Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SPSS-2
What is SPSS?
General Purpose Statistical Software Consists of three components
Data Window - data entry and database (.sav) Output Window - all output from any SPSS session (.lst) Syntax Window - commands lines (.sps)
SPSS-3
Data Definition
SPSS-4
Data Definition
Purpose:
Give meanings to the numbers for ease of reading the output
Involves
Data Format Variable Name Value Labels Missing Values Command: Data Data Definition
Muhamad Jantan & T. Ramayah
School of Management, Universiti Sains Malaysia
SPSS-5
Data Manipulation
Recoding
To give new values to old values (especially reversing negatively worded questions) To form nominal variable from continuous data
Variable Development
To form new variables combinations of old ones or functions of old ones
SPSS-6
Command
Frequency Means, Minimum, Maximum, Standard Deviation, Quartiles, Standard Deviation
SPSS-7
SPSS- 8
Command
Analyze Compare Means Independent ttest/ Paired t-test/ one-way ANOVA
SPSS- 9
Command
Analyze Non-parametric 2 Independent/ 2 related samples/ k independent samples/ k related samples
SPSS- 10
Command
Analyze General Linear Model Simple Note: Fixed Factor Effect
SPSS- 11
Bivariate Relationship
When
Covariation between two variables
Correlation:
When both are continuous or ordinal
Command
Analyze Correlate Bivariate (with option for Spearman if both ordinal)
SPSS- 14
Regression Analysis
When
To establish relationship between one continuous dependent variable and a number of continuous independent variables
Command
Analyze Regression Linear (Use Statistics, Save options)
Issues:
Assumptions of Regression - normality; constant variance, independence of independent variables; independence of error terms
Muhamad Jantan & T. Ramayah
School of Management, Universiti Sains Malaysia
SPSS- 15
Regression Analysis
Issues (cont.)
Outliers and Leverage Values Choice of Selection Method of Independent Variables - Enter, Backward, Forward, Stepwise Dummy Independent Variables
Options
Residual Analysis; Influence Statistics, Collinearity Diagnostics, Normality Plots
Muhamad Jantan & T. Ramayah
School of Management, Universiti Sains Malaysia
SPSS- 16
Regression Analysis
Interpretation
Goodness of Model: R2, F-statistics, Adj. R2, Standard error Strength of Influence of Independent Variables: beta and standardized beta
SPSS- 17
Discriminant Analysis
When
Dependent Variable is Nominal and the Purpose is to predict group membership on the basis of independent variables
Command
Analyze Classify Discriminant (Option: Classify by summary tables; Select - for holdout and analysis samples
Issues
Similar to Regression
Muhamad Jantan & T. Ramayah
School of Management, Universiti Sains Malaysia
SPSS- 18
Discriminant Analysis
Interpretation
Goodness of Analysis: Hits Ratio - compared to maximum chance, proportional chance and Press Q. Univariate Results: To establish the discriminating variables
SPSS- 13
Factor Analysis
When
To reduce the number of variables to underlying dimensions
Command
Analyze Data Reduction Factor (Option: rotation, save factor scores)
Issues
Assumptions sufficient correlations between the variables (Bartlett test; anti-image, KMO test of sufficiency)
Muhamad Jantan & T. Ramayah
School of Management, Universiti Sains Malaysia
SPSS- 12
Reliability Analysis
When
Before forming composite index to a variable from a number of items
Command
Analyze Scale Reliability Analysis (with option for Descriptives item, scale, scale if item deleted)
Interpretation
alpha value greater than 0.7 is good; more than 0.5 is acceptable; delete some items if necessary
Muhamad Jantan & T. Ramayah
School of Management, Universiti Sains Malaysia