WAN Services

A WAN is a Data Communications Network operating beyond a LAN's geographic scope. You must subscribe to a WAN service provider, such as a regional Bell operating company

(RBOC) to use WAN carrier network services. A WAN connects the locations of an organization to:
each other locations of other organizations external services (such as databases) remote user

WAN Services
WANs carry many types of traffic, such as:
voice
data video

WAN technologies function at three layers of the OSI model:

physical
data link Network

WAN Services
Telephone and data services are the most commonly used

WAN services. Telephone and data services are connected from the customer building point of connection to the WAN provider's central office (CO). The CO is the local telephone company office to which all local loops (the cable coming from customer to Co) in that area connect. The services offered by the WAN provider are of 3 main types:
Call setup (also called signalling) Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) Frame Relay

WAN Services
Call setup (also called signalling):
Sets up and clears calls between telephone users. Most

Time Division Multiplexing (TDM):

commonly used call setup is Signaling System 7 (SS7)

Information from many sources has bandwidth allocation on

Frame Relay:

a single medium. Basic telephone service and ISDN use TDM circuits.

Data contained in frames shares bandwidth with other WAN

Frame Relay subscribers. Frame relay is a telecommunication service designed for cost-efficient data transmission for intermittent traffic between local area networks (LANs) and between end-points in a wide area network (WAN).

WAN Services
A T1 Internet line is a fast, multi-channel line that offers higher

bandwidth and capacity than typical business-class cable or DSL alternatives. A T1 line allows you to transmit voice and data on the same line at the same time. Time Division Multiplexing is the process of dividing up one communication time slot into smaller time slots. We will use the example of a T1 which is time-division multiplexed at the DS1 rate. A T1 consists of 24 channels. DS0 64 kilobits per second T1 1.544 megabits per second (24 DS0 lines) T3 43.232 megabits per second (28 T1s) OC3 155 megabits per second (100 T1s) OC12 622 megabits per second (4 OC3s) OC48 2.5 gigabits per seconds (4 OC12s) OC192 9.6 gigabits per second (4 OC48s)

CPE, demarc, "last mile", CO switch, toll network

The most commonly used terms associated with the main parts

of WAN services:
Customer premises equipment (CPE) -- Devices physically located on

the subscriber's premises. Demarcation (or demarc) -- The point at which the CPE ends and the local loop portion of the service begins. Local loop (or "last-mile") -- Cabling (usually copper wiring) that extends from the demarc into the WAN service provider's central office. CO switch -- A switching facility that provides the nearest point of presence for the provider's WAN service. Toll network -- The collective switches and facilities (called trunks) inside the WAN provider's cloud.

CPE, demarc, "last mile", CO switch, toll network

CPE, demarc, "last mile", CO switch, toll network

A key interface is between the data terminal equipment (DTE) and

the data circuit-terminating equipment (DCE).

Typically, the DTE is the router, and the DCE is the device used to

convert the user data from the DTE into a form acceptable to the WAN service's facility (eg. MODEM, CSU/DSU, TA/NT1).

The WAN path between the DTEs is called the link

circuit channel Line

Fundamental WAN Devices

The router is the essential WAN device, but it is

also considered a LAN device. It offers many services, including LAN and WAN interface ports WAN switches connect to WAN bandwidth for voice, data, and video communication. Modems interface voice-grade services (telephone lines). They include:
CSUs/ DSUs devices that interface T1/E1 lines
TA/NT1 devices that interface ISDN services.

Communication servers concentrate dial-in and

dial-out user communication.

Routers and WAN Switches

Routers provide interfaces for a wide range of links and subnetworks at a wide range of speeds. A WAN switch is a multiport networking device that operates at the data link layer of the OSI reference model. A WAN switch typically switches traffic such as:
Frame Relay X.25

Switched Multimegabit Data Service (SMDS)

 A CSU/DSU is :

CSU/DSUs on a WAN
A digital-interface device that connects a T1/E1 Sometimes two separate digital devices

Sometimes its integrated into the router Short for Channel Service Unit/Data Service Unit. The CSU is a device that connects a terminal to a digital line. Typically, the two devices are packaged as a single unit. The dSU is a device that performs protective and diagnostic functions for a telecommunications line. You can think of it as a very high-powered and expensive modem. Such a device is required for both ends of aT-1 or T-3 connection, and the units at both ends must be set to the same communications standard.
Is a hardware device about the size of an external modem that converts a

Digital data frame from the communications technology used on a local area network (LAN) into a frame appropriate to a wide-area network (WAN) and vice versa.

