TECHNICAL STUDIES & RESEARCH CENTER

MECHANICAL TECHNOLOGY BRANCH

MECHATRONICS GRADUATE PROGRAM
MACHINE ELEMENT, COURSE FALL 2008-09

PRESENTATION ON JOURNAL BEARINGS

Prepared by :FOUZI K. SHTAWI

SEFEDDIN A. ALFURJANI :
Supervised by: Dr. HUSSAM EDDIN ASHIKH
What is the bearings?
Bearing is a member designed to support a load while permitting

.relative motion between two elements of a machine

The concept behind a bearing is very simple: Things roll better

than they slide. The wheels on your car are like big bearings. If
you had something like skis instead of wheels, your car would
be a lot more difficult to push down the road. That is because
when things slide, the friction between them causes a force
that tends to slow them down. But if the two surfaces can roll
.over each
12/2008 other, the friction is greatly
journal bearings reduced 2
Photo courtesyThe Timken Company
Roller thrust bearing

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The bearings were classified to many ways depending on
the type of the load and the type of contact as the
:followings

Depending upon the direction of the load to be )1

:supported. The bearings are classified to

a) Radial Bearings, in the radial bearings the load acts

perpendicular to the direction of the motion of the
.moving element

b)Thrust
12/2008 Bearings in this type
journalthe load acts along the of the
bearings 4
.rotation axis
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2)Depending of the nature of contact , and the
bearing here were classified as:
• Sliding contact bearing, the sliding takes place along
the surfaces of the contact between the moving
element and the fixed element, and known as Journal
Bearing ( our case study) .
• Rolling contact bearings, the steel balls or the rollers are
interposed between the moving and fixed elements.

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After the brief of the introduction of the bearing, we would
like to talk about journal bearing, What is the journal
bearing ?
• A journal bearing is a simple bearing in which a shaft,
or "journal", rotates in the bearing with a layer of oil or
grease separating the two parts through fluid dynamic
effects. The shaft and bearing are generally both simple
polished cylinders with lubricant filling the gap. Rather
than the lubricant just "reducing friction" between the
surfaces, letting one surface slide more easily against
the other, the lubricant is thick enough that once
rotating, the surfaces do not come in contact at all. If oil
is used, it is generally fed into a hole in the bearing
under high pressure. journal bearings
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In the other hand, The Journal is the part of a shaft that
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Types of the sliding )journal) bearings:
The journal bearing classified into three types according
to the angle of the contact between the moving element
(the journal) and the fixed element (bearing) as the
follows:
c) Full journal bearings:
when the angle of contact of the bearing with the
journal is 360˚.
b) Partial journal bearings:
when the angle of the contact of the bearing with
the journal is 120˚ but the diameter of the journal not
equal of the bearing diameter.
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c) Fitted journal bearings:
when the angle of the contact of the bearing with the
journal is 120˚ but the diameter of the journal is equal
to the bearing diameter.

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In addition the journal bearings may be classified also
according to the thickness layer of the lubricant as:

1) Thick film bearings. The two surface are completely

separated by the lubricant and the called hydrodynamic
lubricated bearings.
2) Thin film bearings. The two surface are partially contact
each other at least part time and this called boundary
lubricated bearings
3) Zero film bearings. No lubricant between the surfaces.

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 • Properties of Sliding Contact
Bearings:
The material of the bearings should have sufficient strength and
rigidity , however, the conditions under which bearing must be
operate in service are generally far from ideal and thus the
other properties must be considered in selecting the best
materials as below:
• Compressive strength : the bearing material should
have compressive strength to withstand the maximum
pressure so as to prevent extrusion or other permanent
deformation of bearing.
• Fatigue strength: the bearing material should have
sufficient fatigue strength to withstand repeated loads
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without development surface fatigue cracks .
3. Conformability : it is the ability of the bearing material to
accommodate shaft deflections and bearing inaccuracies by
plastic deformation without excessive wear or heating.
4. Embeddability: it is the ability of the bearing material to
accommodate the small particles of dust, grit etc, without
scoring the material of the journal.
5. Bondability: many high capacity bearing are made by
bonding one or more thin layer of bearing material to high
strength steel shell.
6. Corrosion resistance: the bearing should not corrode
away under the action of the lubricating oil.
• Thermal conductivity: the bearing material should be of
high thermal conductivity to permit the rapid removal of the
heat generated by friction.
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8. Thermal expansion: the bearing material should be of
low coefficient of thermal expansion, so that to prevent undue
change in the clearances.

