Reminders

HW #3 due Thursday 10/6

Thin-walled Sections- Review
Thin-walled Sections
Aircraft structures are characterized by thin
sections- we can use this to simplify analysis
Assumptions:

Thickness is small compared to the cross-section


Stress is constant across the thickness

Higher order terms of t can be neglected

1 . 0
max
s
b
t
Thin-walled Sections
In calculating the second moment of inertia,
we can neglect higher order terms of t to get:


NOTE:
Thin-walled assumptions in the case of
bending only affects the cross-sectional
properties. The formulation is unchanged.
( )
12
2
2
3
2
h
t bth I
xx
+ =
Thin-walled Sections
We also assumed that the stress does not
change through the thickness.
A B C D A B C D

zx
distribution in the flange
Thin-walled Sections
Most of the shear stress is carried by the web

This means we can approximate the beam with
a web and two connected (lumped) areas for
the flange

In this simplified model:
Web carries transverse shear
Flanges carry bending loads
Shear of Beams
Shear of Beams
This theory applies to:
1. Open section under shear load
2. Closed section under shear and/or torsion

NOTE: Torsion of open sections requires a different formulation
Shear of Beams
Assumptions:
1. Axial constraints are negligible

2. Shear stresses normal to the surface are negligible
They must be zero at the free surface and the thickness must be small

1. Direct and shear stresses on planes perpendicular
to the surface are constant across the thickness
Shear of Beams
Assumptions:
4. The beam is of uniform cross-section so that the
thickness may vary around the section
(s-coordinate) but is constant along the length of
the beam



5. In the section properties calculation, neglect higher
order terms of the thickness t
Shear of Beams
Consider an element of the wall of a loaded
beam of size s x z x t

Figure 1: Shear of closed section beam
Figure 2: Stress on element of beam (fig 17.1a).
Shear of Beams
From elasticity (eqn 1.4) we deduce that:


In terms of shear flow, q, can be written as:
t t t = =
sz zs
Complimentary Shear Stresses
t q t = Shear Flow
Figure 2: Stress on element of beam (fig 17.1a).
Shear of Beams
Replacing the shear stress values with shear
flow, the elemental diagram can be written as:




Figure 3: Stress on element of beam (fig 17.1b).
Shear of Beams
Equilibrium in the z-direction without body
forces:


Dividing by z and in the limit as z0:
0 =
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+ +
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+ = z q z s
s
q
q s t s t z
z
F
z
z
z z
o o o o o o o
o
o
Figure 3: Stress on element of beam (fig 17.1b).
0 =
c
c
+
c
c
z
t
s
q
z
o
Shear of Beams
Using equilibrium in the s-direction gives:

Figure 3: Stress on element of beam (fig 17.1b).
0 =
c
c
+
c
c
s
t
z
q
s
o
Shear of Beams
Figure 4: Axial, tangential and normal components of
displacement(fig 17.2).
We can define:
w = displacement in the z axis
v
t
= tangential displacement (+ with increasing s)
v
n
= normal displacement (+ outwards)

From elasticity (eqn 1.18):
z
w
z
c
c
= c
Shear of Beams
Shear strain is then defined as the addition of
the two angles of rotation of the sides:


As both s and z
tend to zero:
Figure 5: Element distorted due to shear (fig 17.3).
Distorted shape of
element due to shear
2 1
| | + =
z
v
s
w
t
c
c
+
c
c
=
Shear of Beams
It is now necessary to define the term v
t
as a
function of displacements u and v (in x & y)
and angle of twist of the section

Further assumptions:
The shape of the beam cross-section is maintained
There is no resistance to axial displacement
Shear of Beams
Figure 6: Rotated beam cross-section.
Deffine:
= Angle between the tangent to the surface of the
beam's cross section and the x-axis.

