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Discussion Topics--Beam Types

1--Solid timber beam 2--Built-up dimensional lumber beam 3--Glued Laminated beam 4--Parallel strand lumber beam (PSL) 5--Laminated veneer lumber beam (LVL) 6--Truss I-Joist beam 7--Box or Plywood beam 8--Flitch beam (wood and steel) 9--Steel beams

Beam TypeSolid Lumber Beam

Beam TypeBuilt-up Dimensional Lumber Beam

Dimensional lumber (2x6, 2x8, 2x10, 2x12) nailed, screwed, and/or glued together Vertical placement
Large size placed vertical

Example: Beam and Joist Attached with joist hangers

Joist are attached to beams with metal joist hangers What type of beam is shown?

Beam TypeGlued Laminated

Dimensional lumber placed horizontally and glued together

Beam TypeParallel Strand (Parallam) Lumber Beam

Beam TypeLaminated Veneer Lumber Beam

Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) Made of ultrasonically graded douglas fir veneers with exterior adhesives under heat and pressure 1 3/4 wide x (5 1/2 to 18) depth

Beam TypeTruss I-Joist Beam

Laminated or Solid wood (top and bottom chords) OSB or Plywood web

Beam TypeBox or Plywood Beam

2x @ 12 or 16 structure with plywood skin Designed by architect or engineer

Beam TypeFlitch Beam

A sandwich of wood and steel An architect/engineer designed beam

Beam TypeSteel Beams

S shape (American Standard shape) Often called an I-beam W & M shapes Wide flange design C shape Channel shape

S-I Shape

W or M Shape

CChannel Shape

Beam TypeSteel Beams

Drawing Callouts:
Shape, Nominal height x Weight/foot Example: W10x25
SHAPE NOMINAL HEIGHT WEIGHT PER FOOT OF BEAM

Reaction
Reaction is the portion of the load that is transferred to the bearing points of the beam A simple beam reaction to a load would be at the end supports. Each end would support or be required to carry half the total load

Calculating the Reactions of a Beam

Total load on beam should equal reaction loads:
25 x 900 = 22500#

R1 = 15/2 x 900# = 6750#

R2 = 10/2 x 900# = 4500#

Reaction formula R = wl 2
l

W = uniform load R3 = (15/2 + 10/2) x 900 =11250# = length of span

W = 900 #/ linear foot
Span = 10-0

Span = 15-0 R1 R3

R2

Simple Beam Design

Simple beam has a uniform load evenly distributed over the entire length of the beam and is supported at each end.

Uniform load = equal weight applied to each foot of beam.

Simple Beam Design

Terminology
Joist/Rafter Beam/Girder Post/Column Span Tributary area
Tributary area of beam 15-0

Conditions of Design
Uniform load over length of beam Beam supported at each end

Simple Beam Design

Tributary area
Total Load on Beam
240 x 50#/sq ft = 12,000#
Tributary area of beam 15-0 16 x 15 = 240 sq ft

Load at each supporting end

12,000/2 = 6000#

Table Design Considerations

Total lbs of load and span Lbs of load per (lineal) foot Deflection Allowances (Stiffness)
Floor = 1/360: Meaning an allowance of 1 deflection for every 360 span, structure is solid with little deflection Roof = 1/240: Meaning an allowance of 1 deflection for every 240 span, structure springs or deflects more than floors

Determine the size of a Solid Wood Beam using Span Table

1)Determine the tributary area and calculate the total load (W) for the beam, LL = 50#, DL = 13#, therefore TL = 63# 10 x 12 x 63 = 7560 TLD 20-0 Select beam size from table BEAM

10-0

7560 TLD w/ span of 12

Roof Design Area 1/240

Floor Design Area 1/360

Solution = 4 x 14 Beam

Crawl Space Floor Joist, Beam/Post

Reading the Steel Table

Table values of load are given in kips
1 kip = 1000 lbs

Shape and nominal size across the top Weight per foot is given below designation Span is located along the left side of table

Example of Using Steel Table

BEAM

Calculate load: 18 x 30 x 60 = 32400 TLD = 32.4 KIPS

Selected Beam

18-0

S18 x 54.7

Glued-Laminated Beam Table

Design Data: Span 18, Load per linear feet = 674#

Columns and Post

Reading Column Tables

Determine the column load Establish the height of column Set the column size by height and load

Steel Column Table

Conditions: Height = 4.5, Load = 19.4 kips

Solution: 2 Dia x 5.79 PIPE COLUMN

Wood Post Table

Conditions: Height = 4 feet, Load = 23,000

Solution: 4x6 WOOD POST

Load Considerations
First floor loads (DL + LL) = 50#/sq ft First floor partitions (DL) = 10#/sq ft Second floor loads (DL + LL) = 50#/sq ft Second floor partitions (DL) = 10#/sq ft If Truss design no loads on interior structure(DL) If rafter/ceiling joist design (DL) = 20#/sq ft Roof load regionally varies (LL) = 20-50#/sq ft

Beam Sizing and Post Spacing

Trial & Error Method
1--Locate tributary area 2--Determine various conditions placing post to shorten the beam span 3--Go to tables & choose beam

4--Smaller beams are less expensive and usually better

 Before doing calculations sketch problem to visualize conditions Calculate the tributary loads for beams and columns conditions Use Handout charts and tables and select beams and columns for conditions

Handout on Structural Analysis #2