Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Teaching aims
To highlight utilization and storage of energy in lipid form and understand the individual biochemical pathways of lipid metabolism
Introduction
As biomolecule, lipids are important for structure, obtain and storage of energy Their characteristics are nonpolar & hidrofobic Mostly contain or derived from fatty acids Stored in the form of triacylglycerol more efficient and quantitativey more important compared with carbohydrate storage as glycogen More important functions such as: integrity of alveoli, solubilization of nonpolar compounds, metabolic processes etc.s
Food
Carbohydrate
Lipid Protein Others (Nucleic acids, water, minerals, vitamins etc.)
Lumen of GI tract
Mucosal cells Lympatic system and then blood circulation
Digestion of TAG to: glycerol & fatty acids Re-esterification of TAG from : glycerol & fatty acids Lipid transport
Biosynthesis of fatty acids Oxydation of fatty acids: ketogenesis UFA & Eicosanoids Metabolism Cholesterol synthesis, transport & excretion Lipid transport & storage Metabolism of acylglycerols & sphingolipids
Lipids are a major source of energy during rest and exercise. Approximately half of the lipidsstored as triglyceridesthat are used for energy come from adipose tissue with the other half from intramuscular stores. There are several steps in the mitochondrial oxidation of lipids that begin with the mobilization of the triglycerides
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(Lipogenesis)
ATP + HCO3-
Fatty acid synthase complex is a multienzyme polypeptide complex with acyl carrier protein (ACP) as its part containing seven enzyme activities
Bicarbonate as a source of CO2 is required in the initial reaction for carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to malonylCoA in the presence of ATP & AcetylCoA carboxylase that requires vitamin Biotin.
Acetylcarnitine + CoA
.
Activation of lower FA & their oxidation within mitochondria may occur independently of carnitine
Long-chain FA (AcylCoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane, but its metabolic product, acylcarnitine, can
Role of carnitine in the transport of long-chain FA through the inner mitochondrial membrane
Transport of fatty acids from the cytoplasm to the inner mitochondrial space for oxidation. Following activation to a fatty-CoA, the CoA is exchanged for carnitine by carnitine-palmitoyltransferase I. The fatty-carnitine is then transported to the inside of the mitochondrion where a reversal exchange takes place through the action of carnitine-palmitoyltransferase II. Once inside the mitochondrion the fatty-CoA is a substrate for the b-oxidation machinery.
Types of FA oxidation
Alfa Oxidation : the removal of one carbon at a time from the carboxyl end of the molecule (have been detected in brain tissue => it does not require CoA intermediate and does not generate high energy-P Beta Oxidation : two carbon atoms are cleaved at a time from acyl-CoA molecules, starting at the carboxyl end to produce acetylCoA => produce a large quantity of ATP. It is the main FA oxidation
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Ketogenesis
Ketogenesis is the generation of ketone bodies (acetoacetate, D(-)-3-hydroxybutyrate = -OH-butyrate & acetone) Occurs when there is a high rate of FA oxidation in the liver The enzyme system is in mitochondria, with FFA precursor in the liver
Ketogenesis (cont.)
Two molecules of acetyl-CoA condence to form acetoacetyl-CoA, and with the addition of another acetyl-CoA produce 3OH-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) catalyzed by HMG-CoA synthase HMG-CoA is an intermediate in the pathway of ketogenesis -> in the presence of HMG-CoA lyase is split into acetyl-CoA and acetoacetate
Ketogenesis (cont.)
Acetoacetate is in equilibrium with D(-)-3OH-butyrate (predominant keton body present in the blood and urine in ketosis) catalyzed by D(-)-3-OH butyrate DH & NADH, or spontaneously converted into acetone releasing CO2 Liver is the only organ in non-ruminants to add significant quantities of ketone bodies to the blood
Ketogenesis (cont.)
Ketone bodies serve as a fuel for extrahepatic tissues while acetoacetate & D(-)-3-OH butyrate are readily oxidized by extrahepatic tissues, acetone is difficult to oxidize in vivo and volatilized in the lungs Prolonged ketosis leads to ketoacidosis (such as in DM). In starvation simple ketosis Measurement of ketonemia is preferred than that of ketonuria
Synthesis of the clinically relevant prostaglandins and thromboxanes from arachidonic acid. Numerous stimuli (e.g. epinephrine, thrombin and bradykinin) activate phospholipase A2 which hydrolyzes arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids. The prostaglandins are identified as PG and the thromboxanes as TX. Prostaglandin PGI2 is also known as prostacyclin. The subscript 2 in each molecule refers to the number of -C=C- present.
Synthesis of the clinically relevant leukotrienes from arachidonic acid. Numerous stimuli (e.g. epinephrine, thrombin and bradykinin) activate phospholipase A2 which hydrolyzes arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids. The leukotrienes are identified as LT. The leukotrienes, LTC4, LTD4, LTE4 and LTF4 are known as the peptidoleukotrienes because of the presence of amino acids. The peptidoleukotrienes, LTC4, LTD4 and LTE4 are components of slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis The subscript 4 in each molecule refers to the number of -C=C- present.
Membrane phospholipid
PHOSPHOLIPASE A2
Arachidonate
LIPOXYGENASE
CYCLOOXYGENASE
Leukotrienes Lipoxins
Prostaglandins Thromboxanes