Heat and the First Law of Thermodynamics

Lecturer: Dr. Joseph A. Menicucci jmenicucci@nu.edu.kz

Teaching Assistants: Sayara Saliyeva (MEng) ssaliyeva@nu.edu.kz Dinara McLaughlin (MEng) dinara.mclaughlin@nu.edu.kz

Heat
Heat: a form of energy transferred across the boundary of a system at a given temperature to another system (or the surroundings) at a different temperature by virtue of the temperature difference between the two.

Heat Transfer
We adopt the notion that bodies do not contain heat, but that heat only has relevance as a type of energy that crosses system boundaries. We also note that when two bodies are at the same temperature, there can be no heat transferred between the two bodies. The subject of heat transfer considers the details of the heat transfer process.

Conduction
There are three fundamental classes of heat transfer: Heat diffusion, also known as conduction. This is characterized by Fourier law q = -kT where q is s the heat flux vector with units J/s/m2 = W/m2, k is the thermal conductivity with units J/s/m/K = W/m/K, and T is the vector representing the gradient of temperature. T is a vector pointing in the direction in which T increases most rapidly. Because of the minus sign, we see then that the thermal energy flows in the direction of most rapid temperature decrease.

Conduction
dT In one dimension, we get: q k dx

If we multiply by the local cross-sectional area, we find:

kA dT kA Thot Tcold Q dx L

Here,

has units J/s or W (Watts).

Convection
Convection is heat transfer that is aided by fluid flow. For some systems, convective effects are well modeled by Newtons law of cooling: q = h(Thot Tcold); therefore: qA = hA(Thot Tcold) Here, h is a constant with units W/m2/K.

Thermal Radiation
Heat transfer in the form of electromagnetic waves. The earth is heated by the sun via radiation effects. For some systems, the radiative heat transfer rate is well modeled by: 4 4 4 4 q (Thot Tcold ) and Q qA A(Thot Tcold )

Here, is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, =5.67108W/m2/K4.

Heat Sign Convention

The sign convention for heat: + heat enters the system, - heat leaves the system.

We define a process in which Q = 0 as adiabatic.

Adiabatic Process
An adiabatic process is one for which there is no heat transfer. The word adiabatic was first used by Rankine. It is from the Greek not to be passed through.

Path Dependency
Heat transfer is also a path function characterized by inexact differentials.
1

Q2 Q
1

dt Q q m

Heat and Heat Flux

Here, q is the specific thermal energy transfer. It has units J/kg. Note q q, where q is the heat flux with units W/m2. In this thermodynamics course, we will mainly be concerned with q. In a heat transfer course, q is often more important.

Analogy to Work
We remember that,
1

W2 PdV
1

Later in the course we will see that there is an analogous equation for heat: 2
1

Q2 TdS
1

where S is the entropy, to be further defined later.

Further Comparison
Q and W (as well as q and w) are affiliated with transient phenomena; both cross boundaries when the system changes energy state. Q and W (as well as q and w) only exist at system boundaries. Q and W (as well as q and w) are both pathdependent, have inexact differentials, and are not properties of the system.

Energy
Energy: a thermodynamic property which is a theoretical construct suggested by the first law of thermodynamics as something to account for the difference between heat transfer and work in any process (measured between the same start and end states).

The First Law

There are a variety of ways to represent the first law of thermodynamics, also known as the principle of conservation of energy. Based on experimental observations, the first law of thermodynamics states: energy can be neither created nor destroyed during a process; it can only change form.

Air is contained in a sealed tank of fixed volume. The air in the tank is initially at 20oC and 1 atm. It is then heated to 250oC. The energy of the air in the container ___________.

A.increases B.decreases C.does not change

The First Law

For a system undergoing a process, the change in energy is equal to the heat added to the system minus the work done by the system.

dE dQ dW

A refrigerator door is opened in a kitchen and all the doors to the kitchen are closed. The kitchen temperature ______________.

A.increases B.decreases C.remains the same

The All-Inclusive E
Now, we consider E to represent the total energy of the system. It has units of J. It includes energy which is in the form of potential energy, kinetic energy, thermal energy, chemical energy, electrical energy, magnetic energy, etc. From a mathematics perspective, we can easily define potential energy and kinetic energy. For all the other terms, it is useful to group them into a single term.

Internal Energy
Internal energy (U) is the that portion of total energy of the system (E) which is not kinetic or potential energy. It includes thermal, chemical, electric, magnetic, and other forms of energy. U has units of J.

Internal Energy and Temperature

In this course we are primarily concerned with changes of U which are associated with changes of the thermal energy (temperature) of the system.

Mathematical Expressions of the First Law

E
TotalEnergy

U
InternalEnergy

KE
KineticEnergy

PE
PotentialEnergy

dE dU d ( KE ) d ( PE)

Mathematical Expressions of the First Law

Remember:

dE dQ dW

and because Q and W are path dependent:

dU d ( KE ) d ( PE ) Q W