Extension and Extension Education

Extension
From

the latin word tensio meaning stretching and ex meaning out Literal meaning stretching out

COUNTRY
Dutch

Terminology for Extension and their Meanings in Some Selected Countries

TERMINOLOGY
Voorlichting

MEANING

Lighting the pathway ahead to help people find their way Lighting the way ahead with a torch Advisory work an expert can give advice on the best way to reach ones goal but leaves the person the final responsibility for selecting the way

Indonesia Germany

Penyuluhan Beratung

COUNTRY

TERMINOLOGY Aufklrung

MEANING Enlightenment so that one knows clearly where he/she is going Education, that is, to teach, people to solve their problems themselves Furthering or stimulating one to go in a desirable direction

Erziehung

Austria

Frderung

France

Vulgarisation

Spain

Capacitacion

Simplification of the message for the common man Improving peoples abilities, normally through training

USA

Extension

Malaysia

Education, or influencing people to change their behavior Perkembangan Education, the way USA interprets it

Different Perspective

as technical assistance a bridge that connects farmers to agricultural research technology transfer or delivery nonformal education one that happens outside the formal school system

Saguiguit, 1976 A system of RURAL EDUCATION which endeavors to MAKE AVAILABLE to rural people who CANNOT ATTEND SCHOOL, a type of service to IMPROVE THE LIVING CONDITIONS of the farmers, homemakers, and rural people by teaching them TO ADOPT BETTER AND IMPROVED METHODS in their farming persuits.

Maunder, 1973, 1994 A SERVICE or system which ASSISTS FARM PEOPLE, through EDUCATIONAL PROCEDURES, in IMPROVING FARMING METHODS and TECHNIQUES INCREASING PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY and INCOME LIFTING SOCIAL and EDUCATIONAL STANDARDS of rural people

Rling 1988 An instrument of PREMEDITATED, DELIBERATE INTERVENTION to achieve the INTERVENERS GOALS and can only be effective by INDUCING VOLUNTARY CHANGE on the part of the client and hence satisfying clients goals.

PREMEDITATED characterized by fully conscious willful intent and a measure of forethought and planning DELIBERATE characterized by or resulting from careful and thorough consideration, being aware of the consequence(s) of actions and/or decisions INTEREVENOR the extension organization CLIENT the farmer, fisherfolk, rural people

VOLUNTARY proceeding from the will or from ones own choice or consent; unconstrained by interference; acting or done on ones own free will without valuable consideration or legal obligation CHANGE to make or become different in some particular; to undergo a modification or a transformation

Extension is

AN INSTRUMENT FOR INDUCING VOLUNTARY CHANGE TO ACHIEVE THE INTERVENORS GOALS YET SATISFYING CLIENTS GOALS

Extension Education Common Elements

Is

an intervention Is an educational process Is a communication intervention Intends to voluntary change in behavior Focus on a number of target processes at outcome Has altruistic orientation Has dimension

Nature/Dimension of Extension

Altruistic Dimension
Extension is aimed at HELPING farmers A BASIC PREMISE of extension that must be observed by practitioners

Educational Dimension

Extension is a NON-FORMAL method of ADULT EDUCATION Thus, extension professionals must be imbued with knowledge on HOW ADULTS LEARN

Communication Dimension
Extension

is a COMMUNICATION INTERVENTION Knowledge of BASIC COMMUNICATION PROCESS and its dynamics must be adequately understood by the extension professional

Behavioral Dimension
Extension

is aimed at INDUCING BEHAVIORAL CHANGES among farmers This makes behavioral change the END GOAL of extension If farmer has not changed his behavior (for his betterment) NO EXTENSION HAS BEEN DONE

Technology Dimension
Extension

helps in the TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY Extension should be able to identify technologies APPROPRIATE TO CLIENTELE The NEED for ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES and METHODS for diagnosing technical problems should be recognized

Research Dimention
Extension

farmers Ways to foster CLOSER LINKS between the farmers and the researchers need further understanding

aims at LINKING research with

Input Dimension
PROVISION

of TECHNICAL INPUTS plays an important linking function in the transfer of technology Requires that extension professional be KNOWLEDGEABLE of these technical inputs

Income Dimension
Extension

is aimed at INCREASED INCOME for the farmer through INCREASED PRODUCTION and PRODUCTIVITY

Management Dimension
Extension

aims to function according to SOUND MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES. Hence, requiring that the extension professional be a GOOD MANAGER

Formal Education vs Extension Education

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Starts with theory & works Students study subjects. Fixed curriculum offered Authority rests with the teacher Attendance is compulsory Teacher instructs the students

1.

2. 3.

4. 5.

6.
7.

Starts with practices & may take up theory up to practice later on People study problems No fixed curriculum or course of study & people help to formulate the curriculum Authority rests with the people Participation is voluntary. Extension worker teaches & also learns from the people

7. 8.

9.

10. 11. 12.

Teaching is only through instructors Teaching is mainly vertical More or less homogeneous audience Rigid Pre-planned & predecided More theoretical

7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

12.

Teaching is also through local leaders Teaching is mainly horizontal Heterogeneous audience Flexible Freedom to develop programmes locally programmes. based on the development needs & expressed desires of the stakeholders of development More practical and & intended for immediate application in' the solution of problems.