Tangential displacement
at any point N:
( ) ( ) u sin cos v u p v
t
+ + =
Shear of Beams
Relating these displacements about a point R,
which is the centre of twist, we can rewrite
the displacement as:
Figure 6: Rotated of beam section around the center
of twist (fig 17.4).
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) u u u

u
cos sin
cos sin
R R t
R R R
R t
y x p v
y x p p
p v
+ =
+ =
=
Shear of Beams
Differentiating with respect to z gives:
Figure 6: Rotated of beam section around the center
of twist (fig 17.4).
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
u
u

u
sin cos
cos sin
dz
dv
dz
du
dz
d
p
dz
dv
dz
d
y
dz
d
x
dz
d
p
dz
dv
t
R R
t
+ + =
+ =
dz
d
dz
du
y
dz
d
dz
dv
x
R R
u u
= = ,
Shear of Beams Open Sections
Look at a beam with an open section, with
applied shear forces S
x
and S
y
about a point
which produces no twisting of the cross
section.
Figure 7: Open beam section loaded with two shear
loads (fig 17.5).
This point is the
shear center.
The equation for direct stress is (eqn 16.18):
Shear of Beams Open Sections
Figure 7: Open beam section loaded with two shear
loads (fig 17.5).
y
I I I
I
z
M
I
z
M
x
I I I
I
z
M
I
z
M
z
xy yy xx
xy
y
yy
x
xy yy xx
xy
x
xx
y
z
2 2

|
.
|

\
|
c
c

|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+

|
.
|

\
|
c
c

|
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
c
co
Shear of Beams Open Sections
We can use the relationships below to simplify
the previous equation (eqns 16.23&24):

*Shear is now indicated with S*
Figure 7: Open beam section loaded with two shear
loads (fig 17.5).
y
I I I
I S I S
x
I I I
I S I S
z
S V
z
M
S V
z
M
xy yy xx
xy x yy y
xy yy xx
xy y xx x
z
y y
x
x x
y
2 2

=
c
c
= =
c
c
= =
c
c
o
Recall the relationship between shear flow and
axial stress:


This gives:



Shear of Beams Open Sections
Figure 7: Open beam section loaded with two shear
loads (fig 17.5).
z
t
s
q
z
c
c
=
c
c o
ty
I I I
I S I S
tx
I I I
I S I S
s
q
xy yy xx
xy x yy y
xy yy xx
xy y xx x
2 2

=
c
c
Integrating, we get:



If the origin is considered to be at the open
edge of the cross-section, then when



Shear of Beams Open Sections
} } }

=
c
c
s
xy yy xx
xy x yy y
s
xy yy xx
xy y xx x
s
tyds
I I I
I S I S
txds
I I I
I S I S
ds
s
q
0
2
0
2
0
} }

=
s
xy yy xx
xy x yy y
s
xy yy xx
xy y xx x
s
tyds
I I I
I S I S
txds
I I I
I S I S
q
0
2
0
2
0 = q 0 = s
Shear Flow
Equation:
General Case
If C
x
or C
y
is an axis of symmetry, then
Shear of Beams Open Sections
x
x y
y
y x
s
xx
y
s
yy
x
s
I
Q S
I
Q S
tyds
I
S
txds
I
S
q
=
=
} }

Q Q
x y
0 0
0 =
xy
I
Shear Flow
Equation:
Symmetrical Case
Figure 7: Open beam section loaded with two shear
loads (fig 17.5).
Shear of Beams Example 1
Determine the shear flow distribution in the thin
walled channel section loaded by a single
vertical force applied through the shear centre.


Figure 8: Shear loaded z-section (fig 17.6).
Shear of Beams Example 1
Since the applied vertical load passes through
the shear center, no torsion exists, so shear
flow equation applies.



or
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
} }
} }
s
yy
s
xy
xy yy xx
y
s
s
xy yy xx
yy y
s
xy yy xx
xy y
s
tyds I txds I
I I I
S
q
tyds
I I I
I S
txds
I I I
I S
q
0 0
2
0
2
0
2
The second moments of area of this section
are:


Substituting these into our shear flow equation:
( )
}
=
s
y
s
ds y x
h
S
q
0
3
84 . 6 32 . 10
8
,
12
,
3
3 3 3
t h
I
t h
I
t h
I
xy yy xx
= = =
Shear of Beams Example 1
Evaluating the bottom flange-12 for
we have:



