV Sesame Rice-Traditional Rice-Traditional Rice-Traditional

Production Cost (Tk/ha)

Gross Income (Tk/ha)

Net Income (Tk/ha)

Mungbean

Mungbean

Mungbean

Development of collaborative arrangements to implement improved sluice gate management


A series of informal meetings with the Farmers (watershed and neighboring) Local water management group (WMG) officials Local UP officials Organized 3 formal meetings signed an agreement with the pilot watershed farmers on the roles and responsibilities of the farmers and IRRI.

Aman rice cultivation in 2012


Provided HYV seeds and training on HYV rice cultivation to all the farmers. The majority (75% of 37 farmers) transplanted rice in the third week of August, a week earlier than traditional practice . But only about half of them actually planted HYV and about half cultivated traditional rice.

Training and Field Visit


Advise community on management of sluice gate Provide information/training on aman varieties and management to enable harvest in November, and on sluice operation to avoid prolonged periods with deep water in aman season and timely drainage for early establishment of rabi crops. Organized field visits the watershed farmers and the local WMG to identify drainage canals and outlets. Organized field visits for watershed farmers to G2 research sites to show performance of HYV aman rice and rabi crops following early drainage. CSISA and BRAC demonstrated fields.

Outcome
8-14 August 2012: About 264 mm rainfall occurred that completely inundated the G2 and PhD research fields on 12 August, drained out on 16 Aug by opening sluice gate during LT and closing it during HT in collaboration with the WMG. 3-5 September 2012: Rice crop was submerged again by 246 mm rainfall, completely flooded almost the entire polder 30 area. Prior to rainfall, all the sluice gates were open to take river water in for irrigation that aggravated flooding. Water depth in the innovation research area varied from 25 to 30 cm. The WMA and WMGs have taken initiatives to make the rice field flood free, successfully done that within a week.

What We Want to Achieve?


M J J A S O N D J F M A M

TD Drainage 15 July

Aman (140 d)

15 Nov-15 Dec

Irrigation 15 Apr15 May

Rabi (120-140 d)

15 Dec-15 Jan Terminal Drainage

Rainfall ~1500+ mm leaching down soil salinity


Improved = 4.5 + 1.0-7.0 t/ha
Farmer P = 2.5 + 0.5 t/ha

Residual soil water

River water EC 1-4 dSm-1

Thank You

Plan for the next season/year


Field visit: 20-25 Nov 2012 Farmer training Discuss with CIMMYT research groups on rabi crop establishment under different tillage management Monitor/ supervise crop and sluice gate management Productivity and profitability of rabi crops

Key findings
Very high poverty levels in coastal zone Tremendous potential for increasing agricultural & agricultural productivity through improved seed & management Improved community water management & synchronisation of agricultural & aquacultural activities needed to realise this potential

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Future plans
Continue On-farm rice variety evaluation & cropping system intensification demonstrations Rice seed distribution to farmers follow up on what happens Cropping system intensification experiments 3 PhD students Year round aquaculture & rice-aquaculture experiments Pilot community water management activity Complete Homestead production system (HPS) surveys, data analysis & reports Design of HPS research questions & activities

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