Frame Relay Operation

Generally, the greater the distance covered by a leased line, the most expensive service.

 A virtual circuit is a pathway through a packet-switched network

WAN Virtual Circuits

(providers network) that appears to be a dedicated. Virtual circuits are connection oriented Two types of virtual circuits exist: switched virtual circuits (SVCs) permanent virtual circuits (PVCs). In a PVC, the customer and the carrier have negotiated the endpoints and characteristics of the virtual circuit ahead of time, and they are constantly available. The end points and a stated bandwidth called a Committed Information Rate (CIR) constitute a PVC, which is defined to the frame relay network devices In a SVC, the virtual circuit is available only "on-demand". circuit establishment, data transfer, and circuit termination.

Frame Relay Operation

A packet-switched service such as Frame Relay requires that a customer maintain only one circuit, typically a T1, to the provider's Central Office (CO).
Frame Relay provides tremendous costeffectiveness, since one site can connect to many geographically distant sites using a single T1 (and single CSU/DSU) to the local CO.

Frame Relay Operation

Frame Relay networks, support both permanent virtual circuits (PVCs) and switched virtual circuits (SVCs).
The PVC is the most common type of Frame Relay virtual circuit. PVCs are permanently established connections that are used when there is frequent and consistent data transfer between DTE devices across a Frame Relay network.

Frame Relay Operation

SVCs are temporary connections, used when there is only periodic or infrequent data transfer between DTE devices across the Frame Relay network.
Because they are temporary, SVC connections require call setup and termination for each connection. Many Frame Relay providers only support PVCs.

WAN Line Types

OC-768 now exists running at 40Gbps

Name and describe 6 data-link encapsulations

The WAN data link layer defines how data is encapsulated for

transmission to remote sites

Frame Relay: uses simplified encapsulation with no error correction over

high-quality digital facilities. A very fast protocol compared to the other WAN protocols. Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP): Point-to-Point protocol is a Data Link layer protocol that can be used over a telephone lines media. The basic purpose of PPP is to transport layer-3 packets over a Data Link layer pointto-point link. Like connecting ur computer to server. ISDN: a set of digital services that transmits voice and data over existing phone lines. Link Access Procedure, Balanced (LAPB): For packet-switched networks used to encapsulate packets at Layer 2 of the X.25 stack. Provides reliability and flow control on a point-to-point basis. Cisco/IETF: Used to encapsulate Frame Relay traffic. The Cisco option is proprietary and can be used only between Cisco routers. High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC): an ISO standard, HDLC not compatible between different vendors because of the way each vendor has chosen to implement it. HDLC supports both point-to-point and multipoint configurations.

Serial line frame fields

The two most common point-to-point WAN

encapsulations are HDLC and PPP All the serial line encapsulations share a common frame format, which has the following fields

The choice of encapsulation protocol depends on the WAN technology and the communicating equipment.

PPP and HDLC

PPP is a standard serial-line encapsulation method
This protocol can check for link quality during connection

establishment. Provides authentication through Password Authentication Protocol (PAP) and Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP).

HDLC is Cisco's default encapsulation for serial lines

No windowing or flow control A proprietary type code is inserted in the frame which means that

HDLC framing is not interoperable with other vendors' equipment. Used when both ends of a dedicated-line connection are routers running Cisco IOS

Frame Relay
Designed to be used over high-speed, high quality digital

facilities Does not offer much error checking or reliability, but expects upper-layer protocols to attend to these issues Connect multiple network devices on a multipoint WAN Frame Relay access is typically at 56 kbps, 64 kbps, or 1.544 Mbps

Frame Relay
Frame Relay defines the interconnection process

between the customer's DTE (e.g. router) and the service provider's DCE (Frame Relay switch).

Frame Relay
Frame Relay does not define the way the data is

transmitted within the service provider's network once the traffic reaches the provider's switch. Thus, a Frame Relay provider could use a variety of technologies, such as ATM or PPP, to move data from one end of its network to another.

Frame Relay
Two common topologies can be used in a Frame Relay solution:
Fully meshed topology: Every Frame Relay network

device has a PVC to every other device on the multipoint WAN. Partially meshed topology: also often called a star topology or hub-and-spokes topology. In a partially meshed topology, not every device on the Frame Relay cloud has a PVC to every other device.

Frame Relay Operation

In a packet-switched network, such as Frame Relay, each end

of the virtual circuit is assigned a connection identifier-DLCI. The service provider's switching equipment maintains a table that maps these connection identifiers to outbound ports. When a frame is received, the Frame Relay switch analyzes the connection identifier and delivers the frame to the appropriate outbound port. Each site can be connected to every other by a virtual circuit. A data-link connection identifier (DLCI) identifies a PVC The DLCI identifies the logical circuit between the source and destination devices.

