DESIGN OF SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER

Bahan Perkuliahan Perpindahan Panas

Dr. H.M. Djoni BUSTAN

standard designation system for shell-and-tube heat exchangers.

TEMA

(From Saunders, 1988, with permission.)

Type B-E-M Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger (TEMA)

Single-tube-pass baffled single-pass-shell shell-and-tube heat exchanger designed to give essentially counterflow conditions. The toroidal expansion joint in the center of the shell accommodates differential thermal expansion between the tubes and the shell.

Type U-Tube Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger (TEMA)

U-tube single-pass-shell shell-and-tube heat exchanger.

Type A-E-T Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger (TEMA)

Two-pass baffled single-pass-shell Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger.

Type B-E-W Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger (TEMA)

Heat exchanger similar to that of( c) except for the floating head used to accommodate differential thermal expansion between the tubes and the shell.

Type B-E-S Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger (TEMA)

Heat exchanger that is similar to the heat exchanger in (d) but with a different type of floating head.

Type C-E-M Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger (TEMA)

Single-tube-pass baffled single-pass-shell shell-and-tube heat exchanger with a packed joint floating head and double header sheets to assure that no fluid leaks from one fluid circuit into the other.

Shell Picture

Shell Picture

Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Picture

Tube Picture

Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger

THERMAL DESIGN FEATURES

Size

Outside Diameter mm in

Small Medium Large Most widely used

15.875 to 25.4 to 1 25.4 to 50.8 1 to 2 50.8 to 76.2 2 to 3 19.05 25.4 1

5 8

THERMAL DESIGN FEATURES

TYPICAL DIAMETERS, THICKNESS AND PITCH ARRANGEMENT OF TUBES
Tube outside diameter mm in Tube Thickness Carbon and low-alloy steels mm in b.w.g. Stainless steels, aluminium, copper and nickel alloys mm in b.w.g. Minimum tube pitch Clean service (300 or 600) mm in Fouling service (450 and 900) mm in 15.88
5 8

19.05
3 4

25.40 1 2.77 0.109 12 2.11 0.083 14 31.75 1 31.75 1

31.75 1 3.40 0.134 10 2.77 0.109 12 39.69

9 116

1.65 0.065 16 1.24 0.049 18 19.84

25 32

2.11 0.083 14 1.65 0.065 16 23.81

15 16

22.22
7 8

25.40 1

39.69 116
9

THERMAL DESIGN FEATURES

TUBE LENGTH
Tube Length mm The sizes which are often regarded as standard for both straight and Utubes
2438 3658 4877 6096 7315

ft
8 12 16 20 24

The maximum tube length for removable bundle exchangers may be restricted to about 9 m, with a maximum bundle weight of about 200 tons.

The maximum tube length for fixed tubesheet exchangers is less important but may be limited to about 15 m.

THERMAL DESIGN FEATURES

Pitch pattern triangular rotated triangular square rotated square

Nature of Pitch angle shell-side fluid 300 600 900 450 clean clean fouling fouling

Flow regime all

Nowadays, never used 300 best

turbulent laminar

Fluid Properties, Fluid Allocation

Data sifat-sifat fisika fluida harus seakurat mungkin, tetapi karena umumnya sifat fisika campuran harus dihitung atau di-estimasi, tidak ada nilai pasti dalam menentukan true film temperature.

Corrosion
Fewer costly alloy or clad components are needed if the corrosive fluid is inside the tubes.

Fouling
This can be minimized by placing the fouling fluid in the tubes to allow better velocity control; increased velocities tend to reduce fouling

Temperature
For high-temperature services requiring expensive alloy materials, fewer alloy materials, fewer alloy components are needed when the hot fluid is placed on the tubeside.

Pressure
Placing a high-pressure stream in the tubes will require fewer (more costly) high-pressure components.

Fluid Properties, Location

Pressure Drop
For the same pressure drop, higher heat-transfer coefficients are obtained on the tube-side.