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 Composition
S.N Material Applications
copper lead antimony Tin zinc phosphor

1 Tin base babbit 4.5% 0.5% 5% 90%

Common use for the
lead base babbit bearing
2 0.5% 84% 9.5% 6%

For high grade bearing

Bronze For high pressure and
3 88% - - 10% 2%
Gun metal high speed bearing

Phosphor For high pressure and

4 80% 9% - 10% 1%
bronze high speed bearing

For low pressure and

5 Cast iron low speed bearing

6 Silver For aircraft engines

For low pressure and
Non
7 low speed bearing
metallic

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• Lubricants
What is the lubricant?
As , we know that adding a lubricant to a solid-solid
contact will significantly reduce friction. The reduced
friction leads to less wear, heat generation and energy
loss – all of which reduce operation costs and downtime.
(the lubricant is the thick or thin of the film of oil or
grease etc, this lubricant works as supporting the
journal during the rotation , The lubricants are used in
bearings to reduce friction between the rubbing surfaces and
to carry away the heat generated by friction. It also protects
the bearing against corrosion. All lubricants are classified into
the following three groups:
4. Liquid
12/2008 2. Semi
journal–bearings
liquid and 3. Solid 16
• The liquid lubricants usually used in the bearings are
mineral oils and synthetic oils. the mineral oils are most
commonly used because of their cheapness and
stability, the liquid lubricants are usually preferred
where they may be retained.
• A grease is a semi-liquid lubricant having higher
viscosity than oils. The greases are employed where
slow speed and heavy pressure exist and where oil drip
from the bearing is undesirable.

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The solid lubricants are useful in reducing friction where oil films
cannot be maintained because of pressures or temperatures.
They should be softer than materials being lubricated. A
graphite is the most common of the solid lubricants either
alone or mixed with oil or grease.

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There are some important factor should be taken in to
consideration for the lubricant properties as:
• Viscosity . It is the measure of the degree of the fluidity of
a liquid of which an oil is able to form, retain and offer
resistance to shearing a buffer film under heat and pressure.
The greater the heat and pressure, the greater viscosity is
required of a lubricant to prevent thinning and squeezing out
of the film.
• Oiliness. It is a joint property of the lubricant and the
bearing surfaces in contact. It is a measure of lubricating
qualities under boundary conditions. There is no absolute
measure of oiliness.

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3. Density. This property has no relation to lubricating
value, but useful in changing the absolute viscosity to
kinematic viscosity.
The density of most of the oils at 15.5ºC varies from 860 to
950 kg/m³. also the density can be calculated in any
value o temperature ( By formula).
4. Viscosity index. The term of viscosity index is used to
denote the degree of variation of viscosity with
temperature.

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12/2008 journal bearings 21
Terms used in Hydrodynamic Journal
Bearing.
The following terms used in hydrodynamic journal bearing
are important from the subject of point of view:
3. Diametral clearance it is the difference between the
diameters of the bearing and the journal ( c= D- d).
4. Radial clearance : it is the difference between radii of
the bearing and the journal ( c/2).
5. Diametral clearance ratio: it is the ration of the
diametral clearance and the journal diameter (c/d).
6. Eccentricity. It is the radial distance between the center
of the bearing and the displaced center of the bearing
under load.
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5. Minimum oil film thickness. It is the min distance
between the bearing and the journal under complete
lubrication condition ( c/4).

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Bearing Characteristic Number and Bearing Modulus
for journal bearing:
Where is the BCN= ZN/p
BM= min bearing modulus (K).
• Z= viscosity of the lubricant.
• N= speed of journal in r.p.m.
• p = pressure on the projected area of the bearing.

The coefficient of friction in design of bearings is great

importance, because it affords a means for determining
the loss of power due to bearing friction.

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Coefficient of friction for Journal Bearings
In order to determine the coefficient of friction for well
lubricated full journal bearing the following formula can
be used:
Coefficient of friction ,
µ = 33/10Ex 8 {ZN/p}{d/c} + k
Where is
• µ = Coefficient of friction
• Z = Absolute viscosity of the lubricant (in kg).
• N = speed of the journal (r.p.m).
• P = Bearing pressure on the projected bearing area(N/mm²).
• d = diameter o the journal
• c = diametral clearance.
•12/2008
k = factor of correct for end journal
leakage.bearings 25
• Critical pressure of the journal bearing.
The pressure at which the oil film breaks down so that
metal to metal contact being is known as critical
pressure or the mi operating pressure of the bearing it
can be obtained by the following formula:
p = ZN/4.75x10Ex 6 {d/c}²{1/(d+l)} N/mm²

• Heat Generated in Journal Bearing

The heat generated in a bearing is due to the fluid friction
and friction of the part having relative motion. and can
be obtained by:
Qg = µ.W.V N-m/s or J/s or watts
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Advantages Journal bearings or Plain surface
bearings
• – Run quietly
• – Have a longer life span
• – Are less sensitive to contamination
• – Are less costly
• – Can better sustain shock loads
• – Requires less precise mounting
• – Are available in split halves

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 Summary.
• Journal bearing is a sliding contact bearing.
• Friction is always present even with lubrication.
• Bearings fail because of fatigue. Load capacity of a
bearing can be calculated.
• Lubrication in bearings serve a number of functions
such as dissipating heat, prevent corrosion and forming
a film between moving element and the raceway.
• Thrust bearing absorb axial loads.
• Self aligned bearing reduce shaft bearing wear.

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References :
2. A text book of Machine design by R.S. KHURMI and J.
.2//:http •
www.pg.gda.pl/~mwasilcz/files/test_rig.pdf
.3 •
http://science.howstuffworks.com/bearing3.htm

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 THE END

THANK YOU FOR YOUR

ATTENTION.
QUESTIONS???

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