This gives:
( )
( )
1
2
1
3
12
0
1 1
3
12
74 . 1 16 . 5
74 . 1 32 . 10
1
hs s
h
S
q
ds h s
h
S
q
y
s
y
=
=
}
1
2
2
s
h
x
h
y
+

=
2
0
1
h
s s s
Shear of Beams Example 1
S
1
=0 S
1
=h/2
In flange-12:



( )
1
2
1
3
12
74 . 1 16 . 5 hs s
h
S
q
y
=
Shear of Beams Example 1
S
1
=0 S
1
=h/2
1
( ) 0 ) 0 ( 74 . 1 ) 0 ( 16 . 5
2
3
1
= = h
h
S
q
y
h
S
h
h
h
h
S
q
y
y
42 . 0
2
74 . 1
2
16 . 5
2
3
2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
=
2
Evaluating the web-23 for
we have:


This gives:
2
2
s
h
y +

=
h s s s
2
0
( )
( )
2
2 2
2
3
23
0
2 2 2
3
23
42 . 3 42 . 3 42 . 0
84 . 6 42 . 3
1
s h s h
h
S
q
q ds s h
h
S
q
y
s
y
+ =
+ =
}
RECALL:


Shear of Beams Example 1
h
S
q
y
42 . 0
2
=
S
2
=0
S
2
=h
Shear flow in z-section:



Shear of Beams Example 1
Figure 9: Shear flow in the z-section (fig 17.7).
Shear of Beams Shear Center
Shear Center
Point in the cross section through which the shear
loads produce no twisting.
Center of twist of sections when torsional loads are
applied.
As a rule, if a cross-section has an axis of
symmetry, then the shear center must lie on that
axis and in cruciform or angle sections, the shear
centre is located at the intersections.
Shear of Beams Shear Center
Shear Center
It is important to define the position of the shear
center because although most wings are not loaded
at this point, if we know its location, we can
represent the shear loads applied as combinations
of shear loads through the shear center and a
torque.
Shear of Beams Shear Center
Shear Center

SC
SC
SC
Figure 10: Shear center position for open section beams (fig 17.8).
Shear of Beams Shear Center
Calculating Shear Center
Determine the moment generated by the shear flow
about an appropriate point in the cross section.
This moment is equal to the moment generated by
the applied shear force about this same point.

=
shearflow applied
M M
For the open beam section shown determine the
position of the shear center
Shear of Beams Example 2
Figure 11: Determination of shear center (fig 17.9).
Because shape is symmetrical the shear centre
must lie on the x-axis, a distance
s
from the
web
The steps to determine the shear center are:
1. Determine the equations which describe the shear
flow in the cross section
2. Find an appropriate point in the cross section and
take moments about it.
Shear of Beams Example 2
Determine the equations which describe the shear flow
in the cross section:

Recall the general equation for shear flow:



For Cx, and so this simplifies to:

Shear of Beams Example 2
} }

=
s
xy yy xx
xy x yy y
s
xy yy xx
xy y xx x
s
tyds
I I I
I S I S
txds
I I I
I S I S
q
0
2
0
2
0 =
xy
I
0 =
x
S
|
.
|

\
|
+ = +
|
.
|

\
|
= =
}
h
b t h th h
bt I tyds
I
S
q
xx
s
xx
y
s
6
1
12 12 2
2 where ,
3 3
2
0
Substituting for gives:



On the bottom flange:
Shear of Beams Example 2
xx
I
( )
}
+
=
s
y
s
yds
h
b
h
S
q
0
3
6 1
12
( )
1
2
12
6 1
6
2
s
h
b
h
S
q
h
y
y
+
=
=
On the bottom flange:


Substituting in for q
12
:
Shear of Beams Example 2
}
=
b
s y
ds
h
q S
0
1 12
2
2
( )
1
0
1
2
2
6 1
6
2 ds s
h
h
b
h
S
S
b
y
s y
}
+
=
Solving for :



In the case of unsymmetrical sections, you
must find :
1. Apply a vertical shear load, , and find
2. Apply a horizontal force, , and find
Shear of Beams Example 2
( )
h
b
h
b
s
6 1
3
2
+
=
s

y
S
s
q
x
S
( )
s s
q ,
Reminders
HW #3 due Thursday 10/6