DLCI
In Frame Relay networks, a data-link connection

identifier (DLCI) identifies the virtual circuit between the DCE and the Frame Relay switch. The Frame Relay switch maps the DLCIs between each pair of routers to create a PVC. DLCIs have local significance.

DLCI
A locally significant DLCI does not reference the other end of the PVC. In other words, two DTE devices connected by a virtual circuit may use a different DLCI value to refer to the same connection.
In order for the router to know which PVC to use, Layer 3 addresses must be mapped to DLCI numbers.

Router R1 uses global DLCI 101. What does that mean? It means that all the other routers use 101 as their local DLCI on their PVC connected to R1. In this case, R2, R3, and R4 would all use local DLCI 101 on their PVCs to R1,

DLCI
Frame Relay does not operate at Layer 3. Your Frame Relay service provider will assign the DLCI numbers for your WAN. Usually, DLCIs 0 to 15 and 1008 to 1023 are reserved for special purposes. Therefore, service providers typically assign DLCIs in the range of 16 to 1007.

DLCI
In order to build a map of DLCIs to Layer 3

addresses, the router must first know what VCs are available. Typically, the process of learning about available VCs and their DLCI values is handled by a signaling standard called Local Management Interface (LMI).

LMI
Local Management Interface (LMI) is a signaling

standard between the DTE and the Frame Relay switch. LMI is responsible for managing the connection and maintaining the status between devices. It includes support for the following:

LMI
A keepalive mechanism - This verifies that data is flowing.
A status mechanism - These messages provide

communication and synchronization between the network and the user device. VC status messages prevent the sending of data into black holes, that is, over PVCs that no longer exist.

LMI
Global addressing - This gives connection

identifiers global rather than local significance, which allows them to be used to identify a specific interface to the Frame Relay network. Global addressing makes the Frame Relay network resemble a localarea network (LAN) in terms of addressing.

LMI
There are three types of LMI, none of which are

compatible with the other. Cisco, StrataCom, Northern Telecom, and Digital Equipment Corporation, collectively known as the "gang of four," released one type of LMI, while the ANSI and the ITU-T each released their own version. Cisco, ANSI, and Q933a.

LMI
The Frame Relay switch uses LMI to report the status of each configured PVC. The three possible PVC states are: Active state - indicates that the connection is active and that routers can exchange data.

LMI
Inactive state - indicates that the local connection to the Frame Relay switch is working, but the remote router connection to the Frame Relay switch is not working.
Deleted state - indicates that no LMI is being received from the Frame Relay switch, or that there is no service between the CPE router and Frame Relay switch.

Inverse ARP
You can map DLCIs to Layer 3 addresses manually on a router using the appropriate configuration commands. Building static maps can require a great deal of administrative overhead in complex networks, and static maps cannot adapt to changes in the Frame Relay topology. Through the exchange of LMI, a Frame Relay switch may announce a new virtual circuit with its corresponding DLCI.

Inverse ARP
Unfortunately, Layer 3 protocol addressing is not included in the announcement.
Without a new configuration or a mechanism for

discovering the protocol address of the other side, this new virtual circuit is unusable. Inverse ARP was developed to provide a mechanism for dynamic DLCI to Layer 3 address maps.

Inverse ARP
Inverse ARP works much the same way Address

Resolution Protocol (ARP- map IP network addresses to the hardware addresses) works on a LAN. Once the router learns from the switch about available PVCs and their corresponding DLCIs, the router can send an Inverse ARP request to the other end of the PVC.

Inverse ARP
In effect, the Inverse ARP request asks the remote

station for its Layer 3 address, while at the same time providing the remote system with the local system's Layer 3 address. The return information from the Inverse ARP is then used to build the Frame Relay map.

Inverse ARP
On a Cisco router, Inverse ARP is on by default

when you configure an interface to use Frame Relay encapsulation. If you configure a static mapping for a specific DLCI, Inverse ARP is automatically disabled for the specified protocol on the specified DLCI.

Configuring Frame-Relay
ENOUGH OF THEORY .