Viscosity
Higher heat-transfer rates are generally obtained by placing a viscous fluid on the shellside.

Toxic and Lethal Fluids

Generally, the toxic fluid should be placed on the tubeside, using a double tubesheet to minimize the possibility of leakage.

Flowrate
Placing the fluid with the lower flowrate on the shellside usually results in a more economical design.

THERMAL DESIGN FEATURES

TUBE PITCH ARRANGEMENTS

300

Pitch

TRIANGULAR (300)

THERMAL DESIGN FEATURES

TUBE PITCH ARRANGEMENTS

Pitch 600

ROTATED TRIANGULAR (600)

THERMAL DESIGN FEATURES

TUBE PITCH ARRANGEMENTS

Pitch

SQUARE (900)

THERMAL DESIGN FEATURES

TUBE PITCH ARRANGEMENTS

450

Pitch

ROTATED SQUARE (600)

THERMAL DESIGN FEATURES

Type 1 Number of Stationary end Rear end passes

TYPICAL TUBE PASS LAYOUTS

Type 2 Stationary end Rear end

Type 3 Stationary end Rear end

1 2 2

Full lines indicate gasket pattern at stationary and rear ends. Indicates plane of U bends Indicates acceptable arrangement for longitudinal baffle (F-, G- and H- type shells)

1 4 2 3 4

1 2

1 3

2 3

1 2 4 3

1 2 4

3 4

1 6 3 4 6 2 5 3 4

1 2 5 6

1 4 5

2 3 6

1 4 5

2 3 6

1 2 3 4 5 6

1 2 3 4 5 6

THERMAL DESIGN FEATURES

Type 1 Number of Stationary end Rear end passes

TYPICAL TUBE PASS LAYOUTS

1 1 2 5 6 8 3 4 7 8 2 5 6 1 4 5 8 2 3 6 7

Type 2 Stationary end Rear end

Type 3 Stationary end Rear end

3 4 7

1 4 5 8

2 3 6 7

1 4 5 3 6 8 2 7 4 5

1 3 7 8 2 6

10

3 4 7 8

1 2 5 6 9 3 4

2 5 6 9

1 4 5 8

7 8
10

2 3 6 7

10

9 10

1 4 5 8 9

2 3 6 7 10

1 5 4 6 7 3 2 8 9

1 5 4 3 6 7 8 10 2 9

10

THERMAL DESIGN FEATURES

CROSSBAFFLE ARRANGEMENTS
Single segmental 2 1 1 2 w w

w Double segmental 1

w 2 1 w 2
Floating-head support plates

(w denotes baffle window)

THERMAL DESIGN FEATURES

CROSSBAFFLE ARRANGEMENTS
w w Triple segmental 1 2 3 1 w 1 w w 2 w 3 w

2
No-tubesin-window (NTIW) int = intermediate suport
int

int

(w denotes baffle window)

THERMAL DESIGN FEATURES

BAFFLE EDGE ORIENTATION
Service Single phase clean Baffle edge Notes Either horizontal more common Prevents dirt settlement Enables condensate to flow freely

Single phase fouling Vertical Condensing Vertical

Vaporising

Either

Horizontal prevents stratification

THERMAL DESIGN FEATURES

TYPICAL TUBE PASS NUMBERS
Exchanger type Fixed tubesheet U-tube Floating head Lantern ring Outside packed Split backing ring & pull through Notes: (1) Tubeside nozzles must be at stationary end for two passes. (2) Means to accommodate rear-end nozzle movement with odd number of passes. (3) Bellows or gland required at floating-head end for one pass. More common 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 2, 4 1, 2(1) 2, 4, 6, 8 1, 2, 4, 6, 8
(3)

Permissible but less common 3, 5, 10, 12, 14, etc. 6, 8 1, 3, 10, etc.
(2)

10, 12, 14, etc.