YOUR ASSIGNEMENT IN PACKET TRACER CISCO

X.25

X.25 History and Overview

Designed to provide a low cost alternative for data communication over public networks
Pay only for bandwidth actually used

Ideal for bursty communication over low quality circuits Standard provides error detection and correction for reliable data transfer X.25 was a basic of frame-relay, eventually was replaced by it. Can support speeds of 9.6 Kbps to 2 Mbps Can provide multiplexing of up to 4095 virtual circuits over on DTE-DCE link

X.25 Devices
X.25 also uses the same terminology for its devices as

Frame relay. Data Terminal Equipment (DTE)

Terminals, personal computers, and network hosts

Located on premises of subscriber

Data Circuit-terminating Equipment (DCE) Modems and packet switches Usually located at carrier facility Packet Switching Exchange (PSE) Switches that make up the carrier network

Sample X.25 Network

PSE

X.25 WAN

PSE

Modem DCE

Personal Computer DTE

Terminal DTE

Modem DCE PSE PSE Modem DCE Server DTE

Packet Assembler/Disassembler (PAD)

Packet assembler/disassemblers (PADs) are a form of

data communications equipment (DCE) for connecting asynchronous data terminal equipment (DTE) such as computers and dumb terminals to the X.25 packet-switching service. Acts as intermediary device between DTE and DCE Performs three functions
Buffering to store data until a device is ready to process

it Packet Assembly Packet Disassembly

PAD in Action
PSE X.25 Packet Data

PAD
Terminal DTE Modem DCE PSE Data

Assembly/ Disassembly

Buffer

X.25 mapping to OSI Model

Application
Presentation Other Services Session Transport Network Data Link Physical PLP LAPB
x.21 bis, EIA/TIA-232, EIA/TIA-449, EIA-530, G.703

X.25 Protocol Suite

X.25 Data Link Layer

Link Access Procedure, Balanced (LAPB) is the protocol

used for this layer in x.25.

LAPB is a data link-layer protocol that manages

communication and packet framing between DTE and DCE devices and is best known for its presence in the X.25
Makes sure that frames are delivered in sequence and

error-free
Uses sliding window of 8 or 128 frames

X.25 Network Layer

Packet Layer Protocol (PLP) is the X.25 network layer

protocol PLP manages calls between a pair DTE devices using a Permanent Virtual Circuit (PVC) or a Switched Virtual Circuit (SVC) PLP handles segmentation, reassembly, bit padding and error and flow control

PLP Operates in Five Modes

Call Setup
Used to setup virtual circuit for SVC

Data Transfer
Used for transferring data with both SVC and PVC

Idle
Used when SVC call has been established but no data is currently

being transferred

Call Clearing
Used to end communication between DTEs for a SVC

Restarting
Used to synchronize DTE and DCE for all virtual circuits that exist

between them

X.25 vs. Frame Relay

A major difference between X.25 and Frame Relay packet

switching are that X.25 is a reliable protocol, based on node-tonode automatic repeat request, while Frame Relay is a nonreliable protocol. The X.25 protocol is a network layer protocol, whereas Frame relay is a Data link layer. Frame relay is a further development of X.25. The simplicity of Frame Relay made it considerably faster and more cost effective than X.25 packet switching. Is more cost effective to use X.25 on slower networks. X.25 connection establishment and release (call control) use inband signaling within the same virtual channel used for user data transmission causing additional overhead. Frame Relay call control uses separate virtual channels identified by reserved DLCI using the LMI (Local Management Interface) protocol.

Config Frame Relay

Configuring Frame-Relay
To configure an interface for Frame Relay, you must

specify frame relay encapsulation to encapsulate data traffic end to end. There are two possible Frame Relay encapsulations: cisco and ietf.
By default, an interface will use the Cisco Frame Relay

encapsulation method. This method is Cisco proprietary, and should not be used if the router is connected to another vendor's equipment across a Frame Relay network.

Configuring Frame-Relay
The default LMI type is cisco
Router(config-if)#encapsulation Frame-Relay [

cisco | ietf ] Router(config-if)#frame-relay lmi-type [ansi | cisco | q933a]

Configuring Frame-Relay Maps

Dynamic address mapping is enabled by default for all protocols enabled on a physical interface. If your Frame Relay environment supports LMI autosensing and Inverse ARP, dynamic address mapping will take place automatically, therefore no static address mapping is required. If your environment does not support LMI autosensing and Inverse ARP, you may have to manually configure a Frame Relay map.

Configuring Frame-Relay Maps

The frame-relay map command is used to configure static address mapping. Once you configure a static map for a given DLCI, Inverse ARP is disabled on that DLCI. The frame-relay map uses the following syntax.
Router(config-if)#frame-relay map protocol protocol-address dlci [broadcast] [ietf | cisco].

Verifying Frame-Relay
After you configure Frame Relay, you can verify that

the connections are active by using several different show commands: show interfaces serial show frame-relay pvc show frame-relay map show frame-relay lmi